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ThesisItem Open Access Hydrologic studies and impact evaluation of soil and water conservation measures in kadwanchi watershed(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-12-30) More, Madhukar Raosaheb; Khodke, U.M.Although rainfed agriculture contributes to more than 60 per cent food production, these regions are facing various problems such as drought, water scarcity, land degradation, poor infrastructure and economic conditions of the farmers. The most appropriate approach would be the watershed based water management to meet the water demand for the livelihood of the people on sustainable basis. Each watershed development project is expected to achieve its objectives such as increase in water availability, cropping intensity, agricultural productivity and income of people in the project area. Hence an assessment of watershed development and management approaches is essential to address biophysical, socio-economic, and institutional and policy issues. However, many such studies in the past could not draw concrete conclusions due to non-availability of advanced tools and techniques for effective monitoring of project outcomes and its impacts. Therefore, there is a need to monitor and scientifically evaluate the impact of various measures including soil and water conservation structures in developed watersheds. Remote Sensing and GIS have emerged as an efficient tool in delineation of drainage pattern, ground water potential and its planning which can be employed for the determination of morphological features and analysing watershed properties. The present investigation was carried out in well monitored Kadwanchi watershed with an aim to understand the morphological characteristics of watershed, runoff estimation, and to evaluate the performance of soil and water conservation measures undertaken in this watershed based on various performance indicators. The assessment of impact of soil and water conservation measures on groundwater table, irrigation potential, cropping pattern, crop productivity and economic status of farmers have also been done. The Kadwanchi watershed in Jalna district of Maharashtra, India was developed under Indo-German Watershed Development Programme during the priod 1995-96-2000-01. The watershed consists of 1446.20 ha area having Upper river Purna as the major drainage system. The watershed receives average annual rainfall of 685 mm. Daily rainfall data of Kadwanchi watershed for the period of 1994-2019 was analysed using Weathercock software to study agricultural drought, meteorological drought, heavy rainfall events at watershed. GIS and image processing techniques were employed for the identification of morphological features and analysing properties of the watershed. Survey of India (SOI) toposheets were used for delineation of watershed boundary and to prepare the topographic map. The LU/LC map was generated with the help of satellite data using unsupervised classification from Bhuvan’s website. Standard methods were employed for calculating the morphometric characteristics of watershed. The runoff was estimated using the most accurate curve number method (SCS-CN) using soil and land use characteristics. Curve numbers were assigned for different land cover and soil types. Various thematic maps; soil map, elevation map, contour map and land use land cover maps were created using ArcGIS 10.8.The impact evaluation of various soil and water conservation measures CCTs, farm bunds, CNB, earthen nala bund and loose boulder structures was conducted. The assessment of groundwater and irrigation potential was done using the fortnightly data of randomly selected open wells in upper, middle and lower reach of watershed during 2018-2020. Structural changes, silt deposition, water storage of all SWC structures were periodically measured and estimated. Impact of SWC structures on cropping intensity, crop productivity and economic conditions was also evaluated based on the personal interview of farmers through standard questionnaire. To evaluate the overall impact of pre and post development of project various performance indicators were used. Results indicated that Kadwanchi is 4th order drainage basin with drainage density of 3.64 km/km2. Total number of streams were 120, in which first, second, third and fourth order streams were 94, 20, 5 and 1, respectively. The estimated annual runoff for the year 2018 and 2019 was 134.83 and 306.22 mm, respectively. In Kadwanchi watershed, the agricultural draught was observed in 15 years out of total 26 years of study indicating its severity whereas the watershed area has experienced severe and moderate meteorological drought for 1 and 9 years, respectively out of 26 years. The soil and water conservation measures created in the watershed area viz. farm bunds, continuous contour trenches, loose boulder structures, cement nala bunds and earthen nala bunds have arrested silt on their upstream side and helped in reducing the soil erosion. Water impounded due to soil and water conservation measures showed overall increase of 1.97 m in ground water level as compared to pre development