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ThesisItem Open Access Common writing errors of rural school going children from Parbhani district(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Kachave, Sapna Bhagwan; Bhalerao, VeenaOne hundred and fifty students of VII std are selected randomly from zilla parishad govt. schools of Parbhani district, Marathwada region from Maharashtra state. All these schools were located in rural area of Parbhani district. The data were collected by personally interviewing children and teachers. The selected school going children were belonging to nuclear (41-45%) or extended type (38-44%) of families, small in size having income below Rs 10,000 or Rs 10,000-Rs 20,000/month (44-56%), in the age range 31-40 years (69-73%) were educated up to SSC or HSC. It was reported by the parents that majority of the childrens’ development categorized in advanced category (85-92%). The large proportion of parents admitted that they could not take much efforts for the development of their children (53%-62%). The age groups selected for the study were 12-13 years (53% & 46% girls & boys respectively) and in 13-14 years age range (42% girls and 53% boys). It was seen that girls fathers (13.33%) and boys mothers (7.33%) were involved in their studies, supervising the children studies at home (16% & 13% respectively). Only 1-5 percent of the girls and boys were having highly favourable environment, majority of the children had unfavourable home environment, may be one of the reason for having higher percentage of errors in writing in marathi as well as english language. Childrens’ regularity in school shows that progressive percentages were observed in attending school with increasing standard from 86 to 97 percent for girls and 81 to 97 percent for boys. Only few of the students could copy down the passage in marathi and english (7-16%) without any errors. The gramatical errors were found in 81 and 75 percent, addition 59.33 and 96 percent in marathi and english dictated passage. Grammatical errors committed by the children while writing a copied passage (58% and 45%), punchuation was also towards higher percentage for dictated passage (80% & 70%) than for copied passage (63% & 56%). Comparatively less errors were committed by girls (21-25%) than boys (32-34%) in both marathi and english copied passages, grammatical errors were more for dictated passage (72-82%) than the copied passage for both the languages irrespective of gender of the students. The boys committed proportionately more mistakes (74 & 68%) than the girls students (50% & 44%) while copying the marathi and english passage. More than 70 percent of the students irrespective of gender were found to be having their IQ, average or below average. Majority of the students were studying for 1-2 hours in morning hours, a large proportion of students reported that they study regularly and having habit of studying in sitting posture. The teacher stated that boys were taking special efforts for improving their hand writing skills (78%) than the girl students as boys were regularly doing daily practice of writing, being asked in their tuitions classes. In small size families, parents may be able to concentrate on their childrens’ studies reflecting less errors in childrens writing indicating inverse correlation between large family size and errors committed by children. It was seen that paternal education and family type of the selected school going children were significantly positively correlated. It was found that home environment of the selected children and committed writing errors were significantly positively correlated indicating parental involvement in school going children, regularity to their school attentiveness. in class while listening to the teacher as well as answering to the teachers’ questions were the important parameters to have lesser errors in childrens’ dictated as well as copied passages.ThesisItem Open Access Study on selected aspects of preschools located in Parbhani district(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Gawale, Pratiksha Tukaram; Bhalerao, VeenaEighty preschools were selected from 29 colonies of Parbhani town and seven villages from Parbhani district (MS) for research entitled “Study on Selected Aspects of Preschools Located in Parbhani District”. The data pertaining to the study was collected by personally interviewing rural and urban preschool teachers, staff or Principal of the selected preschools, based on prepared checklist and observation. The study revealed that, all rural preschools (100%) were located at ground floor. Similarly, rural as well as urban area, only 42.50 and 37.50 percent of the selected preschools were seen to be adjacent, attached or in the vicinity of the primary schools. Majority of the urban preschools had facility for variety of activities (97.50%). Nearly 42 & 47 percent of the rural and urban preschools were having playgrounds respectively and this available space was sufficient for outdoor activities. The significant differences were noted with regard to availability of outdoor equipments & material such as merry-go-round and sea-saw. Almost all available equipments and material were safe, durable, colourful, attractive, light in weight and having good quality in rural preschools. Near about half of the preschools (42.50 - 60%) from both, rural and urban area were fulfilling the criteria of having minimum indoor space (35 sq meter) for 25 children in a class. In spite of area, all preschools were having facility for washing hands & legs, provision of soap / hand wash and napkins, safe drinking water and ventilation in toilet. It was found that beads and building blocks were supplied to all rural preschools while the corresponding all urban preschools were having lacing board, beads for stringing and building blocks for developing fine motor development of children. In gist the availability of educational play material for encourage intellectual development of children was found more in urban preschools. All preschools were found to have various kinds of material for creativity like water colours, crayons, oil pastels, sketch pens, colour chalk, poster colours etc. Irrespective of area, 100 percent preschools were having various types of material for childrens language development. The significant differences were noted between rural and urban preschool teachers for teacher: child ratio, teachers qualification, salary, experience. A highly significant differences were indicating urban preschool teachers possess positive personality traits more in number than the counterparts, it may be due to higher qualification and exposure of urban teachers. While admitting children in preschool, they see that child is ready to sustain with separation anxiety, on the basis of first come first and age of the children are the criteria considered. All preschools followed the guidelines of EYE (2018) for the hours of preschool, staff spending their time for preparation of activities, organizing parents meeting, use of mother tongue for medium of instructions, activities promoting social, emotional, speech & language development of children. Higher percentage of urban preschools were following play oriented programme (87.50%), use of teaching aids for various activities (85.00%), teachers change the place as per activity (85.00%), give informal stress on 3R’s (80.00%), The corresponding values for rural preschools were 47.50, 62.50, 62.50 percent respectively. Overall it can be said that majority of the activities found to be conducted in urban preschools as compared to rural preschools. With regard to provision of snacks,100 percent rural preschools were providing snacks to children while in urban preschools, children were bringing their snacks / food from home. A large percentage of urban preschools have shown records of fees (100%), teachers diary (100%), health check up record (80%), growth monitoring of children (70%) and leave record of staff (87.50 %). The highly significant differences were noted down with regard to the maintenance of records and registers in rural and urban preschools. Majority of the preschools were classified under excellent, very good and good category, some of under fair category while none of the preschool was categorized as poor in terms of available facilities under essential components of preschools as per EYE (2018) guidelines of NCERT.ThesisItem Open Access Prevalence of child marriage and its effects on selected aspects of rural women(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Sana Kausar Mohammed Ali; Bangale, JayaOne hundred and fifty rural women in the age group of 15- 20yrs, who had an early marriage before the age of 18yrs and also had experienced marital life were randomly selected from six villages of Parbhani district (MS) for studying the prevalence of child marriage and its effects on selected aspects of rural women. Majority of the early married rural women got ready to marry early because of ignorance about adverse effects of early marriage, for obeying the decision of family, poverty and continuation of their education after the marriage. On the whole, the statistical analysis indicate that significantly a higher percentage of low SES rural women got early married due to the poverty, adoption of traditional practices in their families, due to gender discrimination and also because of having fear in their family members about losing virginity of their daughters. About 75 percent low SES, rural women reported that they could not continue further education due to their early marriage followed by having difficulty in carrying out household activities (61.11%), due to marriage they lost freedom (58.33%) and missed opportunities to spend time with friends (44.44%). The corresponding percentages of their counterparts middle SES rural women were observed to be 58.97, 47.43, 57.69 and 41.02. In addition to these issues, irrespective of SES, about 36.66 percent of the early married rural women expressed that, after marriage they had compulsion on carrying out household work and even they could not continue their hobbies (27.33). Further few of them (23.33%) also reported that after marriage they had difficulty in carrying out farm and animal related activities. Further while expressing about their unpleasant experiences, considerably a higher percentage of low SES rural women (52.77%) stated that they had lot of trouble due to their husband’s addiction like tobacco/chewing, guthka, smoking and alcohol consumption. Forty four percent of them told that, after marriage due to having insufficient family income used to experience financial stress. About 41.66 percent of them also found to be suffered dueto the irresponsible behaviour of husband like not sharing household responsibilities, shirking of financial burden of family, uncooperative in child care activities