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ThesisItem Open Access Development of low-fat shrikhand enriched with dietary fiber(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-12-29) Zine, Pravin Lahanu; Londhe, G.K.Shrikhand is a semi-soft, sweetish-sour, whole milk product prepared from lactic fermented curd. Milk lacks in dietary fiber, there is necessity to enrichment of dietary fiber in milk and milk products. Dietary fiber is gaining more importance in the human diet due to its important role in human health. As per WHO the requirement of dietary fiber in the human diet is 23-27 gm/day. Dietary fibers are the edible parts of the plants or analogous carbohydrates that are resistant to digestion and absorption in the human small intestine with complete or partial fermentation in the large intestine. The dietary fiber includes two major classes depending on their intestinal solubility soluble i.e. (pectins, mucilage and a large range of non-digestible oligosaccharides including inulin, psyllium and partially hydrolyzed gaur gum) and insoluble (cellulose, lignin). Hence considering the benefits of supplementation of dietary fiber in the diet with respect to its nutritional, medicinal value and technological properties, it is decided to undertake research work on “Development of Low–Fat Shrikhand Enriched with Dietary Fiber,” with below objectives. 1. To standardize the process for preparation of shrikhand enriched with dietary fiber 2. To study physico-chemical and sensory qualities of shrikhand enriched with dietary fiber 3. To study the microbiology of shrikhand enriched with dietary fiber 4. To study the textural properties of shrikhand enriched with dietary fiber 5. To study shelf life of developed shrikhand enriched with dietary fiber at refrigerated temperature 6. To study the cost structure of developed low-fat shrikhand In the present investigation RSM software was used for optimization of the levels of different dietary fibers viz. inulin, psyllium and PHGG with three (min, middle and max) levels each. For inulin 2%, 4% and 6%, psyllium 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% and PHGG 2.5%, 5% and 7.5%. The software suggested 20 formulations for above three dietary fibers. The software suggested only one solution upon analysis of sensory data of 20 formulations. Only one formulation comparing inulin 3.93%, psyllium 0.66% and 4.62% PHGG was suggested by the design expert software and predicted sensory score was rated 8.6 for flavour, 8.3 for body and texture 8.1 for colour and appearance and 8.3 for overall acceptability. The optimized formulation was used in comparison with the market shrikhand samples for sensory, physico-chemical, textural profile study, microbial analysis, and colour parameter and storage study. The mean values of flavour score of shrikhand collected from Parbhani market samples M I, M II, M III and M IV were found to be 8.31, 8.22, 8.36, 8.23 respectively and optimized O1 scored 8.75. The mean values of color and appearance score for M I, M II, M III and M IV were found to be 8.33, 8.20, 8.30, 8.30 respectively and optimized O1 scored 8.40.The mean values of body and texture score for M I, M II, M III and M IV were found to be 8.00, 8.21, 8.37, 8.25 respectively and optimized O1 scored 8.61. The mean values of overall acceptability score for M I, M II, M III and M IV were found to be 8.22, 8.21, 8.34, 8.26 respectively and optimized O1 scored 8.58.The mean pH value of optimized and market samples was 4.37, 4.08, 4.12, 4.43 and 4.55 per cent in O1, M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively. The mean titratable acidity content of optimized and market samples was 1.10, 1.02, 0.97, 1.03 and 0.98 per cent in O1, M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively. The mean value of viscosity content of optimized and market samples were 54.22, 49.65, 50.55, 49.06 and 49.76 per cent in O1, M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively. The mean value of moisture content of optimized and market samples were 39.05, 42.32, 45.60, 43.12 and 44.11 per cent in O1, M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively. The mean value of fat content of optimized and market samples were 6.10, 6.30, 6.57, 6.30 and 6.76 per cent in O1, M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively. The mean value of protein content of optimized and market samples were 7.33, 6.49, 6.81, 6.99 and 7.07 per cent in O1, M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively. The mean value of sucrose content of optimized and market samples were 36.33, 41.74, 37.56, 40.54 and 38.60 per cent in O1, M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively. The mean value of lactose content of optimized and market samples were 2.14, 2.48, 2.32, 2.21 and 2.34 per cent in O1, M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively. The mean of total solid of optimized and market samples were 60.95, 57.52, 54.20, 56.83 and 55.94 per cent in O1, M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively. The mean ash content of optimized and market samples were 3.48, 0.53, 0.94, 0.93 and 0.99 per cent in O1, M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively. The mean of dietary fiber content of optimized and market samples were 7.70, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00 and 0.00 per cent in O1, M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively. The mean of L* value of optimized and market samples were 85.91, 82.53, 80.57, 82.67 and 82.04 per cent in O1, M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively.the lightness of market sample were less than the optimized sample. The mean of a* value of optimized and market samples were 0.34, -1.05, 0.67, 0.77 and -1.10 per cent in O1, M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively. The mean of b* value of optimized and market samples were 17.09, 15.85, 15.80, 18.80 and 20.19 per cent in O1, M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively. The mean of hardness value of optimized and market samples were 0.201, 0.161, 0.183, 0.193 and 0.183 kg in O1, M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively. The mean of cohesiveness value of optimized and market samples were 0.240, 0.517, 0.600, 0.581 and 0.589 kg.sec in O1, M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively. The mean of adhesiveness value of optimized and market samples were -0.134, -0.106, -0.107, -0.109 and -0.114 kg.sec in O1, M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively. The mean of springiness value of optimized and market samples were 6.813, 8.705, 8.641, 8.765 and 8.846 mm in