stage of watershed. Results also revealed that due to increase in water availability and better land use pattern there is increase in net sown area, cropping intensity and crop productivity. The farmers have shifted to horticulture and cash crops instead of cereals. Majority of the farmers of the watershed are adopting advanced irrigation methods of sprinkler and drip for irrigating crops which could help to increase water use efficiency and to bring more area under irrigation. The positive impact of watershed development programme in Kadwanchi watershed resulted to improve the economic status of the farmers and employment generation after watershed development during the year 2018-19 and 2019-20 as compared to its pre-development stage (1995-96). This could be because of crop diversification and expansion of grape cultivation at Kadwanchi. The performance indicators of watershed such as Crop Productivity Index, Crop Land Utilization Index, Crop Diversification Index were improved after watershed development programme. The Induced Watershed Eco-Index of 0.50 in Kadwanchi watershed indicates that an additional 50 per cent area has been rehabilitated through green vegetation. Soil and water conservation measures undertaken on arable and non-arable land and water harvesting structures on nalas, resulted in establishment and regeneration of vegetation and provided an additional vegetative bio-mass cover. The present study provides an insight for scientific impact evaluation of soil and water conservation measures under watershed development programme in the semi-arid regions.ThesisItem Open Access Prioritization of sub-watersheds in kayadhu watershed based on morphometric and land use analysis using remote sensing and gis techniques(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2023-01-30) Biradar, Siddhanagoud Mahadev; Payal, S.D.Remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) is effective tool for delineating drainage patterns and managing water resources. The study takes into account the Kayadhu watershed in the Hingoli & Parbhani district of Maharashtra. The catchment area of the basin is approximately 2146.1 km2. The Kayadhu River basin has been prioritized to identify erosion susceptibility zones & suggesting the most sensitivity to erosion and also proper soil and water resource management. Prioritization was done using remote sensing and GIS technology based on morphometric parameters and land use analysis. Several parameters that are directly or indirectly related to erodibility have been calculated. The basin analysis of the Kayadhu Watershed basin depicts the region's good potential, which requires integrated and sustainable planning and management. The final prioritization result revealed a common compound value (Cp) for each sub-watershed was calculated by taking the average of the LC and morphometry rankings. The final priority was determined by categorizing the highest and lowest ranges of Cp value into three classes.ThesisItem Open Access Redesigning of farm pond sizes for marathwada region under changing climate(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Ananya Mishra; Pendke, M.S.The present project entitled, “Redesigning of farm pond sizes for Marathwada region under changing climate” was carried out during year 2021-2022 at the Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, CAET, VNMKV, Parbhani. The rainfall available in the watershed is key factor for determining the availability of water to fulfil the different demand mainly for agriculture, hydropower water supply, industry, etc. A watershed is that contributes runoff water to a common point Runoff is one of the important hydrologic variables used in most of the water resource applications. Runoff is the total surface flow from a given drainage area. Rainfall duration, intensity and aerial distribution influence the rate and volume of runoff. Watershed characteristics such as slope, shape, size, cover of soil, duration of rainfall have a direct effect on the peak flow and volume of runoff from any area (Chandler and Walker, 1998). Rainfall and runoff are significant constitute the sources of water for recharge of ground water in the watershed. Estimation of runoff in a watershed is very important to manage the water resources efficiently. Most of the part of the Marathwada region is comes under assured rainfall zone. The region receives mean annual rainfall of 880 mm. Rainfall is uncertain and erratic in this region and sometimes suffers from severe droughts. The rainfall data for Aurangabad, Parbhani and Nanded stations were collected from the Agro-meteorological station under VNMKV, Parbhani. Runoff was estimated using SCS curve number method considering the all parameters like soil type, vegetation etc. The rainfall runoff relationship was worked out for further planning of small water harvesting structures like farm ponds. The runoff potential for Aurangabad, Parbhani and Nanded station was found to be 20.07 %, 28.31 % and 31.69 % respectively, indicating a good scope for rainwater harvesting and thereby, many more rainwater harvesting structures can be constructed based on site specific