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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of different levels of fertilizers with organic sources on growth yield and quality of onion (Allium cepa L.)(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-25) Garde, Angad Prakash; Shinde, S.J.An investigation entitled “Effect of different levels of fertilizers with organic sources on growth, yield and quality of onion (Allium cepa L.)” was undertaken at the experimental farm, Department of Horticulture, VNMKV, Parbhani, in late Kharif season during 2020-21 and 2021-22. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with three different levels of RDF, F1: RDF 80% (80:40:40 NPK kg/ha), F2: RDF 100% (100:50:50 NPK kg/ha) and F3: RDF 120% (120:60:60 NPK kg/ha) with six levels of organic sources viz., S0 : Control, S1 : Biomix 10 kg/ha, S2 : Biomix 12.5 kg/ha, S3 : Biomix 15 kg/ha, S4 : Humic acid 05 kg/ha and S5 : Humic acid 10 kg/ha comprising eighteen treatments and replicated thrice. The onion was transplanted on 20.08.2020 and 21.08.2021 with 15 cm row to row and 10 cm plant to plant spacing. The observations on growth, bulb, roots, yield, quality and storage parameters of onion were recorded and economics was worked out and subjected for statistical analysis. The results of the present investigation indicated that, regarding the growth attributes of onion it is observed that, the different growth parameters were significantly influenced due to different levels of RDF. The highest values of growth attributes viz., plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf length, leaf width, fresh weight of leaves per plant, dry weight of leaves per plant, neck length, maximum days required to maturity of onion bulbs and less bolting per cent were recorded under F3: RDF 120% (120:60:60 NPK kg/ha), except neck thickness which was recorded maximum under RDF 100%. Minimum twin bulbs per cent were recorded with application of F1 (80:40:40 NPK kg/ha). Among, the organic sources levels, S3 i.e. Biomix 15 kg/ha recorded higher values of growth attributes viz. plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf length, fresh weight of leaves per plant and dry weight of leaves per plant, neck length, except leaf width and neck thickness which was recorded maximum under S5 treatment. Minimum bolting per cent was recorded under humic acid 10 kg/ha. The higher values of bulb attributes viz., polar diameter of bulb (6.48 cm), equatorial diameter of bulb (8.29 cm), number of scales per bulb (8.76) and volume of bulb (73.21 cc) was recorded under F3: RDF 120% (120:60:60 NPK kg/ha). In organic sources humic acid 10 kg/ha level recorded higher values of bulb attributes viz., polar diameter (6.06 cm), equatorial diameter of bulb (7.80 cm), number of scales per bulb (7.99) and volume of bulb (72.59 cc). In root studies, the onion produced under RDF 120 % have recorded the higher values of the root parameters, viz., number of roots per bulb (146.49) and root length (20.63 cm). In organic sources the maximum number of roots per bulb (143.98) and root length (19.53 cm) was recorded under humic acid 10 kg/ha. The higher values of yield attributes viz., fresh weight of bulb (62.71 g), bulb yield (18.81 kg per plot) and bulb yield (23.52 t/ha) was recorded with RDF 120 % as compaired to other treatments. Among, the organic sources levels the humic acid 10 kg/ha recorded maximum fresh weight of bulb (61.58 g), bulb yield (18.47 kg per plot) and bulb yield (23.09 t/ha). However, it was statistically at par with biomix 15 kg/ha. In interaction effect treatment combination F3S5 (RDF 120% + Humic acid 10 kg/ha) recorded significantly maximum fresh weight of bulb (65.48 g), bulb yield (19.64 kg per plot) and bulb yield (24.56 t/ha). The onion bulb produced under 120 % RDF have recorded the higher values of the quality parameters, viz., Chlorophyll content (63.44 SPAD Value), ascorbic acid content (11.71 mg/100g), total soluble solids (12.23 %), reducing sugar (2.33 %), non reducing sugar (5.27 %) and total sugar (7.60 %). Among, the organic sources humic acid 10 kg/ha recorded higher chlorophyll content (59.66 SPAD Value), total soluble solids (11.91 %), reducing sugar (2.29 %), non reducing sugar (5.03 %) and total sugar (7.32 %), except ascorbic acid (10.89 mg/100g) content which was recorded maximum under biomix 15 kg/ha. In five months of storage studies, the minimum physiological loss in weight (18.47 %) at ambient condition was observed under 80:40:40 NPK kg/ha and maximum total soluble solids (%) were recorded with 120:60:60 NPK kg/ha. In organic sources the less PLW (18.55 %) at ambient storage was recorded under biomix 15 kg/ha during five