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ThesisItem Open Access Morphometric and hydrological study of mandakhali watershed district Parbhani(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2021-12-07) Mane, Vijay Namdev; More, M.R.The morphometric measures of drainage basins may be used for better understand the evolutionary history of any basin. For any watershed management, different morphometric characteristics such as linear parameters (stream order, stream number, bifurcation ratio, stream length, mean stream length), areal or basin parameters (circularity ratio, elongation ratio, drainage density, drainage frequency), and relief parameters (dissection index, ruggedness index, hypsometric characteristics) are important. The present study is undertaken at Mandakhali watershed Dist. Parbhani during 2020-21. Watershed delineate by using Q-GIS/Arc GIS 10.3 software. The reference watershed first delineated from the drainage and terrain information from 1:50000 toposheet. Different thematic maps i.e., watershed map, drainage map, aspect map, hill shade map, contour map are developed with the help of digital elevation model (DEM) and Toposheet in ArcGIS software. As the morphological and climatic characteristics of a basin govern its hydrological response to a considerable extent. The morphological characteristics are determined to study their influences on runoff. Mandakhali watershed river tributaries are of fourth order. In all 47 streams are identified of which 24are first order, 14 are second order,8 is third order and 1is of fourth order. The total stream length is found 25.5 km and number of streams of various orders in a watershed are counted and their lengths from mouth to drainage divide are measured with the help of GIS software. The length of 1st order stream is13.20 km,2nd order stream is 6.52 km, third order stream is 5.48 km and fourth order stream is 0.30 km. The mean stream length of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4thorderwere found 0.55 km, 0.46 km, 0.68 km and0.33km respectively. An Average Stream Length Ratio was found to be 0.62 for Mandakhali Watershed. Also, Bifurcation ratio (Rb) of Mandakhali Watershed is recorded as 3.82. In the Mandakhali watershed the length and area are observed as 5.98 km and 14.45 sq.km respectively. The basin perimeter of Mandakhali watershed is found as 17.78 km. Rainfall data of Parbhani location is considered for rainfall analysis of Mandakhali watershed as the watershed is located 16 km away from Parbhani location. Point rainfall data for the period of 1981-2015 (35 years) have been collected from VNMKV meteorological observatory. Out of 35 years Kharif season drought was observed in 21 years. Also, it is seen that in the year 1986 Agricultural drought weeks were 12 while during 1992. 1995, 2001, 2011 and 2015 Agricultural drought weeks were eight respectively. Mean annual rainfall at Mandakhali is 859.68 mm with coefficient of variation 33.85 per cent while mean rainy days were found to be 43.11 with coefficient of variation 19.8 per cent. It was observed that the among 35 years average annual rainfall was below normal rainfall for 23 years and was above normal rainfall for 12 years. Out of 35 years moderate drought was observed for the 6 years (17%) and No drought for 29 years (83%).ThesisItem Open Access Study on morphometric parameters and landuse/land cover mapping forsambar watershed by using remote sensing gis technique(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2021-12-07) Varpe, Shriniwas Bhagwat; Payal, S.D.The research work entitled “Study of Morphometric Parameters and Land Use/Land Cover Mapping for Sambar Watershed by Using Remote Sensing and GIS technique was carried out during the year of 2020-21 in Parbhani district. In this research the Remote Sensing and Geographical Information system technique was used for delineation of the watershed boundary, preparing the thematic maps and identifying the land use/land cover classes with the help of ArcGIS 10.3 & QGIS software. The Sambar watershed is located in 19º35ʹ78.78˝ N and 76º87ʹ88.44˝ E in the Parbhani district of Marathwada region in Maharashtra. It is covered a total area 97.01 km2. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Survey of India Toposheet no. 56A/15 was used for the watershed delineation. The linear, areal and relief parameters identified by standard formulae suggested by the Horton, Strahler, Miller, Schumn etc. Highest fifth order stream has found in the watershed. The low drainage density (1.45 km/km2) suggest that watershed is highly resistance, less slope and permeable soil Surface. Form factor (0.784) and elongation ratio (0.64) indicates that the watershed has elongated in shape. The relief ratio (0.0026) and relative relief ratio (0.07%) shows that low intensity of erosion process. Thematic maps such as Slope map, Contour map, Aspect map, Hillshade map and drainage map were prepared with the help of DEM data. The land use/land cover map and its classes were identified by the Supervised Classification Method in ArcGIS 10.3 software by using the Landsat 8 satellite image. Total six classes are identified namely as Agricultural area, Forest area, Urban area, Barren land, Waterbodies and Fallow land. The Agricultural lands are well distributed throughout the watershed area and it covers 4135 ha. (43 per cent). Forest occupies 502 ha area and sharing about 5 per cent of the total land use land cover of the study area. The Urban land occupies 390 ha. area (4 per cent) and there was a rapid expansion of settlement area. Barren land occupies 3392 ha. area (35 per cent). A water bodies occupy 630 ha. area (6 per cent) and the Fallow land occupies 650 ha (7 per cent) but well-developed dendritic drainage pattern is there in the Sambar watershed.ThesisItem Open Access Land use, morphometric analysis and water balance study of Jintur sub watershed using remote sensing and geographical information system(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2021-11-02) Payal, Sandipan Dagdurao; Bhuibhar, B.W.A field experiment entitled “Land use, Morphometric Analysis and Water Balance Study of Jintur Sub Watershed Using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System “ was carried out during 2016-2018 at Jintur sub watershed with objectives To delineate Jintur sub- watersheds using open source high resolution satellite database. To delineate Jintur sub- watersheds using open source high resolution satellite database, To find morphological characteristics by using Remote Sensing (RS) and GIS,To study land use and land cover by RS and GIS techniques,the water balance components and To analyze the socio-economic status of beneficiary of watershed The experiment was laid out with Remote Sensing and GIS planning and with the help of this ten new watershed had prepared. For morphomedical analysis The morphometric analysis of Jintur sub watershed was carried out using Survey of India (SOI) Topographical map no. 56/A/6, 56/A/7, 56/A/10 and 56/A/11 on the scale 1:50,000 and LANDSAT image with 30 m spatial resolution. In morphological analysis, Linear, Aerial and Relief aspects were calculated for ten watersheds. For LU/LC The maximum area is under the agricultural land is 503.15 km2, wasteland 350.40 km2 , water bodies cover 11.95 km2, forest covers 38.78 km2 and settlement covers 3.45 km2. The average annual water balance components were determined for period of 21 years (1998 to 2018). the remaining period was found to be some years deficit years i.e. moderate, large and severe It was found that well water level improved 2.82 m, increase in land irrigation area 1.6 acre, crop productivity in cotton ,soybean and pigeon pea in q/acre increase up to 3.28, 3.80 and 3.07respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Statistical trend and dry spell analysis of point raingall for Parbhani(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2021-11-17) Sonawane, Unnati Rajmal; Kamble, A.M.Indian agriculture is predominantly influenced by south-west monsoon rainfall (June to September), about 60 to 90 per cent of the annual rainfall over India is received from the southwest monsoon season which is vital for the agricultural economy of the country. Variation in rainfall distribution pattern is the major reason for increasing the probability of occurrence of drought like situation in the country. Analysis of rainfall trend is important in studying the impacts of climate change, water resources planning, drought, excessive rainfall and other environmental factors for the particular region. Knowledge of the sequences of dry and wet spells as well as onset and withdrawal of rainy season is necessary for successful planning and management of agricultural ecosystem. Hence, research work on “Statistical, Trend and Dry Spell Analysis of Point Rainfall for Parbhani” was conducted. The rainfall data of 30 years (1991-2020) on daily basis was processed to study statistical characteristics and trends of weekly, monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall using Mann-Kendall Test and Sen’s slope estimation method and to determine probabilities of dry and wet week by using Markov-Chain probability model. The statistical analysis showed that, the average annual rainfall of the study area was 910.3 mm with coefficient of variation 25.9 per cent. The maximum average annual rainfall 1479.4 mm was observed in the year of 1998, whereas lowest average annual rainfall 560.2 mm was observed in the year of 2014. Contribution of south-west monsoon was observed maximum of rainfall 746.9 mm (82.05 per cent of total rainfall). Minimum rainfall of 10.6 mm (1.1 per cent of total rainfall) was observed in winter season. The mean monthly rainfall was maximum in the month of July 221.5 mm (24.3 