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ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of Soil Quality under Different Land use System(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE SWAMI KESHWANAND RAJASTHAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, BIKANER, 2023) RAVINA MEENA; S. K. KhariaThe Great Indian Sand Desert is located in arid western part of Rajasthan state. It is characterized by sand dunes, sandy plains of variable thickness (certain areas are affected by salt), some desolate hills, uplands and gravelly pavements. This region experiences extreme temperature (~50 0 C) in summer season and irregular monsoon rainfall pattern. The amount of organic carbon in soil decline as a result of this high temperature. Susceptibility of land degradation in this region is very severe. This region is characterized by its susceptibility to land degradation because of many topographic and land cover characteristics.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Foliar Application of Nitrogen and Zinc Nano Fertilizers on Soil Properties and Yield of Pearl Millet(College of Agriculture Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University Bikaner-334 006 (Raj.), 2021) RAVI KANT SHARMA; Yogesh SharmaPearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br] is the fifth most predominant cereal crop in the Worldwide next to paddy, wheat, corn and sorghum. It is commonly grown as rainfed cereal crop in the arid and semi-arid regions of Africa and Southern Asia and can also be grown in areas where rainfall is not adequate for the cultivation of sorghum and maize. However pearl millet accounts nearly half of worldwide millet production with 60% of cultivated area in Africa continent, and 35% cultivated area in Asia continent. European countries contribute only 4% of millet cultivation and North America only 1% mainly for forage. India is the major grower country of pearl millet, both in terms of area and production. In India, during 2017-18 pearl millet was grown in 7.4 million ha with an average production of 9.13 million tonnes and productivity of 1237 kg ha -1 (Directorate of millets development, 2019). The major pearl millet growing states in India are Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of STCR Approach on Soil Carbon Fractions and Productivity of Clusterbean under Clusterbean- Wheat Cropping System(College of Agriculture Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University Bikaner– 334 006 (Raj.), 2019) SURESH KUMAWAT; S.K.KhariaClusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.)] commonly known as Guar in Rajasthan. The word "Guar derives from Sanskrit word "Gau aahar" which means cow fodder or otherwise fodder of the animals. This crop is an outstanding legume crop grown mainly under a rainfed situation in arid and semi- arid regions of Rajasthan throughout Kharif season. It is pretty hardy and sophisticated dryness crop which is especially suited for soil and climate of Rajasthan. Its deep penetrating roots allow the plant to uptake available moisture more efficiently and thus extend the much scope for rainfed cropping. The crop also ensures even at reasonable salinity and alkalinity situations. Amidst dryland crops, it holds a significant status in the national economy because of its industrial value principally due to 35 to 40 per cent gum in its endosperm. Due to absorbent properties, demand for Guar gum has increased remarkably in the domestic market. At the world level, India held the first rank in respect to trade for guar gum. It raised for diverse uses such as vegetable, green fodder manure and production of seeds. Guar gum has been used extensively in several industries like textiles, paper, oil, pharmaceuticals, food processing cosmetics, mining explosives, oil drilling etc. The demand of clusterbean is growing rapidly at international market due to the presence of natural polysaccharide, galactomannan gum content in seed endosperm. Galactomannan gum forms a gel in water and is used in various dairy products such as ice cream, as a stabiliser in cheese, cold meat processing and also useful in body weight loss and diabetes patients. Clusterbean pods are rich in soluble fibre and lower blood cholesterol levels. Guar having a plentiful quantity of vitamin-C, vitamin-K and vitamin-A, dietary fibre, folate iron and K. In a semi-arid area, we didn't get an achievable/higher productivity with respect to clusterbean. This is mainly because of socio-economic conditions of farmers of this regions, inappropriate nutrient application and erratic rainfall pattern.