conditions. A relation between rainfall and runoff for Aurangabad, Parbhani and Nanded stations were worked out as Y = 0.301X - 55.711 (R2 value - 0.75), Y = 0.4043X - 88.882 (R2 value - 0.8687) and Y = 0.6018X - 209.2 (R2 value -0.9575) respectively. The linear rainfall-runoff relation obtained can be used for finding out runoff corresponding to any rainfall occurring in the area. The rainfall runoff relationship will be useful for determination of rainwater harvesting potential and its reuse for enhancing production potential of various rainfed crops.Farm pond sizes of storage capacity of 351m3 741m3 and 939 m3 are standardized for catchment area of 1 ha, 2 ha and 3 ha respectively for Aurangabad station in rain scarcity zone of Marathwada region under changing climatic condition. Based on storage capacity, the square shaped farm ponds of sizes 15 x 15 m, 20 x 20 m and 22 x 22 m (top dimensions) with depth of 3 m and side slope of 1.5:1 (Trapezoidal shape). Farm pond sizes of storage capacity of 837 cum 1539 cum and 2457 cum are standardized for catchment area of 1 ha, 2 ha and 3 ha respectively for Parbhani station in assured rainfall zone of Marathwada region under changing climatic condition. Based on storage capacity, the square shaped farm ponds of sizes 21 x 21 m, 27 x 27 m and 33 x 33 m (top dimensions) with depth of 3 m and side slope of 1.5:1 (Trapezoidal shape). Farm pond sizes of storage capacity of 939 m3 1677 m3 and 2811 m3cum are standardized for catchment area of 1 ha, 2 ha and 3 ha respectively for Nanded station in moderate to high rainfall zone of Marathwada region under changing climatic condition. Based on storage capacity, the square shaped farm ponds of sizes 22 x 22 m, 28 x 28 m and 35 x 35 m (top dimensions) with depth of 3 m and side slope of 1.5:1 (Trapezoidal shape). The well-designed inlet (Chute spillway type) for proper incoming of runoff water into pond and Pipe outlet is suggested for removal of surplus water from farm pond. The cost of construction of farm pond of storage capacity of 351 m3 741 m3 and 939 m3 are standardized for catchment area of 1 ha, 2 ha and 3 ha respectively are worked out as Rs. 97,512/-, Rs. 1,87,341/- and Rs. 2,84,858/- for Aurangabad station. The cost of construction of farm pond of storage capacity of 837 cum 1539 cum and 2437 cum are standardized for catchment area of 1 ha, 2 ha and 3 ha respectively are worked out as Rs. 2,09,520 /-, Rs. 3,72,111/- and Rs. 5,85,281/- for Parbhani station. The cost of construction of farm pond of storage capacity of 939 cum 1677 cum and 2811 cum are standardized for catchment area of 1 ha, 2 ha and 3 ha respectively are worked out as Rs. 2,33,108 /-, Rs. 4,04,147/- and Rs. 6,67,577/- for Nanded station.ThesisItem Open Access Planning of tridhara watershed using geospatial technology(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2023-01-25) Kale, Shubham Madhavrao; More, M.R.The research work entitled “Planning of Tridhara Watershed Using Geospatial Technology” was carried out during the year of 2021-2022 in Parbhani district of Maharashtra state. In this research the Geospatial Technology was used for morphometric analysis, hypsometric analysis, Land Use/Land Cover change detection and for suggested sites suitable for soil and water conservation measures. Preparation of various thematic maps and data analysis is done by various software such as ArcGIS 10.3, QGIS, Google Earth Pro, MS-Excel, and MS-Word. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Survey of India (SOI) toposheet number 56A11, 56A15 and 56A16 with scale 1:50000 of study area were used for the base map preparation and delineation of watershed and drainage network. Tridhara watershed divided into three sub-watersheds. Morphometric and Hypsometric analysis were carried out for each sub-watershed. The linear, areal and relief parameters identified by standard formulae suggested by the Miller, Horton, Strahler, Schumn etc. The Tridhara watershed found to have a fifth order trunk stream. The bifurcation ratio shows that the geologic formations have no impact on the watershed's drainage pattern. Low form factor reveals the Tridhara watershed's elongated shape and longer-lasting water flow. Consequently, the watershed has a flat peak flow for a longer time. Less the watershed's circular characteristics, the less responsive the watershed to the storms. Highly permeable soil allows for increased water infiltration and recharge of groundwater aquifers. Due to the existence of hard the relief values are lower. The values of the hypsometric integral values of hydraulic basin ranges between 0.36 to 0.47. Values show that, the topography is in a mature stage (equilibrium) throughout the whole Tridhara watershed and its sub watersheds. Here, the HI values are less than 0.5, indicating more water harvesting-type structures may be needed to conserve water at the proper locations in the watersheds. The Land Use/Land Cover map indicates that, there are 5 main classes of land use. For the year 2022, major area in watershed is covered by agricultural land which is 7983 ha which is 61.44% of the total geographical area, Fallow land is at second position