per cent of total rainfall) whereas minimum mean monthly rainfall was observed in the month of February 4.23 mm (0.4 per cent of total rainfall). The mean weekly rainfall was observed maximum in 30th SMW (63.2 mm) whereas minimum weekly rainfall was observed in 50th SMW (0.1 mm). The trend analysis of study area revealed that, increasing rainfall trend observed in first decade (1991-2000) of annual rainfall. Similarly, with respect to seasonal rainfall increasing rainfall trend was observed in first decade (1991-2000) of winter season rainfall. Increasing rainfall trend observed in monthly rainfall in the month of August, September and June in first (1991-2000), second (2001-2010) and third decade (2011-2020) respectively. Overall, increasing rainfall trend was observed in 23rd, 37th and 38th SMW. In case of first decade of weekly rainfall (1991-2020) increasing rainfall trend was observed in 34th, 36th and 38th SMW and in case of second (2001-2010) and third decade (2011-2020) increasing trend was observed in 37th and 42th SMW. Similarly, decreasing rainfall trend was observed in 33rd SMW only at first decade of weekly rainfall. The data on onset and withdrawal of rainy season indicated that the monsoon started effectively from 23rd SMW (04th to 10th June) and remained active up to 42nd SMW (15th to 21st October). Based on Markov-chain initial, conditional and consecutive dry and wet week’s probability, more than 50 per cent probability of occurrence of dry week was observed in 23rd, 29th, 35th and 37th to 42th SMW in crop growth period. More than 50 per cent probability of occurring wet week was observed in SMW 23rd to 26th, 28th, 30th to 38th and 40th. Thus, chances of rainwater harvesting were observed more during this period of monsoon for protective irrigation.ThesisItem Open Access Sensitivity analysis of location specific constants of idf equation for beed, latur and osmanabad(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2021-11-15) Patil, Shradha Shivaji; Bhuibhar, B.W.Sensitivity analysis of location specific constants of rainfall intensity - duration – frequency (IDF) relationship for Beed, Latur and Osmanabad locations of Marathwada region was done under present project. The IDF relationship of locations, Latur, Beed and Osmanabad were considered for present study. The values of location specific constants K, a, b and d were varied by -50 to +50 per cent at an interval of 5 per cent. While doing changes in one constant, other three constants were kept unchanged, i.e., only single constant was allowed to vary at a time. Rainfall intensity was calculated for various combination of duration of rainfall (t) and return period (T). The duration of rainfall was considered as 0.25h, 0.50h, 0.75h, 1h, 1.25h, 1.50h, 1.75h, 2h, 2.25h, 2.50h, 2.75h, 3h. and the return period was considered as 5 years, 10 years, 15 years, 20 years and 25 years. Sensitivity analysis was carried out by using two formulae viz., Sensitivity Ratio and Relative Sensitivity ratio. Sensitivity and Relative Sensitivity ratios for different t and T combination along with intensity for 3 locations under study and all 4 location specific constants were calculated. The values of Sensitivity ratio and Relative Sensitivity ratio for four location specific constants, viz. ‘K’, ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘d’ seem to be equal. Hence it was necessary to check whether there was significant difference between these two ratios or not. Student ‘t’ test was used for this purpose. On the basis of values of S and Sr, location specific constants were classified as Highly Sensitive (HS), Moderately Sensitive (MS), Less Sensitive (LS) and Very Less Sensitive (VLS). The very less sensitivity category was considered as non-sensitivity interval. From calculation, it was found that, location specific constant K was highly sensitive for each location with change in either duration of rainfall or return period. Hence it was not possible to fix any non-sensitive interval for it. The location specific constant ‘a’ changed with respect to return period and hence the very less sensitive range of return period was considered as non-sensitive range and as ‘b’ and ‘d’ changes with duration of rainfall, non-sensitive range was duration of rainfall. For Beed location under study, pertaining to ‘d’ location specific constant, non-sensitivity interval was up to 0.25 h very less sensitive (VLS), hence considered as non-sensitive. For ‘b’ constant, non-sensitivity interval was 0.75 to 2 h less sensitive (LS), above that VLS hence considered as non-sensitive. For ‘a’ constant, non-sensitivity interval of return period was up to 4 yr LS. For Latur location, pertaining to ‘d’ constant, non-sensitivity interval was up to 0.23 h VLS. For ‘b’ constant, non-sensitivity interval was above 3.5h VLS. For ‘a’ constant, non-sensitivity interval of return period was up to 5yr