months of storage study. In fifth month of storage period more total soluble solids was found under humic acid 10 kg/ha treatment. The minimum cost of cultivation (Rs.1,09,225.02 /ha) was recorded under F1S3 i.e. 80:40:40 NPK kg/ha with biomix 15 kg/ha. The maximum gross monetary returns (Rs.269561.25 /ha) and net monetary (Rs. 154913.62/ha) returns was recorded with F3S5 i.e. 120:60:60 NPK kg/ha with humic acid 10 kg/ha, while, maximum B: C ratio (2.38) was recorded under 120:60:60 NPK kg/ha with biomix 15 kg/ha. Hence, to find out the effective combination of RDF with an organic source for increasing yield, quality and economics of onion during the late kharif season in 2020–21 and 2021–22, the treatment, i.e., F3S5 (RDF 120 % with humic acid 10 kg/ha), which was found significantly superior over the rest of the treatment for yield, quality and economics, was closely followed by F3S3 (RDF 120 % with biomix 15 kg/ha).ThesisItem Open Access Performance of different varieties of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) under Marathwada conditions(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Rathod, Geetai Hukumchand; Baghele, R.D.The present research entitled “Performance of different varieties of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) under Marathwada conditions” was carried out at Experimental farm, Horticulture Research Scheme (Vegetable), Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani during Rabi season of 2021-2022, to evaluate the performance of six promising potato varieties for growth, yield and quality parameter under Marathwada conditions. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with four replications and six varieties (treatments): Kufri Garima (T1), Kufri Frysona (T2), Kufri Pukhraj (T3), Kufri Lauvkar (T4), Kufri Jyoti (T5) and Kufri Chipsona-1 (T6). There was significant variation observed among the varieties with respect to growth, yield and quality parameters of potato. The plant emergence percentage was reported highest in Kufri Pukhraj-T3 (93.07%) at 30 DAP. The maximum number of shoots per plant was found in Kufri Lauvkar (T4) was (7.02) at 30 DAP. The plant height increased linearly up to 90 DAP and Kufri Jyoti (T5) reported maximum plant height at 60 and 90 DAP (53.25 cm and 56.48 cm respectively). Maximum number of leaves per plant was reported in Kufri Frysona (T2) (73.77) at 90 DAP. Kufri Jyoti (T5) measured highest leaf length at 90 DAP (8.20 cm). The maximum leaf width was found in Kufri Pukhraj (T3) at 90DAP (4.83 cm). The number of stolon per plant was maximum (22.25) in Kufri Pukhraj (T3). The minimum number of days required for maturity (80.85 days) was observed for Kufri Lauvkar (T4). Kufri Pukhraj (T3) recorded the more number of tubers per plant (13.25). Kufri Chipsona-1 (T6) had the maximum tuber diameter (6.25 cm). The maximum tuber length (10.75 cm) was found in Kufri Chipsona-1 (T6). The maximum (759.57 g) weight of tuber per plant was reported in Kufri Chipsona-1 (T6). Kufri Pukhraj (T3) reported significantly maximum tuber yield (14.27 kg/plot and 297.40 q/ha).The maximum B:C ratio 2.41 was observed in Kufri Pukhraj (T3). The minimum number of plants affected by late blight incidence (5.62%) was recorded in Kufri Pukhraj (T3) while minimum number of plants affected by aphids was recorded (17.50%) in Kufri Pukhraj (T3). Among varieties Kufri Pukhraj (T3) recorded highest TSS content (6.27 0Brix) and Kufri Chipsona-1 (T6) recorded maximum dry matter (22.81%). The highest specific gravity (1.19 g/cm3) was found in Kufri Chipsona-1 (T6). The highest starch content (23.42%) was found in Kufri Chipsona-1(T6). The variety had maximum volume of tuber (165.10 ml) was Kufri Chipsona-1 (T6). The present study revealed that the existence of significant variability among the different potato varieties in their growth, yield and quality parameters. Kufri Pukhraj (T3) recorded maximum profitability due to its higher farm gate price. Among all the varieties Kufri Pukhraj and Kufri Jyoti have potential to grow successfully and will sustain farmer’s income under Marathwada conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on graft compatibility of wild eggplant rootstocks and its evaluation under drought strees(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Dalavi, Deepak Rajendra; Bhalerao, R.V.The present investigation on “Studies on graft compatibility of wild eggplant rootstocks and its evaluation under drought stress” was carried out at School of Water Stress Management, ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Baramati during kharif season in year 2021. The study was aimed to evaluate the performance of different wild species as