etc. In addition to these about 34.72 percent of them expressed that, they used to have conflicts in their families for sharing responsibilities as they belonged to large size families. With regard to the problems experienced by early married rural women during pregnancy, irrespective of the SES common problems were recorded to be difficult and prolonged labour (44.66%), low haemoglobin level (40.66%), frequent vomiting (30.00%), low birth weight babies (10.66%), high blood pressure (10.00%), abortion (6.66%), ante partum haemorrhage (6.00%), preterm delivery (4.00%), fetal distress (1.33%), fits(1.33%).Whereas episiotomy(55.55%), caesarean section (20.37%), post-partum haemorrhage (20.37%), breech birth (9.25%), vacuum extractor(16.66%), prolonged sickness/weakness after delivery (14.81%) and infant mortality (7.40%) were found to be the problems encountered by early married rural women during and after delivery. On the whole, based on the SES, non- significant difference were recorded among low and middle SES, early married rural women with reference their problems in child upbringing. Further irrespective of SES, it was observed that 24.00 percent of the rural women were found to be victimised by humiliation followed by yelling (20.66%), threatening (15.33%), pulling their hair by family members, hitting (6.66%), slapping (5.33%) and kicking (4.00%). In addition to these in low SES group about 25.33 percent early married rural women reported that they experienced irritability followed by boredom (41.66%), helplessness (34.72 %), loneliness (30.55%), lack of status (26.00%) and irritability (25.00 %). Whereas the corresponding percentages in their counterparts middle SES, early married rural women were found to be 41.02, 32.05, 25.64, 32.05, 21.79, 25.64 and 15.38. While giving suggestions to the teenage girls irrespective of SES, a higher percentage of sample rural women (90.00%) stated that for avoiding early marriages, girls must continue their higher studies. While 80.66 percent rural women suggested that teenage girls need to take special efforts for self-empowerment by enhancing their knowledge and skills, for career development. Further 71.33 percent rural women opined that teenage girls must improve the ability to resolve various problems which they come across in their day today life.ThesisItem Open Access A study on antenatal care practices adopted by rural families(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Shijagurumayum Ramaluxmi Devi; Bangale, JayaA study on “Antenatal Care Practices Adopted by Rural Families” was carried out with an objective to study the awareness of rural pregnant women regarding antenatal care and to find out the antenatal care practices adopted by rural families .To carry out this study, a sample of 150 pregnant women belonging to middle and low SES groups residing in 5 villages of Parbhani district namely Daithna, Nandapur, Pandhri, Takali and Zari were selected by adopting purposive random sampling method. The data pertaining to the study were collected by personally interviewing the sample rural pregnant women based on open ended interview schedule cum checklist after developing rapport with them. Approximate time taken for conducting interview of each pregnant women was 30 – 40 minutes. Thus the data collected from the rural pregnant women were pooled, tabulated, statistically analysed and discussed. Irrespective of socio-economic status a higher percentage of rural pregnant women (89.33%) expressed that 20-30 yrs age is the most appropriate for conceiving a baby. It was observed that all the rural pregnant women were aware about significance of ANC. Majority of the rural pregnant women (55.33%) were found to be unaware about the delivery process. Irrespective of SES relatively a large percentage of rural pregnant women were aware about adverse effects of high blood pressure during pregnancy. On the other hand a higher percentage of them (86.00%) were observed to be unaware about importance of compatability of blood type of the couple. About 80-91 percent rural pregnant women stated that pregnant women having low Hb level, heart diseases, diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis are considered as high risk pregnancy women. A higher percentage of middle SES rural pregnant women were aware about some conditions like low birth weight babies, intrauterine growth retardation and pre-term delivery as bad obstetric history than their counter parts low SES rural pregnant women. As compared to the low SES rural pregnant women significantly a higher percentage of middle SES rural pregnant women were aware about dangerous signs during pregnancy. About 66-88 percent low and middle SES rural pregnant women reported that pregnant women need to consume green leafy vegetables, pulses, cereals, sprouted grains, seasonal fruits and milk & milk products in their diet. It is clear from the results that irrespective of SES, all the rural pregnant women were found to be aware about necessesity of taking personal hygiene care. Irrespective of SES, a very lower percentage of rural pregnant women (1-15%) were observed to be aware about major aspects of prenatal development. A higher percentage of rural pregnant women reported that they did their ANC registration during their first trimester of pregnancy. With reference to the place of ANC registration, irrespective of SES a higher percentage of them (54.66%) did it at private hospital, while