VLS. Similarly, for Osmanabad location, pertaining to ‘d’ constant, non-sensitivity interval was up to 0.25h VLS, hence considered as non-sensitive. For ‘b’ constant, non-sensitivity interval was 1 to 2.5 h LS, above that VLS. For ‘a’ constant, non-sensitivity interval of return period was up to 5 yr VLS.ThesisItem Open Access Standardization of sub-soiling schedule and spacings for effective rainwater conservation and enhancing production potential of rainfed soybean(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2021-11-15) Deshmukh, Pradnya Prabhakar; Pendke, M.S.The research experiment on, “Standardization of sub-soiling schedule and spacings for effective rainwater conservation and enhancing production potential of rainfed soybean” was conducted during 2019-20 to 2020-21 for two kharif seasons. However the experiment was initiated during the year 2018-19 at AICRP for Dryland Agriculture, VNMKV, Parbhani. A experiment was conducted on medium black soils with respect to evaluation of specific information regarding the sub-soiling schedule and standard spacing for vertisols for effective rainwater conservation and its effect of crop growth and yield particularly for rainfed Soybean crop in Marathwada region. The land was ploughed 15-20 cm deep with tractor drawn plough in the month of May during period of experimentation followed by subsequent harrowing during both the years. The sub soiling operations were conducted by tractor drawn sub-soiler as per treatment details. Parbhani station has been classified as rainfed agro ecosystem and Soybean based production system with an average rainfall of 892 mm. The cultivated fields in the Parbhani district are normally having slope in the range of 0.5 to 1 % with good surface drainage conditions. The soils of the area are medium black. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with 3 replications. The plot size was 4.5 m x 5.0 m. The soil samples were taken using screw auger and gravimetric method was used for determination of soil moisture percent. Automatic stage level recorders with ‘H’ flumes were installed for measurement of runoff and soil loss. The runoff samples were taken using one litre sampling bottles during each runoff producing storm and there were analyzed for determination of soil loss. The runoff samples were kept in Hot Air Oven at 1050 C for 24 hours to get the dry silt in runoff samples and further determination of soil loss on hectare basis. The crop was harvested at the maturity level and the crop yield data was collected for individual treatment wise and represented on hectare basis. Based on the crop productivity, prevailing market prices and actual cost of cultivation, the gross monetary returns, net monetary returns and benefit cost ratio were worked out. Bulk density was measured using core cutter sampler. The infiltration rate was determined using double ring infiltrometer method. The present research study leads to conclusions that the treatment of sub soiling in alternate years with a horizontal spacing of 1.5 m recorded significantly higher grain yield, GMR, NMR, BC ratio and RWUE as compared to all other treatments .The highest soil moisture conservation was observed in the treatment of sub soiling at alternate year and sub soling at every year with horizontal spacing of 1.5 m and 2.0 m. Minimum runoff was observed under sub soiling at every year whereas maximum runoff was observed in sub soiling in once in three year. Among sub soiling spacing treatments, minimum runoff was observed in sub soiling at 1.5 m, whereas maximum runoff was observed in subs soiling at 3.0 m spacing. Minimum soil loss was observed under sub soiling at once in three years whereas maximum soil loss was observed in sub soiling in every year. Among sub soiling spacing treatments, minimum soil loss was observed in sub soiling at 1.5 m spacing whereas maximum soil loss was observed in subs soiling at 3.0 m spacing. Infiltration rate was found higher under the treatment of sub soiling in every year with a spacing of 1.5 m and 2.0 m. and the bulk density was found lower in the treatment of sub soiling in every year with a spacing of 1.5 m and 2.0 m.The energy use efficiency is found to be increased in the treatment of sub soiling in alternate year and sub soiling once in three years and found lower in the treatment of sub soiling in every year.ThesisItem Open Access Study on consequent effects of soil loss under various land configuration practices(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2019-05-31) Kanchu Jahnavi; Pendke, M.S.The research experiment on, “Study on Consequent Effects of Soil Loss under Various Land Configurations” was conducted at All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Dryland Agriculture, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani during the year 2018 through field experimentation. A experiment was conducted on medium black soils with respect to evaluation of various insitu rainwater conservation practices for enhancing production potential and soil moisture status under rainfed soybean as well as determination of value of exponent “m” in MUSLE for Parbhani station .The various insitu rainwater conservation practices viz. opening of furrow after every 4 rows, dead furrow, tied ridging, conservation furrow, BBF and flatbed were evaluated for its performance to enhance the productivity of rainfed soybean through soil moisture conservation and reducing runoff and soil loss. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 4 replications. Automatic stage level recorders with ‘H’ flumes were installed for measurement of runoff and soil losss. The treatment of broad bed and furrow (BBF) recorded significantly higher crop productivity as compared to other treatment and found to be at par with the treatment of opening of furrow after every 4 rows. The net returns and BC ratio were also found higher under BBF treatment. The rainwater use efficiency under BBF was found to be 2.4 as compared to 1.4 under flatbed treatment (farmers practice). The runoff and soil loss were also found less (57.74 % and 58.39% respectively) under BBF treatment as compared to flatbed treatment. Study concluded that BBF sowing technique for soybean was proved as most suitable for enhancing production potential and soil moisture. The value of exponent ‘m’ in MUSLE for Parbhani station is standardized as 0.496, hence the final version of the MUSLE for Parbhani lcation is standardized as S = 11.8〖(Q×q)〗^(0.496) KLSCPThesisItem Open Access Impact evaluation of selected farm ponds in jintur taluka of parbhani district(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2019-05-31) Rautmare, Laxmikant Vishwanathrao; Kadale, A.S.The research study on, “Impact evaluation of selected farm ponds in Jintur Taluka of Parbhani district” was carried out during the monsoon season 2018 at villages Kausadi, Shevadi, Bhosi, Venoli and Mangrul of Jintur Taluka in Parbhani district. In the study area, 30 farm ponds were selected from different villages for its impact evaluation. Farm ponds in MTS, RKVY, MANAREGA and NHM schemes from above villages were selected randomly. Study area is located between the Latitude of 19˚46 N to 19˚67 N to Longitude of 76˚66 E to 76˚69 E. Daily rainfall data of Bori station of Jintur Taluka for the year 2018 was collected and ten years rainfall data was collected from the meteorological observatory of the VNMKV Parbhani. Based on the daily rainfall data and other physical topographic conditions, the runoff was determined using SCS curve number technique. The total rainfall , runoff and percent runoff and their mean for last 10 years were determined. The mean values of rainfall ,runoff and percent runoff of Parbhani Taluka was estimated as, 944.81 mm of rainfall 420.41mm of runoff with an average percent runoff of 43.11%. It was observed that percent runoff value above 30% found to be sufficient for rainwater harvesting and its storage in farm pond. The total number of fillings of farm ponds decided the scope of protective irrigation or utilization of harvested water for supplementary irrigation to enhance the crop production. The average annual rainfall of the study area is 879 mm with average of 47 rainy days. Dimensions were measured by measuring tape and depth of water was measured by staff gauge. In all thirty farm ponds, eleven farm ponds were gravity filled with inlet and outlet, thirteen farm ponds were unlined without inlet and outlet and six farm ponds were lined by black polyethylene of thickness 500 micron. Beneficiary farmer was personally interviewed and collected information on land holding, cropping pattern and harvested water utilization by using questionary. Purpose of farm pond, land use pattern, position of farm pond, land fertility, flow of water from outlet of gravity filled farm pond and time required for lined farm pond to filling water and drain out water were recorded. The storage volume of each farm pond was calculated by Trapezoidal formula. Completely randomised design was applied to the data collected of farm pond storage components and statistical analysis of irrigation potential before and after farm pond construction period was performed by t-test. The surface runoff potential from catchment area of unlined gravity filled farm ponds was calculated by using curve number method. Economics of crops grown by farmer withprotective irrigation from harvested water and under exclusively dry land conditions was recorded separately and compared. The results indicated the annual rainfall of the Bori station of Jintur Taluka was 449.0 mm and annual runoff value for the year 2018 was 165.48 mm. Eight farmers made self investment on black polyethylene lining material or Agri-film. 77% farm ponds were observed without any structural failure because of