in area coverage after agriculture. The area covered by Fallow land is 3209 ha which is 24.70% of the total area. This means that 86.14% area of watershed is under agricultural practices. From 2012 to 2022, urban area increased by 160 ha which is 1.23% of total area. Which shows rapid urbanization of watershed. Only fallow land decreased by 496 ha which is 3.82% of total area. This change is due to higher rainfall in year 2021 than 2011. Also, because there is change of cropping pattern in Rabi season in watershed area. There is need of soil and water conservation measures in watershed to fulfil water requirement for farming practices. As Tridhara watershed comes under drought prone region and mainly depends on agriculture, it is essential to conserve soil and water resources in a proper manner. Based on suitable criteria, location for constructing farm ponds, nala bund and check dam were suggested. There were total 73, 25, 1 no. of structures suggested which were named as farm ponds, nala bunds and check dam respectively. These structures are suggested using GIS analysis to find a possible suitable location to save time in field surveying of entire watershed to identify suitable sites for soil and water conservation measures.ThesisItem Open Access Impact evaluation of soil and water conservation measures at pedgaon district parbhani(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2021-01-27) Shewale, Jaydeep Pradeep; Bhuibhar, B.W.The research work entitled “Impact Evaluation of Soil and Water Conservation Measures at Pedgaon District Parbhani” was carried out during year 2019-2020 at Pedgaon watershed in Parbhani district. In this research work, different soil and water conservation measures were selected for impact evaluation in Pedgaon watershed area. In Pedgaon watershed, soil and water conservation measures such as graded bunds, farm ponds, cement nala bunds and earthen nala bund were implemented by Government of Maharashtra under ‘Jalyukt Shivar Yojana’ programme in 2015-16. Pedgaon watershed located at 19°32’13” N and 76°66’15” E. The geographical area of Pedgaon watershed is 3263 ha out of which 3060 ha cultivable land and 203 ha of land is not under cultivation. Total rainfall in Pedgaon watershed during year 2019-2020 was 586.1 mm. Data regarding different parameters of selected soil and water conservation measures at Pedgaon watershed collected from Department of Agriculture, Parbhani. Present dimensions of selected soil and water conservation measures at Pedgaon watershed were measured with the help of measuring tape to assess change in dimensions of different measures after their implementation. Amount of soil deposited in impounding area of selected soil and water conservation measures was determined. Total amount of water impounded at selected soil and water conservation measures was measured. To evaluate impact of different soil and water conservation measures on groundwater recharge, eight well were randomly selected at downstream side at various distances from different soil and water conservation to measure the water table in wells fortnightly during research work. In addition, water table fluctuation method was used to determined total groundwater recharge for the duration of year 2019-20. Also, impact of soil and water conservation measures on cropping pattern, crop productivity and crop production was evaluated by comparing present data of cropping pattern, crop productivity and crop production with the data of cropping pattern, crop productivity before development of Pedgaon watershed in year 2014-2015. Percent reductions in cross sectional area of graded bunds observed between 7.14% to 24 % with an average reduction in cross sectional area of 12.60 % as compared to designed cross sectional area of graded bunds due to erosion and settlement. Total soil deposited at six graded bunds over the period of three years after construction was found to be 372.49 tonnes. Increase in cultivating area and crop production after the farm pond construction was observed. Total soil deposited in selected cement nala bund was found to be 647.44 tonnes during the period of three years after construction. Total volume of water impounded in selected cement nala bunds was 2433.25 .Weight of soil deposited was found to be 608.61 tonnes during the period of three years after construction of earthen nala bund. Volume of water impounded at earthen nala bund in Pedgaon watershed was 585 in year 2019. After development of Pedgaon watershed, water level in the well was increase as compared to water level in the wells before the development of watershed. It was also observed that availability of water in well after development of watershed upto January- February month as compared to water availability in well before development of watershed it was upto December month. In kharif season, the area under the crop soybean, green gram, tur, cotton, and turmeric was found to be increased by 12.42%, 30.61%, 46.87%, 31.26%, and 200% respectively after Pedgaon watershed development. The productivity of soybean, green gram, tur, cotton, maize and turmeric was found to be increased by 57.14%, 45.45%, 30.76%, 53.84%, 30%, and 31.25% respectively during year 2018-19. The area under the crop wheat, gram, rabi jowar, safflower and other was found to be increased by 49.49 %, 35.05 %, 55.76 %, 200 %, 100 % respectively over pre-development stage of Pedgaon watershed. The productivity of wheat, gram, rabi jowar, and other crop was also increased by 14.28 %, 28.57 %, 38.88 %, 20 % respectively in Pedgaon watershed during year 2018-19 over the pre-development stage of Pedgaon watershed.