rootstocks for cultivated eggplant under drought conditions. The five species Solanum gilo (SGI), Solanum insanum (SIN), Solanum macrocarpon (SMA), Solanum sisymbriifolium (SSI), Solanum torvum (STO) were used as rootstocks and non-grafted eggplant as a check. The different morphological parameters of wild species rootstocks and scion were recorded with respect to its germination, days to attain grafting stage, height and girth of the seedlings at grafting stage, graft success percent, fresh and dry biomass of grafted seedlings and graft establishment. Significant differences were noted for these traits. It was found that for SGI took minimum days (4.75) for germination, whereas maximum days (17) was recorded for STO with significant different among the rootstocks. Further, rootstocks STO took minimum days (18.75) to reach grafting stage from the germination whereas, maximum days (41.75) was noted in SIN. In post-grafting parameters significant difference for graft success was noticed through the splice grafting method. In which highest graft success and compatibility was exhibited in SM/SIN recorded highest (98%) graft success followed by SM/SSI (96.00%), SM/STO (87.75%) whereas least was noted in in SM/SMA (85.00%). After grafting the significant differences were also found for seedling root fresh and dry biomass. In post-grafting and transplanting stage all the graft combinations had 100% establishment, except SM/SMA (87.50%). The grafted plants were transplanted in pots under greenhouse conditions and were allowed to establish for thirty-five days before imposing of water stress. Then, in control conditions pot were irrigated at 80 % of field capacity whereas in drought water was withheld for 20 days. The various morphometric parameters recorded in the grafted plants under well-watered (control) and drought conditions displayed the significant differences. The plant height under stress conditions was highest in SM/SGI whereas stem girth was maximum in SM/STO among the grafted plants. After completion of experiment the plants were uprooted carefully to study the shoot and root biomass allocation in the grafted plants. The eggplant grafted onto S. torvum (36.05mg) and S. gilo (35.53mg) rootstocks were able to maintain a high shoot dry weight after 20 DAS as compared to other graft combinations. Further, the most important trait under drought stress is root length and biomass. The highest root length and biomass was obtained in SM/SSI and SM/STO under 20 DAS of withholding of irrigation water. SM/STO (8.32gm) recorded highest root dry biomass, followed by non-grafted SM (6.87gm), SM/SSI (6.57gm) while SM/SGI(3.41gm) recorded least root dry biomass. The increase root biomass under drought condition helps plant to cope stress by enhancing it root growth, it was observed that the eggplant grafted on Solanum sisymbriifolium and Solanum torvum had higher root to shoot ratio. The significant differences were noted for physiological traits in grafted plants under drought conditions. The photosystem II efficiency indicates the status of plant health under stress conditions. It was highest in graft combinations S. sisymbriifolium (0.75) and S. torvum (0.73) even at peak stress period (20DAS). Further, these rootstocks grafted plants maintained cooler canopy, higher greenness (NDVI), RWC and chlorophyll content after 20 days of withholding of irrigation water as compared other rootstocks and non-grafted plants. Therefore, from the present study it is clearly evident that S. sisymbriifolium is outperforming rootstock followed by S. torvum among tested species. Therefore, the graft combination SM/SSI and SM/STO can be considered suitable for sustainable cultivation of eggplant crop in drought prone regions.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of f4 progenies of chilli (Capsicum annum L.)(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Deshmukh, Sidhant Dhanraj; Khandare, V.S.The present investigation entitled “Evaluation of F4 progenies of chilli (Capsicum annum L.)” and to carry out growth, flowering attributes, fruit parameter yield and yield attributing characters. Twelve progenies and three check were sown in a randomized block design with two replications, during kharif 2021-2022 at Horticulture Research Scheme (Vegetable), College of Agriculture, VNKV, Parbhani, Maharashtra. Among the Twelve F4 progenies and three check of chilli for growth, flowering, fruits, yield and most of the yield attributing characters along with incidence of pests (thrips) and diseases (leaf curl, powdery mildew) varied significantly among all the progenies under study. The progenies PBNC-19 performed better for growth characters such as plant height (79.96 cm) and maximum number of primary branches in the progeny PBNC-16 (13.52) and maximum plant spread noticed in the progeny PBNC-15 (66.65 cm). As far as flowering behavior is concern, the progeny PBNC-6 of chilli took minimum (26.98 days) to initiation of flowering and PBNC-7 was recorded minimum (37.26 days) for 50% flowering. Among the twelve progenies and three check of chilli, length of fruit was recorded highest in the progeny PBNC-14 (12.09 cm) and maximum fruit diameter in the progeny PBNC-20 (11.85 mm). While the progenies PBNC-16 performed well for yield attributes such as average fruit weight (10.17 g) and highest number of fruits per plant (462.00) was observed in the progeny PBNC-16. The progeny PBNC-19 were found to be earliest (68.38 days) with respect to first picking, and longest harvest duration was recorded in the progeny PBNC-16 (130.21 days). While the progeny PBNC-16 performed well for yield attributes such as green fruit yield per plant (1903.38 g) and green fruit yield per plot (39.29 kg) and total green fruit yield (923.75 qt/ha). With respect to quality parameters, the progeny PBNC-20 was exhibited the highest number of seeds per fruit (103.33), and the progeny PBNC-14 was recorded significantly highest capsaicin content of (0.66 %), respectively. The minimum incidence of thrips (5.68 %) was recorded in the progeny PBNC-16 and the minimum incidence of powdery mildew was recorded in the progenies PBNC-16 (7.12 %). Minimum incidence of leaf curl was found in the progeny PBNC-16 (5.12 %). On the basis of plant growth habit, flowering attributes, fruit parameters yield, yield attributing characters and consumer preference. The progenies PBNC-16, PBNC-15, PBNC-17, PBNC-14, PBNC-20, PBNC-13, PBNC-10 and PBNC-19 were found to be promising and it may be selected for further study in F5 generation.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic variability studies in genomic based sequence lines of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Abdulrazak Abdulgouse Mogalalli; Khandare, V.S.The present investigation, entitled “Genetic variability studies in genomic based sequence lines of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)” was carried out during Rabi season 2021–2022 at the Horticulture Research Scheme (Vegetable), Department of Horticulture. Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani (Maharashtra). The forty five genomic based sequence lines of tomato, including five checks were evaluated in randomized block design with two replications. The genotypes were evaluated and observations were recorded for twenty two different traits. The data were collected and studied for genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation, heritability, per cent of mean for genetic advance, correlation, path analysis and genetic diversity. The analysis of variance showed that there was a highly significant difference among all genotypes for all the traits, showing greater chances of improvement in all the genotypes for the parameters studied. A wide range of variability was observed in number of primary branches per plant, number of fruit per plant, average fruit weight and the fruit yield per plant. For all the traits studied, the PCV was quite higher than the GCV indicating that environmental factors influenced their expression in some sort. The higher values of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were observed for the yield per plant, fruit yield per hectare, average fruit weight and number of primary branches per plant. Heritability estimates were high for all the characters studied. The highest value of heritability was observed for lycopene content and the lowest for pericarp thickness. The highest and lowest values of genetic advance as a per cent of mean was shown for fruit yield per plant and days to 50% flowering, respectively. High heritability together with high genetic gain was observed for fruit yield per plant, average fruit weight, fruit yield per hectare, fruit yield per plot and lycopene. Correlation coefficients were high at genotypic level than phenotypic level. Results indicated that fruit yield per plant had a positive and significant correlation with plant height (cm), number of primary branches per plant, number of flowers per cluster, number of fruits per plant, length of fruit (cm), diameter of fruit (cm), number of locules per fruit, average fruit weight, yield per plot (kg) and fruit yield per hectare (ton) at both genotypic and phenotypic levels, respectively. Path coefficient analysis showed that the characters fruit yield per hectare and number of fruits per plant traits recorded maximum positive direct effect on fruit yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic levels, respectively. The divergence (D2) analysis was carried out for twenty two characters, which divides forty five genotypes into seven clusters. Cluster I (27) has reported the maximum number of genotypes, followed by Cluster III (10) genotypes. The maximum intra-cluster distance was shown by Cluster V (1322.45). The maximum inter cluster distance was observed between Cluster III and Cluster VII (5751.71). Fruit yield per hectare, fruit yield per plant, average fruit weight, lycopene, T.S.S and pericarp thickness were major characters that contributed to the genetic divergence. On the basis of the mean performance of the genotypes among the different traits studied, the genotype were identified as promising genotypes viz., T-85, T-227, Arka Meghali, Hissar Arun and Arka Alok. Hence, these genotypes can be utilized in crop improvement programmes.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on effect of bio fertilizers and organic manure on growth, yield and quality of Indian spinach(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Nadre, Vaibhav Panjabrao; Shinde, S.S.The present investigation entitled “Studies on effect of bio fertilizers and organic manure on growth, yield and quality of Indian spinach” was carried out at Organic Farming Research and Training Centre, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidhyapeeth, Parbhani. (Maharashtra) during summer season 2021-2022. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with three bio fertilizers, (B1) Azotobacter, (B2) PSB, (B3) Azospirillum and (B4) as control condition with control (L1) and two organic manure FYM levels (RDN kg ha-1) viz., (L2) 75% RDN through FYM, (L3) 100 % RDN through FYM comprising twelve treatments replicated thrice. The sowing was done on 27th January 2022. The observations on growth, yield and quality of spinach along with the soil analysis were recorded and economics was worked out and subjected for statistical analysis. The results of the present investigation of indicated that, bio fertilizers and organic manure significantly influenced growth, yield and quality parameters. Minimum days to potential germination (5.26) and highest germination per cent (90.18) was recorded with (B1) Azotobacter treatment. Regarding the growth attributes viz., number of leaves plant-1 (12.74), height of plant (29.17 cm), leaf area (61.27 cm2), length of shoot (27.80 cm) was recorded with bio fertilizer (B3) Azospirillum treatment, while minimum days to horticulture maturity was recorded with bio fertilizer (B2) PSB (32.55). Among organic manure FYM level (RDN kg ha-1), the treatment (L3) 100 % RDN through FYM found to be best with respect to minimum days to potential germination (5.39), germination per cent (89.84) other growth attributes viz., number of leaves plant-1 (12.34), height of plant (27.24 cm), leaf area (60.33 cm2), length of shoot (25.78 cm) and also took minimum days to horticulture maturity (32.15 days). The higher values of yield attributes viz., fresh weight of leaves plant-1(21.91 g), total yield plot-1 (13.87 kg), and total yield ha-1 (20.38 t) was recorded with bio fertilizer (B3) Azospirillum as compared to other. Among organic manure FYM level (RDN kg ha-1), the treatment (L3) 100 % RDN through FYM found to be best with respect to fresh weight of leaves plant-1(22.05 g), total yield plot-1 (14.11 kg), and total yield ha-1 (20.72 t) as compared with others. The higher values of the quality parameters, viz., Chlorophyll content (37.39 SPAD value), Ascorbic acid value (61.72 mg 100-1 g) and Iron content (21.95 mg 100-1g) was recorded with bio fertilizer (B3) Azospirillum as compared to other. Among organic manure FYM level (RDN kg ha-1), the treatment (L3) 100 % RDN through FYM found to be best with respect to the quality parameters, viz., Chlorophlyll content (39.16 SPAD value), Ascorbic acid value (61.09 mg 100-1 g) and Iron content (22.02 mg 100-1 g). Significantly maximum mean vegetation indices was recorded with the bio fertilizer (B3) Azospirillum (0.81) treatment. Among organic manure levels FYM (RDN kg ha-1), significantly maximum mean vegetation indices was recorded (0.87) with (L3) 100% RDN was given through FYM. With regards to soil parameters maximum available nitrogen (162.04 kg ha-1) with the bio fertilizer (B3) Azopirillum, maximum available phosphorous (13.02 kg ha-1) with the bio fertilizer treatment (B2) PSB, maximum available potassium status (723.90 kg ha-1) with bio fertilizer (B2) PSB treatment. Among organic manure FYM levels (RDN kg ha-1), maximum available nitrogen (163.08 kg ha-1) with (L3) 100% RDN was given through FYM. Highest values for gross monetary