fencing with gate for safety used by farmers. From the statistical analysis of completely randomized design and t-test, it was observed that lined farm ponds were very efficient. Gross monetary returns of different crops under protective or supplemental irrigation was found to be in the range of Rs 88020/ha to Rs 420750/ha. Net monetary returns of different crops under protective or supplemental irrigation was found to be in the range of Rs 36380/ha to Rs 370750/ha. The study concluded in overall maximum farmers invested up to Rs 1 lakh 35 thousand on lining material. NHM scheme is better than MTS scheme.Ten farmers have no source of irrigation but after construction of farm pond irrigation potential was observed to be up to 3.252 ha. Storage efficiency of farm ponds in the selected area was found to be in the range of 33.33% to 96.67%. On an average 3.25 Million litters of water was harvested in each farm pond from nearly 120 hours of filling farm pond using electric pump.The farmers of villages Kausadi, Shevadi, Bhosi, Venoli and Mangrul of Jintur Taluka adopted new cropping pattern and crops like tomato, chili, Barseem (grass), turmeric watermelon, horse gram, grapes ,vegetables due to assured source of water through farm ponds.ThesisItem Open Access Impact evaluation of selected farm ponds in manwat taluka of parbhani district(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 31-05-19) Bhendekar, Motiram Tukaram; Bhuibhar, B.W.The present investigation entitled “Impact Evaluation of Selected Farm ponds in Manwat taluka of Parbhani district” The research was conducted with farm ponds at Manwat, Palodi, Sawali, Sawargaon and Dewalgaon. Farm ponds of thirty farmers undertaken in MTS and NHM schemes from above villages were selected randomly. Study was conducted during Monsoon season of year 2018. Study area is located between the Latitude of 19˚25N to 19˚35 N to Longitude of 76˚45E to 76˚85 E. The rainfall data for the last 10 years were collected from the Department of Agricultural Meteorology; College of Agriculture VNMKV Parbhani and the rainfall data of Kolha village for the year 2018 were collected from web portal of Maharashtra state agriculture department. Dimensions were measured by measuring tape and depth of water was measured by staff gauge. Beneficiary farmer was personally interviewed and collected information on land holding, cropping pattern and harvested water utilization by using questionary. The storage volume of each farm pond was calculated by Trapezoidal formula. Completely randomised design was applied to the data collected of farm pond storage components and Statistical analysis of irrigation potential before and after farm pond construction period was performed by t-test. The surface runoff potential from catchment area of unlined gravity filled farm ponds was calculated by using curve number method. Economics of crops grown by farmer with protective irrigation from harvested water and under exclusively dryland conditions was recorded separately and compared by using Benefit-Cost Ratio of selected crops. The results indicated the annual rainfall of the Kolha station of Manwat taluka was 432.0 mm and annual runoff value for the year 2018 was 197.718 mm. Seventeen farmers made self investment on black polyethylene lining material or Agri-film. 87% farm ponds were observed without any structural failure because of fencing with gate for safety used by farmers. Effective capacity of unlined farm ponds varied from 83.68 to 91.72 %, lined farm ponds varied from 87.47 % to 96.03% and gravity filled farm ponds varied from 32.18 to 41.65 %. From the statistical analysis of completely randomized design and t-test, it was observed that lined farm ponds were very efficient. Net monetary returns in crop production were to be increased by 16% in cotton, 76% in soyabean, 39% in sorghum and 20% in pigeon pea and B: C ratios observed from crops were lined farm ponds used as alternate source for supplemental irrigation. The average value for tomato as 1.72 and watermelon as 5.87.Yield in crop production was observed to be increased after utilization of harvested water. It was observed in cotton by 10.86 %, sorghum 18.88 %, soybean 45.63 %. The study concluded in overall maximum farmers invested up to Rs 1 lakh on lining material. NHM scheme is better than MTS scheme. Ten farmers have no source of irrigation but after construction of farm pond irrigation potential was observed to be up to 3.25 acres. Effective storage capacity of the farm ponds under study varied from 32.18 % to 96.03%. On an average 2.25 Million litres of water was harvested in each farm pond from nearly 100 hours of filling farm pond using electric pump. In the present study, irrigated crops taken by farmers are watermelon, chillies, tomato, orange, barseem grass and green gram showed that cropping pattern changed from traditional crops to commercial crops.