going for ANC checkups a higher percentage of their husbands (62.00%) only accompanied and pregnant women’s weight, height , Hb level blood pressure were assessed and urine, blood, VDRL and HIV test and pelvic tests were done. All the sample rural pregnant women had taken TT vaccination as well as IFA tablets, followed by calcium and multivitamin tablets. Regardless of SES, it was observed that more than 70.00 percent of rural pregnant women’s families, provided nutritious diet (70.00%), reduced heavy work load of the pregnant women (74.00%) allowed them to take enough rest during day time. Relatively a higher percentage of middle SES families provided moral support to the pregnant women for their mental well-being. About 50.00 percent of the rural pregnant women reported about suffering from nausea followed by anaemia (38.00%) and edema (18.00%).ThesisItem Open Access Influence of tv viewing on various aspects of rural school going children(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2021-12-06) Deshmukh, Prasad Gambhirrao; Bangale, JayaA study on “Influence of TV Viewing on Various Aspects of Rural School Going Children” was carried out with an objective to find out the influence of TV viewing on the selected aspects of rural school going children, to study the general TV viewing patterns of rural school going children and to study parental perceptions about TV viewing of their school going children. To carried out this study a sample of 150 rural school going children in the age group of 7-13 yrs residing in 6 villages of Parbhani district (M.S.) namely Asola, Pingali, Pedgoan, Takalgavhan, Paralgavhan and Lohgoan having TV sets at their home and volunteered to participate sincerely in the research study were selected by adopting purposive random sampling method. The data pertaining to the study were collected by personally interviewing the sample rural school going children based on open ended interview schedule cum checklist after developing rapport with them. Similarly all the sample children’s parents also were interviewed based on the open ended interview schedule cum checklist for obtaining information additionally required for the study as well as to cross validate the information given by the children regarding the TV viewing pattern of them and also for studying parental views about the same. Approximate time taken for conducting interview of each child and his/her parents was 50-60 minutes. Thus the data collected from the rural school going children and also from their parents were pooled, tabulated, statistically analysed and discussed. Irrespective of gender relatively higher percentage of rural school going children (37- 50%) were found to view TV Programmes telecasted on Big Magic channel followed by Cartoon Network (28 - 42%) and Pogo (24 - 32%). Irrespective of gender about 98 percent of rural school going children reported that they view cartoon serials. More than 70 percent of them had their TV sets in living rooms and a higher percentage of them observed to be maintaining 5-7 ft from TV sets while viewing TV programmes. Irrespective of gender, the findings of the study indicate that significantly a higher percentage of rural school going children (72 – 88%) used to view TV programmes enormously. A higher percent of rural school going children used to view TV programmes by sitting on floor or on cot (47 - 50%). Irrespective of gender, chitchatting (35 - 46%) and eating (38 - 43%) were observed to be the concurrently done activities of rural school going children while viewing TV programmes. As compared to the rural school going girls, their counterparts boys used to view TV programmes along with their friends and mothers. All the rural school going children stated that viewing different programmes on TV is a source of their recreation, they get acquainted with new information and also this is the source of getting relief. Relatively a higher percentage of their parents reported that viewing TV programmes was advantageous to their offsprings specially for developing communication skills, observation and listening skills, social skills & mannerism and also for learning Hindi language. Predominantly it was notices that causing eye strain, parental aggression and adverse effects on school performance were the disadvantages opined by the majority of rural school going children of TV viewing. However as compared to the rural girls significantly a higher percentage of rural school going boys parents were observed to be shouting to their sons for controlling them from excessive TV viewing. It is obvious from the results that, rural school going boys age (r-0.59**), weight (r- 0.72**), height (r- 0.43**) and size of the family (r- 0.69**) were found to have significant positive correlation with the time incurred by them on viewing various programmes on television.ThesisItem Open Access Early child care practices adopted by the parents(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2021-12-06) Nawal Mohammed Chause; Bhalerao, VeenaOne hundred and fifty urban and rural families having young children in age group of 2-6 years were selected from five colonies of Parbhani town and five villages from five talukas of Parbhani district (MS) for studying ‘Early Child Care Practices Adopted by the Parents’. The data pertaining to the study were collected by personally interviewing the urban and rural parents of children based on structured and open ended