return (Rs.2,57,715.3/ ha), net monetory return (Rs.1,54,048.6/ha) and B: C (2.48) ratio was recorded with bio fertilizer (B3) Azospirillum. Among organic manure FYM levels (RDN kg ha-1), treatment (L3) 100% RDN was given through FYM recorded highest values for gross monetary return (Rs. 2,54,100 /ha), net monetory return (Rs.1,43,267.3/ha)) and B: C (2.29) ratio.. Thus the present study revealed that bio fertilizer Azospirillum and 100% RDN through organic manure FYM (RDN kg ha-1) exhibited superiority with respect to growth, yield and quality of the Indian spinach over other bio fertilizers and organic manure levels (RDN kg ha-1).ThesisItem Open Access Studies on heterosis and combining ability in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) moench)(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Kharat, Manisha Ankush; Bhalerao, R.V.The present investigation entitled “Studies on heterosis and combining ability in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.)” was conducted during Summer 2022 at Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Parbhani Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani. A set of line x tester was attempted in kharif -2021 and the resulting 20 hybrids along with twelve parents were evaluated in RBD with two replications during Summer-2022, to study the heterosis, combining ability, gene action and heritability for growth and yield of F1 and their parents. The mean squares due to gca and sca were significant for all the characters indicating variability present among the parents and crosses. The heterosis over better parent and standard hybrid check were found maximum for all most all growth and yield attributing characters i.e. Days to 50% flowering, Number of days to first harvest, number of node at which first flowering, number of fruit per plant, weight of fruit, length of fruit, diameter of fruit, number of ridges per fruit, number of node per plant, plant height, number of branches per plant, internodal length, number of seed per fruit, weight of 100 seed, yield per plant, pod borer infestation percentage, incidence of yellow vein mosaic virus. The significant heterosis crosses involved high x high, low x high, low x low and high x low performance of parents Studies on combining ability revealed that, the parents EC-305741, EC-305652, EC-305689, Punjab-8 were found good combiners. The four crosses viz., IC-293590 x EC-305672, IC-203590 x EC-305652, Punjba-8 x EC305653 were recorded high significant sca effect as well as high mean performance for most of the characters. High, moderate and low heritability was recorded in present study. The high to moderate heritability showed with more dominance variance and have greater potential under heterosis breeding. While, those characters which exhibited high to moderate heritability coupled with more additive variance will be suitable for advancing hybrid derivatives in development of open pollinated cultivars. However, the crosses Punjab-8 x EC-305653, IC-293590 x EC-305652, Punjab-8 x EC-305714 might be effectively utilised for heterosis breeding programme by considering overall performance. Whereas the parents EC-305675, EC-305672, EC-305664, EC305741, were recognised as the best combiners and might be exploited in future breeding programmes to improve okra hybrids.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of spacing and pinching on green yield and seed yield of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Jadhav, Manisha Shivaji; Bhagat, V.V.The present investigation entitled “Effect of spacing and pinching on green yield and seed yield of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) cv. Phule kasturi” was carried out in the year 2021-2022, at Department of Horticulture, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani with the objectives to find out suitable spacing for the cultivation of fenugreek, to determine the pinching stage for fenugreek and to study the combine effect of spacing and pinching on green yield and seed yield of fenugreek. An experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with eighteen combinations. There were two factors in an experiment, first factor being spacing with six levels viz, S1 (10 x 5 cm), S2 (10 x 10 cm), S3 (20 x 5 cm), S4 (20 x 10 cm), S5 (30 x 5 cm), S6 (30 x 10 cm) of different spacing levels and another factor with three levels i.e. P0 (No pinching) P1 (pinching at 25 DAS), P2 (pinching at 35 DAS) and replicated thrice to study the spacing and pinching effect on green yield and seed yield of fenugreek. The results of the present investigation revealed that, significantly maximum plant height, maximum green yield per plot and green yield per