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ThesisItem Open Access Molecular Aspects of Drought Tolerance in Pearl millet [(Pennisetum glaucum) L. (Br.)](College of Agriculture, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, 2017) PARBHJEET KAUR; V. P. AgarwalEnvironmental stresses, such as drought, salinity, cold and heat cause adverse effects on the plant growth and development. Drought stress, the major constrain for crop productivity, is affecting 1/3 of arable land world-wide and will probably increase in the on-going climate changes. Drought, being the most important environmental stress, severely impairs plant growth and development, limits plant production and the performance of crop plants, more than any other environmental factor (Shao et al., 2009). Drought impacts include growth, yield, membrane integrity, pigment content, osmotic adjustment, water relations, and photosynthetic activity (Benjamin and Nielsen, 2006; Praba et al., 2009). Drought stress is affected by climatic, edaphic and agronomic factors. The susceptibility of plants to drought stress varies in dependence of stress degree, different accompanying stress factors, plant species, and their developmental stages (Demirevska et al., 2009). Acclimation of plants to water deficit is the result of different events, which lead to adaptive changes in plant growth and physio-biochemical processes, such as changes in plant structure, growth rate, tissue osmotic potential and antioxidant defenses (Duan et al., 2007).ThesisItem Open Access Status and Market opportunities of Farmer Producer Organization in Kanpur and Agra Districts of Uttar Pradesh(Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University Bikaner – 334006, 2019) PRAVIN KUMAR BHARDWAJ; Satyveer Singh MeenaFarmers’ organizations are inclusive of the small and marginal are charged with the purpose of becoming a market outlet for smallholder farmers in India. Improving farmers’ income-earning capability and agricultural productivity has been an important strategy of India’s agriculture development policy. Farmers' Organizations (FOs) play an important role in the form of an institutional vehicle to promote agricultural development through the help of farmers in solving common problems related to agricultural inputs, loans, technical knowledge and marketing of produce. The aim of all these services is to improve agricultural activities and to enable them to gain economic benefits to maintain them. The initiation has been taken by the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation of the Ministry of Agriculture to mainstream the idea of “promoting” and “strengthening” member-based institutions of farmers in India. As per the statistics of Small Farmers’ Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC), out of 833 registered FPOs in India, 144 FPOs are functioning in Madhya Pradesh, followed by Karnataka 120, Maharashtra 100 and Uttar Pradesh 50 respectively.ArticleItem Open Access Performance of Sesamum (Sesamum indicum L.) and Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) Intercropping System in Western Rajasthan conditions(Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University Bikaner (Raj.), 2019) PRAVIN KUMARSesamum (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the most important oil seed crops grown over 5000 years. Sesamum is also known as benised, gergelim, gingelly, sesame, simsim and til etc. Its seeds are being used in numerous cuisines all over the world. Sesamum is a rich source of oil (46- 52%) and protein (18-20%). seeds are also rich in nutrient like calcium, phosphorus, potassium, vitamin E. Its high quality and staple oil have a high index of sesamin, sesamol and sesamolin antioxidants as well as mono unsaturated and poly unsaturated fatty acids (Rangkadilok et al., 2010). The seed cake is edible, contains 42% protein, rich in amino acids like tryptophan and methionine, which is excellent feed for milch animals and layers (Hatam and Abbasi, 1994). Commercially, sesamum oil used directly in many industries like pharmaceutical industries in plastering and manufacturing of soaps. Moreover, it is also used for preparation of many products, i.e., hair oil, body lotion and fixative in perfume industries in cosmetics and adulterant with olive oil and “vanaspati ghee”. Sesamum being a short duration oil seed crop has the potential to enhance cropping systems intensification and diversification (Oyeogbe et al., 2015).ThesisItem Open Access Management and Biochemical Studies on Charcoal Rot of Cowpea Incited by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi.) Goid.(College of Agriculture, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, 2019) NITIKA KUMARI; A. K. MeenaCowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] is an important pulse crop. It is grown in various parts of Indian subcontinent. It has different growth habits i.e. erect, semi-erect, trailing, climbing and bushy growths. It can be used as a pulse, vegetable as well as fodder crop in India. The consumption varies in different ways like the tender young leaves and green pods are used as vegetables while several snacks and main meal dishes like dal are prepared from the grain. The seeds can also be preserved by canning or freezing. It is also used as green manure crop. It is grown to flowering and then incorporated in soil as a green manure. All the plant parts that are used for food are nutritious. It consists of over one hundred different species widely found in the tropical and sub-tropical regions and has a great morphological and ecological diversity (Ng and Monti, 1990). It is a most versatile pulse crop since it has smothering nature and drought tolerant characters. It is a native to central Africa and belongs to the family Fabaceae.ThesisItem Open Access “Genetic Variability and Character Association in Clusterbean [Cyamopsis (L) Taub.]”(Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University Bikaner (Raj.), 2019) PRAHLAD SINGH DHAKA; M.M. SharmaCluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.)Taub] is an annual legume crop mostly grown under resource constrained conditions in arid and semi-arid regions (Kumar, 2005). Cluster bean is a deep rooted plant of Leguminosae (Fabaceae) family known for drought and high temperature tolerance (Kumar and Rodge, 2012). Vavilov (1951) has suggested that India as a geographic center of variability for guar, although it is not found to exist in wild state in this region. Gillet (1958) emphasized that Cyamopsis is distinct genus with tropical Africa as its probable center of origin. Hymowitz and Matlock (1963), on the other hand believed that African wild species C. senegalensis appears to be of African origin, yet it has been domesticated through centuries in the North Eastern region of Indo-Pakistan sub- continent. Cluster bean can be used for multiple purposes (vegetable, cattle feed/fodder or green manure). Its young pods are used as vegetables, which also known for cheap source of energy (16 Kcal), moisture (8 g), protein (3.2 g), fat (1.4 g), carbohydrate(10.8 g), Vitamin A (65.3 IU), Vitamin C (49 mg), calcium (57 mg) and iron (4.5 mg) for every 100 g of edible portion (Kumar and Singh, 2002). Leaves of guar are eaten to cure night blindness. Like other legumes guar has feature of formation of root nodules through nitrogen fixing bacteria and fixes about 30-40 kg N/ha.ThesisItem Open Access Participation and Time Utilization Pattern of Farm Women in Groundnut Cultivation in Bikaner District of Rajasthan(SWAMI KESHWANAND RAJASTHAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, BIKANER (Raj.), 2019) RASHMI SHISHODIA; Dr. (Mrs.) Neena SareenAgriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy. Agriculture in India is a family business. India is a global agricultural powerhouse. It is the world's largest producer of milk, pulses and spices, and has the largest herd of cattle in the world (buffaloes) and the largest area of wheat, rice and cotton. It is the world's second largest producer of rice, wheat, cotton, sugar cane, farmed fish, mutton and goat meat, fruits, vegetables and tea. Indian women play a vital role in the Indian farming community, still unknown today. Cultural and anthropological literature suggests that agriculture is the invention of women. They were engaged from the start in feeding and milking animals. Thus, from the very early age of the invention of agriculture to modern agriculture, women played a significant role in the development of agriculture, and this means not contemplating about woman farmers and anticipating agricultural development would be shortening the pace of technical revolution by more than ahalf.ThesisItem Open Access “Combining Ability Analysis in Hybrids of Pearl Millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) (R. Br.)]”(2019) MUKESH KUMAR YADAV; P.C. GuptaPearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.) is the most widely grown type of millet. Pearl millet has traditionally been an important grain, forage and stover crop primarily in the arid and sub-tropical regions of many developing countries. As pearl millet cultivation expands into non-traditional areas in temperate and developed countries. Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is an important kharif crop particularly in rain-fed areas. Pearl millet plant is robust and quick growing with strong leaves and heads. It is also known as yellow foxtail, poko grass, cat tail, spiked or bulrush millet and in India, it is known as Bajra. In world the Bajra crop ranks sixth in importance followed by wheat, rice, maize, barley and jawar. It belongs to family Poaceae, sub family Panicoideae. Bajra originated in Africa from where it was imported into India in the early days. It is an annual, tillering, diploid, having chromosome number 2n=2x=14. It has a typical monocotyledonous type of root system of seminal or primary root, adventitious roots, and crown or collar roots.ThesisItem Open Access Management of Web Blight light of Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] Incited by Rhizoctonia solani (Kuhn)(College of Agriculture, Bikaner Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University Bikaner, 2017) PRIYANKA; S.L. GodaraCowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is an important food legume which belongs to family Fabaceae. Cowpea originated in Africa and widely growing in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, and Central and South America (Quinn, 1999). Cowpea has great ecological diversity (Oyewale and Bamaiyi, 2013) and exhibits different morphological forms like an annual or perennial, erect to climbing herb and reaching heights of 15 - 80 cm with a strong tap root and many spreading lateral roots in the surface soil (Sheahan, 2012). The leaves are trifoliate; inflorescences are axillary with few crowded flowers near the tip in alternate pairs. According to Timko et al. (2007), all cultivated cowpea varieties are considered warm season crops that exhibit a wide range of growth habits and adapted to heat and drought conditions. The species has a unique ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen with its nodules and performs well even in poor soils with more than 85 per cent sand, less than 0.2 per cent organic matter and low levels of phosphorus (Bilatu Agza et al., 2012) and also serves as a residue, which benefits the succeeding crops. It is also a shade tolerant crop and therefore, compatible as an intercrop with a number of cereals and root crops, as well as with cotton, sugarcane and several plantation crops. Coupled with these attributes, its quick growth and rapid ground cover have made cowpea an essential component of sustainable subsistence agriculture in marginal lands and drier regions of the tropics, where rainfall is scanty and soils are sandy (Sheahan, 2012). Cowpea is also known as vegetable meat due to high amount of protein in the grain with better biological value on dry weight basis. The grain contains 26.61 per cent protein, 3.99 per cent lipid, 56.24 per cent carbohydrates, 8.60 per cent moisture, 3.84 per cent ash, 1.38 per cent crude fibre, 1.51 per cent gross energy and 54.85 per cent nitrogen free extract (Owolabi et al., 2012).ThesisItem Open Access Morphophysiological Studies in Mungbean [Vigna [ radiata (L.) Wilczek](COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE SWAMI KESHWANAND SHWANAND RAJASTHAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY BIKANER (RAJASTHAN), 2019) PRIYANKA ADLAN; Dr. A.K. SharmaLegumes represent the second largest family of higher plants, second only to grasses in agricultural importance (Doyle and Luckow, 2003). Resources, poor farmers across developing world depend on grain legumes to sustain the health of their families and livestock and to enhance their economic well-being. Pulses are the principal source of dietary protein and are an integral part of daily diet because of their high protein content and good amino acid balance in several forms worldwide. On account of balanced amino acid compostion of cereals and protein blend, which matches with the milk protein, pulses are often called as lifeline of human beings.