interview schedule cum checklist and also by using the socio-economic status scale. The study revealed that, the majority of the mothers were involved in personal grooming of children irrespective of area. Majority i.e 81 percent of urban mothers and also fathers to some extent were found to be involved in activities like serving breakfast, supervising child while feeding etc. than counterpart rural parents. A higher proportion of urban parents (64%) reported to provide a cup of milk to their young children just before going to bed. Whereas more proportion of rural children included bakery products in their diet (64%) than the urban children (40%). Almost all parents were found to be concerned for their sick children, attended them for care and also provided comforts. Almost all parents followed the immunization schedule for their children for various vaccines like BCG, Hepatitis B, MMR, Polio, DPT and Vitamin A. Irrespective of area, very large proportion of mothers were observed to be involved in activities related to hygiene practices of children. Significant differences were noticed among parents in giving toilet training at different ages to their children. Comparatively majority of the urban children were assessed in normal range of growth (90-110%), however significant proportion of rural children were found to have grade II malnutrition. With respect to disciplining the children, urban fathers and rural mothers were found to be more concerned and involved in disciplining them. A higher percentage of urban parents (77%) were often seen to be involved in maintenance of clothes as well as in providing comfortable clothes to children. Significant differences were noticed in provision of various play materials to the children by urban and rural parents. Similarly majority of the urban parents go for outings along with children (100%), show them cartoons shows on TV (84%) and video songs on cell phone (79%). A large majority of urban mothers reported to be involved in their children’s educational & developmental activities whereas almost all parents (100%) reported that they allow their children for free play. A higher proportion of urban parents (91%) reported that they provided educational materials for cognitive & communication activities of children. In rural area, a higher percentage of families (84%) had enough outdoor space for child’s free play and safe from child’s point of view (77%) also they expressed that they never discuss child’s negative aspects in front of him (89%). Majority of urban parents reported that they involved in teaching children to sing songs (84%), narrate stories (84%) and encourage them to learn numbers (81%) as well as to revise preschool activities (79%). Irrespective of area, the respondents’ SES and maternal education and maternal involvement in child care were seen to be positively correlated. Also SES, parental educational level and children attending preschool found to be significantly correlated to provision of quality home environment as well as provision of educational play materials to the children.ThesisItem Open Access Recreational activities of rural school going children and their views about it(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2021-12-06) Devkate, Surekha Sakharam; Bangale, JayaOne hundred and fifty rural school going children (76 girls and 74 boys) in the age range of 9 – 12 yrs were chosen at random from 5 villages of Parbhani District (MS) for studying ‘Recreational Activities of Rural School Going Children and Their Views About It’. The data pertaining to the study were collected by personally interviewing the rural school going children and their parents, based on structured and open ended interview schedule cum checklist and also by using the modified Kuppuswamy’s Socio-Economic Status Scale revised by Dr. Sheikh Mohd Saleem (2019). On the whole as compared to the rural girls, their counterparts boys were observed to be getting more leisure time for carrying out various recreational activities for their recreational purpose. Irrespective of gender higher percentage (54-86%) of rural school going children were observed to be involved in various outdoor play such as Lagori (86.66%) followed by Hide and Seek (85.33%),Chain game (84.00%),Running (83.33%), Kho-kho (80.66%),Chor Shipai (75.33%), Rassi khech(74.00%), Langadi (62), Kabbadi (68.66%), Blind fold (54.00%) for recreation purpose. Further it was observed that sample rural children sometimes used to play indoor play such as Stone games/ Sagargote (60.65%), Five corners (57.89%), Chimani udali bhoor (54.61%) and Bhatukali (47.72%). On the other hand rarely they were recorded to be involved in playing Thread puzzle (60.22%), Snake & ladder (52.43%) and Champul (48.57%) for recreation purpose. A higher percentage of rural school going children used to watch cartoon serials and movie songs more (62 - 62%). With regard to the benefits of involving in recreational activities, all the rural school going children expressed that they experienced sense of joy followed by having improvement in their health status(93.33%), enhanced physical fitness (88.66%), raised status in friends circle (83.33%), improved communication skills (79.33%), enhanced general knowledge (68.66%), learnt etiquettes and manners and also developed socio-emotional skills (66.66%). On the other hand while reporting about it’s drawbacks, relatively a higher percentage (86.66%) of rural school