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Wool Waste and Fertilizers on Productivity of Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) and Soil Properties of Loamy Sand Soil(Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University Bikaner (Raj.), 2019) SHANKAR LAL SUNDA; S. K. KhariaBottle gourd is botanically known as Lagenaria siceraria. Bottle gourd belongs to the genus Lagenaria that is derived from word lagena, meaning the bottle. In the older literature, it is often referred to as Lagenaria vulgaris (common) or Lagenaria leucantha (white flowered gourd), but now it is known as Lagenaria siceraria and belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae. It is one of the important cucurbits commonly grown in both rainy and summer season in various parts of India. The fresh fruit has light green smooth skin and white flesh. They come in a variety of shapes: they can be huge and round, small and bottle shaped or slim and serpentine, some times more than a meter long. The edible portion of fruit contains 96.3 per cent moisture, 2.9 per cent carbohydrates, 0.2 per cent protein, 0.1 per cent fat, 0.5 per cent mineral matter and 11 mg of vitamin C per 100 g fresh weight (Thamburaj and Singh, 2005).The fruit is also known to have a good source of essential amino acids such as leucine, phenyl alanine, theonine, cystine, valine, aspartic acid and proline, along with fair amount of vitamin B complex, especially thiamine, riboflavin and niacin. The mineral matter reported to be present are fair amount of calcium (20 mg), phosphorus (10 mg), iron (0.7 mg) and manganese (0.08 mg).ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of Soil Quality under Different Land use System(SWAMI KESHWANAND RAJASTHAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, BIKANER, 2023) RAVINA MEENA; S. K. KhariaThe Great Indian Sand Desert is located in arid western part of Rajasthan state. It is characterized by sand dunes, sandy plains of variable thickness (certain areas are affected by salt), some desolate hills, uplands and gravelly pavements. This region experiences extreme temperature (~50 0 C) in summer season and irregular monsoon rainfall pattern. The amount of organic carbon in soil decline as a result of this high temperature. Susceptibility of land degradation in this region is very severe. This region is characterized by its susceptibility to land degradation because of many topographic and land cover characteristics. Different land use systems (LUS) in the arid region of Rajasthan can have profound effect on soil properties (Kumar et al., 2020). The LUS and soil management practices are known to change the dynamic physical, chemical and biological properties of soil (Kumar et al., 2020). Change in LUS is dominant factor for deterioration of soil quality through decline in soil water content, entry of water into the soil, movement of soil water in profile, organic matter content and availability of different macro- and micro nutrient. Conversion of barren land or cultivated land into permanent vegetation such as horticultural orchards can improve soil quality and soil health by changing physicochemical and biological properties in long time interval (Kumar et al., 2020).ThesisItem Open Access Nutrient Dynamics under Wool Waste Based Nutrient Management in Bottle Gourd-Onion Cropping System in Torripsamments of Western Rajasthan(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE SWAMI KESHWANAND RAJASTHAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, BIKANER, 2021) SUNIL KUMAR; S. R. YadavIndia is a food surplus country at present with about 297.50 million tonnes food grain productions in 2020 (Anonymous, 2020). If the current population growth pattern continues, an additional 9-10 Mt of food grains will be needed each year. At the national level, it is estimated that 35-36 million tonnes of nutrients get extracted from the soil each year, while only 24-25 Mt are supplied from external inputs such as fertilizers and organic sources, resulting in a 11 Mt annual negative balance (NAAS, 2018). To feed a population of around 1.6 billion by 2035, India will need to produce 355.5 million tonnes of food grains, which will require about 51 million tonnes of nutrients, of which about 41 million tonnes will have to be supplied from chemical fertilisers. The remaining requirement has to be met from crop residues, organic manures and bio-fertilizers. Deterioration of soil health is considered as the main cause for the decline in yield of crops. The impaired soil health is due to imbalanced fertilizers use coupled with low use of organic manure is much to be blamed for declining fertilizer responses and crop productivity. The improper nutrient management has therefore led to emerge as multi-nutrient deficiencies in the Indian soil. In western Rajasthan management of soil available nutrients for optimum crop yield is of paramount importance.