hectare was recorded with closer spacing treatment S1 (10 x 5 cm). whereas, significantly maximum number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, number of leaves per plant, minimum number of days taken for 50 per cent flowering, minimum days taken for pod maturity, maximum number of flowers per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, weight of pod, weight of seed per pod, 100 seed weight, 1000 seed weight, germination percentage, chlorophyll content (SPAD unit), seed yield per plot, seed yield per hectare, biological yield per plot, biological yield per hectare was recorded with wider spacing treatment S6 (30 x 10 cm). Among the pinching stages, P0 (no pinching) recorded significantly maximum plant height, minimum number of days for 50 per cent flowering and minimum number of days taken for pod maturity. Whereas, P1 (pinching at 25 DAS) recorded significantly maximum number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, number of flowers per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length, weight of pod, number of seeds per pod, weight of seed per pod, 100 seed weight, 1000 seed weight, seed yield per plot, seed yield per hectare, biological yield per plot and biological yield per hectare and chlorophyll content. P2 (pinching at 35 DAS) recorded significantly maximum green yield per plot, green yield per hectare, germination percentage. Among the interactions between spacing and pinching, the treatment of spacing 10 x 5 cm with pinching at 35 DAS recorded significantly maximum green yield per plot and per hectare, treatment of spacing 30 x 10 cm with pinching at 25 DAS recorded significantly maximum number of flowers per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length, weight of pod, weight of seed per pod, seed yield per pod, seed yield per hectare, maximum biological yield per plot, biological yield per hectare, and chlorophyll content. Treatment of spacing 30 x 10 cm with pinching at 35 DAS recorded significantly maximum germination percentage. The economics of the experiment reveal that the spacing 30 x 10 cm with pinching at 25 DAS gave the highest B: C ratio (1:2.10).ThesisItem Open Access Studies on different mulches in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) cv. ganesh broccoli(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Bansod, Vaibhav Updesh; Bhalerao, R.V.A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season 2021-2022 at Experimental field, Department of Horticulture, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani on “Studies on different mulches in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) Cv. Ganesh Broccoli’’. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with eight treatments and three replicationsviz., T1 i.e., silver polythene mulch, T2 i.e., black polythene mulch, T3 i.e., white polythene mulch, T4 i.e., blue polythene mulch, T5 i.e., red polythene mulch, T6 i.e., orange polythene mulch, T7 i.e., leaf litter and T8 i.e., control to study the effect of different mulches on growth, yield and quality attributes of broccoli. Results showed that, the significant and maximum values of growth characters viz., plant height, number of leaves, length of leaf, width of leaf, leaf area, stem girth, minimum days to 1st head initiation, minimum days to 50 per cent head initiation, days to harvesting, weight of head, weight of side-shoots, diameter of head, volume of head recorded by T2 i.e., black polythene mulch. Significantly highest yield per plant, total yield per plot and yield per hectare were observed in T2 i.e., black polythene mulch and T1 i.e., silver polythene mulch. Quality parameters viz., significant values of SPAD chlorophyll meter reading were observed in T2 i.e., black polythene mulch and T4 i.e., blue polythene mulch. Maximum ascorbic acid content, total soluble solids, reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar were recorded by T2 i.e., black polythene mulch ad T1 i.e., silver polythene mulch. Minimum values of quality parameters were recorded in T8 i.e., control. Soil parameters viz., maximum root zone temperature at morning 7:23 am and afternoon 2:23 pm was recorded in T2 i.e., black polythene mulch. Significantly maximum soil moisture was noted in treatment T2 i.e., black polythene mulch and by T1 i.e., silver polythene mulch. Minimum root zone temperature and soil moisture was recorded in T8 i.e., control. Significantly reduced weed density (12.67) was observed under T2 i.e., black polythene mulch. Lowest aphid population was recorded in T1 i.e., silver polythene mulch and T3 i.e., white polythene mulch. T8 i.e., control was observed with higher weed density and maximum aphid population.