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of summer okra [Abelmoschus esculentus L.] under different soil mositure regime and plastic mulches(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2020-09-09) Kamble, Anilkumar Marotirao; Bhuibhar, B.W.A field experiment was conducted with summer okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) during the two succeeding years i.e. summer 2017 and summer 2018, at research farm of AICRP on Irrigation Water Management, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani to investigate the effect of irrigation levels and different plastic mulches on soil moisture, soil temperature, physiochemical properties of soil, growth and yield components of okra, water use efficiency and its economics.The experiment was laid out in split plot design, in which three irrigation levels were assigned to main plots based on daily evapotranspiration (ETc), i.e. I1(0.8ETc), I2(1.0ETc), I3(1.2ETc) and three mulches M1 - Transparent plastic mulch (TPM), M2 - Black plastic mulch (BPM), M3 - Silver-black plastic mulch (SBPM) and M4 - Control (without mulch) to sub plots and were replicated thrice. The average soil moisture was significantly highest under irrigation level of 1.2 ETc as compared to irrigation level 1.0 ETc and 0.8 ETc. Among different plastic mulches, significantly highest average soil moisture was observed in soil profile (0.0 to 7.5 cm) under silver-black plastic mulch (31.06 %) as compared to rest of mulches. Mean daily soil temperature was recorded significantly higher under irrigation level 0.8 ETc (31.25, 31.11 and 31.14 0C) at soil depth 5, 10 and 15 cm respectively and in case of plastic mulches, the highest daily pooled mean soil temperature (33.05, 33.06 and 33.01 0C) were recorded under transparent plastic mulch at soil depths 5, 10 and 15 cm respectively, where as the lowest daily mean soil temperature at corresponding depths (29.33, 29.15 and 28.87 0C) were observed under control (without mulch). Highest weed density (152.33 No./m2) and total weed biomass (129.19 g/m2), was observed in transparent plastic mulch, whereas total absence of weeds were observed in black plastic mulch. Application of irrigation level 1.0 ETc and silver-black plastic mulch recorded lowest bulk density (1.31g/cc), highest total porosity (47.69%) and infiltration rate (5.27 mm/hr.) over all other treatments. Treatment combination of silver-black mulch and irrigation level 1.0 ETc recorded highest actinomycetes, bacterial and fungal population than all other treatment combinations. The emergence count was significantly highest under transparent plastic mulch over control, followed by silver-black plastic mulch and black plastic mulch respectively. The total mean fruit yield increased, by 95.27 per cent, 74.01 per cent and 51.37 per cent respectively in the silver-black, black and transparent plastic mulches than the control (without mulch) and among irrigation level treatments, total mean fruit yield increased, by 18.33 per cent and 10.16 per cent respectively in the irrigation level I2 (1.0 ETc) and I3 (1.2 ETc) than irrigation level I1 (0.8 ETc). Irrigation level treatment at 1.0 ETc recorded highest gross monetary returns (Rs. 230844/ha) and net monetary returns (Rs.116069/ha) than rest of irrigation level treatments and among plastic mulches, silver-black plastic mulch recorded significantly highest gross monetary returns (Rs. 268822/ha) and net monetary returns (Rs. 142429/ha) as compared to rest of the mulches and control treatment. The benefit-cost ratio was significantly highest (1.99) for 1.0 ETc irrigation level than rest of irrigation level treatments. Similarly among different plastic mulches, silver-black plastic mulch recorded significantly highest benefit-cost ratio (2.13) than other plastic mulches and control treatment. Irrigation level treatment 0.8 ETc recorded significantly highest water use efficiency of 37.82 kg/ha/mm than other irrigation levels and among different plastic mulch treatment, silver-black plastic mulch recorded significantly highest mean water use efficiency of 42.90 kg/ha/mm than rest of plastic mulches and control treatment. The relationship between fruit yield of okra and average soil moisture content was significant positive correlation (y=23.431x-484.73; R2 = 0.942). The multiple regression model was developed stepwise for predicting the fruit yield of okra and found as, Y = -134.094+4.317*Root length +1.614*Plant height, R2=0.93.ThesisItem Open Access Performance evaluation of the stress management measures under important cropping systems(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2010-10-01) Garad, Dipali Eknath; Bhuibhar, B.W.