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization and Diversity Analysis of Rhizospheric Bacteria from Khejri [Prosopis cineraria (L.)](COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE SWAMI KESHWANAND RAJASTHAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2021) ANITA DANGI; Vikas SharmaSoil microorganisms play an important role in enhancing availability of nutrients for plants besides various other plant growth promoting traits. With the increasing focus on environmental friendly and low input agricultural practices, now a day there is growing interest in the management of soil microbial communities to enhance nutrient availability to plants. However, in order to maximize the beneficial effects of microbial activity, its needs a greater understanding of the factors influencing microbial diversity and activity in the soil. The German agronomist ‘Hiltner’ was first to define the ‘rhizosphere’ in 1904, as the effect of legumes roots on the surrounding soil in terms of higher microbial activity. The rhizosphere supports a large and active microbial population capable of exerting beneficial, neutral and detrimental effects on the plants. It comprises the narrow zone (1-2 mm) of soil adjacent or attached to and influenced by the plant roots. The plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere are responsible for increasing soil fertility and plant health (Khan et al., 2006). Rhizosphere microbes have profound effects on several plant processes including seed germination, seedling vigour, plant growth and development, nutrition, diseases, and productivity (Mendes et al., 2013). The plant rhizosphere microbiomes are complex assembly of diverse microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and protists that together influence plant health (Sapp et al., 2018; Vorholt et al., 2017 and Gao et al., 2019). Even though microbiome consists of diverse groups, most researches aiming to understand the role of the microbiome in plant health or disease suppression has focused on bacteria (Mendes et al., 2011) and fungi (Penton et al., 2014).ThesisItem Open Access Status of Iron and Boron in Soils of Hyper Arid Partially Irrigated Canal Command of Western Rajasthan and Their Response to Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)(College of Agriculture S. K. Rajasthan Agricultural University Bikaner, 2021) MUKESH KUMAR; B. R. GodaraGroundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a major oil seed crop which ranks 12 th position among the oil seed crops of the world. It is an annual legume, native of South America (Brazil), but is grown throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the globe between latitudes 40 0 N to 40 0 S. Groundnut is one of the chief sources of vegetable oil in the world. Cultivated groundnut is also known as peanut and groundnut seed its kernel is of value as a desert nut, production of confectionary nut flour, protein and groundnut milk (Woodroof, 1966). The kernel of groundnut contains 46-52 per cent oil, 25-30 per cent crude protein and 18 per cent carbohydrates. About 2/3 of the world production of groundnut seed is used for the production of oil, which is used for cooking, salad oil, margarine and lower grades of groundnut oil are used in soap manufacture.ThesisItem Open Access APPRAISAL OF GROUND WATER QUALITY AND ITS EFFECT ON SOIL PROPERTIES OF DHORIMANA AND GUDHAMALANI TEHSILS OF BARMER DISTRICT OF RAJASTHAN(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, SWAMI KESHWANAND RAJASTHAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, BIKANER, 2022) BANKA RAM; R. K. JakharAgriculture is one of the unavoidable man made activities on the earth, which is utilizing a huge million cubics of ground water for the growth and yield of plants (Khan et al., 2020). Ground water is an indispensable renewable resource found on earth, significant for supporting habitat, maintaining hydrological balance as well as sustaining human needs. Ground water is the major source of irrigation in most of the arid and semi-arid regions of the country. The hot and dry climates of these regions require irrigation water which does not contain soluble salt in the amounts which have adverse effects on the soil and crops. In the present assessment, the total annual ground water recharge in the country has been assessed as 436.15 billion cubic meters. Keeping an allocation for natural discharge, the annual extractable ground water resource has been assessed as 397.62 billion cubic meters. Annual ground water extraction for irrigation, domestic and industrial uses is 244.92 billion cubic meters. The average stage of ground water extraction for the country as a whole works out to be about 61.6 per cent (CGWB, 2020).