going children expressed that their involvement in various recreational activities is sometimes become a cause for their parental aggression due to their participation in some recreational activities like utilizing smart-phones and watching TV programmes excessively and they also reduced interest in their studies. Based on gender, rural school going boys’ socio-economic status was found to have significant negative correlation (r – 0.48**) with regard to the availability of leisure time to them for carrying out various recreational activities.ThesisItem Open Access Child care practices adopted by employed and unemployed mothers(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2021-12-06) Ujagare, Prachi Navnath; Bhalerao, VeenaOne hundred and fifty employed and unemployed mothers having a preschool / school going child in the age range of 2 to 10 years were selected from 6 various colonies from local Parbhani town (MS) for studying ‘Child care practices adopted by employed and unemployed mothers’. The data pertaining to the study were collected by personally interviewing the employed and unemployed mothers based on structured and open ended interview schedule cum checklist and also by using the socio-economic status scale. Irrespective of employment of mothers, a large majority of them were seen to be belonging to nuclear type families i.e. 60-61 percent, small size (53%) and middle socio-economic status (73%) families having 1-2 children (60%). The 46 employed and 25 unemployed mothers having children in the age range 8-10 yrs were chosen for further study as these children can express their feelings, thoughts and experiences about employment status of their mothers. In gist it can be said that a higher percentage of employed and unemployed mothers i.e. 57 to 96 percent were involved in cooking and serving food to children. Eighty to 61 percentages of mothers were found to give breakfast to children comprised of mostly tea or milk along with bread / biscuits / khari. Majority of unemployed mothers (80%) and only 23 percent employed mothers were reported to be involved in packing lunch box and water bottle for children followed by supervising/ helping in feeding child (84 and 20%), planning menu for the children for whole day (93 and 61%). The large majority of employed mothers (96%) and unemployed mothers (88%) were found to be concerned about feeding child at scheduled time, so as to maintain their health and energy level. Majority of the children of employed mothers were found in the normal category (89%) whereas remaining 11 percent of them were in the category of Grade I malnutrition. Comparatively higher percentage of unemployed mothers (97-72%) was involved in almost all personal grooming activities of children. A vast majority of unemployed mothers (93-100%) were found to be involved in cleaning of all school material. The disciplinary practices were reported significantly followed more by unemployed mothers. This indicates that unemployed mothers were having more perseverance for disciplining children than their counterparts. Almost all employed and unemployed mothers (100%) reported that they inculcate the values like shouldering responsibilities, to be punctual, respectful behavior, judging right and wrong as well as having manners and etiquettes in their behavior. Almost all employed mothers were sending their children to preschool/school regularly, while only seventy three percent of unemployed mothers were sending their children in preschool or school. Majority of unemployed mothers reported that they read literature about child development as well as they were taking more efforts for completing children’s homework than their counterpart. A higher percentage of employed mothers (94-95%) gave information about various things and aspects so as to improve their general knowledge while travelling with children or they take their children for shopping to market places. While a large majority of unemployed mothers (92-97) were taking special efforts for this purpose when they are in kitchen while cooking, playing with children and they visit temples/parks/other places. Majority of employed mothers (85%) were found to use cell phone for displaying video songs and stories to their children for promoting their speech and language development. A large majority of employed mothers as well as unemployed mothers admitted that they get help from their husbands in various child care activities while a meagre percentage of in-laws were involved in child care in both groups. As compared to children of unemployed mothers, a large majority of children of employed mothers reported that sometimes they feel lonely and having low self esteem. All children (100%) of unemployed mothers and (59%) children of employed mothers reported that their mothers often encouraged for participating in different types of play and co-curricular activities. Almost all children of employed mothers i.e. 100-96 percent stated positive opinions i.e. feel proud and happy of their mother being employed also expressed that it gives them some more privileges in their day today life. In case of unemployed mothers, 84 percent of the children expressed happiness for being cared well by their mothers.ThesisItem Open Access Health, socio-emotional and economic problems encountered by rural pregnant women(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2009-05-30) Deshmukh, Vaishali Devidasrao; Bangale, Jaya