O1, M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively. The mean of gumminess value of optimized and market samples were 0.0483, 0.0807, 0.1075, 0.100 and 0.101 kg in O1, M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively. The mean of total plate count of optimized and market samples were 1.44, 1.025, 1.225, 1.405 and 1.625 cfu/gm in O1, M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively. The mean of total plate count of optimized and market samples were 0.25, 0.32, 0.27, 0.65 and 0.62 cfu/gm in O1, M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively. Lastly storage study was conducted on the basis of sensory quality, textural study, color parameter and microbial study the product was best for 21 days.ThesisItem Open Access Attitude of the farmers towards organic farming in Marathwada region(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-12-29) Londhe, Shital Madhukar; Kadam, R.P.The present study was undertaken in Marathwada region of Maharashtra state during the year 2021-22. In purposively selected three districts on viz., Aurangabad, Beed and Nanded districts of Marathwada region of Maharashtra state on the basis of maximum number of farmers following organic farming practices were found in these three districts. The talukas also selected purposively on the basis of maximum number of farmers following organic farming practices. So, from Nanded district two talukas were selected namely, Loha, and Billoli, from Beed district two talukas namely, Parali V., and Ambajogai were selected and from Aurangabad district two talukas namely, Gangapur and Paithan were selected. Thus, total six talukas were selected. From each selected taluka 3 villages were selected purposively on the basis of maximum number of farmers following organic farming practices for that purpose list obtained from Organic Farming Research and Training Centre, VNMKV, Parbhani, and State Department of Agriculture, Maharashtra hence eighteen villages were selected for conducting the study. The list of organic following farmers was obtained from Organic farming research and training centre, VNMKV, Parbhani, and State Department of Agriculture, Maharashtra. So from each village ten respondent organic following farmers were selected randomly from that list and we considered them as respondents, thus making a sample of 180 respondents. Ex-post facto research design was adopted in this study. The data were collected with the help of pretested interview schedule from the respondents as per their convenience at their home or farms. The independent variables namely, education, size of family, occupation, land holding, area under organic cultivation, annual income, farming experience, social participation, mass media exposure, scientific orientation, economic motivation, innovativeness and knowledge were selected for study. Attitude towards organic farming selected as dependent variable for study. The method of summated rating suggested by Likert (1932) was used to develop and standardize a scale to measure attitude of the farmers towards organic farming. The statistical methods and tools such as mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage, Pearson’s coefficient of correlation, multiple regression analysis and path analysis was used for the analysis of data. The study shows that, more than one third (34.45%) of the respondents educated up to higher secondary school (11th to 12th), majority (52.22%) of the respondents had small sized families having up to 4 members in their respective families, majority (96.11%) of the respondents had agriculture as a main occupation, near about half (49.45%) of the respondents belonged to small category of land holding i.e. 1.01 to 2.00 ha., near about half (47.77%) of the respondents had annual income between Rs. 1,26,667 to Rs. 2,13,332/-, majority (60.56%) of the respondents had small area under organic cultivation i.e. up to 0.67 ha., more than three fourth (71.66%) of the respondents were having up to 8 years of farming experience, more than half (60.55%) of the respondents belonged to medium category of the social participation, more than three fifth (61.11%) of the respondents belonged to medium category of the mass media exposure, near about two third (63.89%) of the respondents belonged to medium category of the scientific orientation, majority (62.22%) of the respondents belonged to medium category of the economic motivation, more than two third (69.44%) of the respondents belonged to medium category of the innovativeness and majority (65.55%) of the respondents belonged to medium category of the knowledge. It was observed that, majority (60.00%) of the respondents had favourable attitude towards organic farming. Regarding correlation analysis it was observed that, independent variables namely, education, annual income, social participation, mass media exposure, scientific orientation, economic motivation, innovativeness and knowledge were having positively and high significantly related with the attitude towards organic farming while area under organic cultivation was having positive and significant relationship with the attitude towards organic farming. It was revealed that, co-efficient of determination (R2) of the independent variables was 0.5840. It means that 58.40 per cent of the total variation in the attitude towards organic farming was explained by the selected 13 independent variables.The regression coefficient (t) of annual income, social participation, mass media exposure, scientific orientation, economic motivation, innovativeness and knowledge variables were 6.1805, 1.3135, 0.6481, 0.4633, 0.4727, 0.6029, and 0.6959 respectively, which indicates that one unit change in the variable viz., would affect 6.1805, 1.3135, 0.6481, 0.4633, 0.4727, 0.6029, and 0.6959 unit change in attitude of the farmers towards organic farming, respectively. From path analysis, it was observed that, education, annual income, mass media exposure, scientific orientation, economic motivation, knowledge and innovativeness were important variables in absence of which independent variables are not able to influence the attitude of the farmers towards organic farming. Regarding constraints it was observed that, 92.77 per cent of the respondents faced constraint of non-availability of package of practices about organic farming practices, 91.66 per cent faced constraint of non-availability of organic inputs, 89.44 per cent of them faced constraint of high risk and uncertainty of returns, 88.88 per cent faced constraint of large quantity of input required for organic farming. It was revealed that, 90.55 per cent of the respondents suggested that package of practices about organic farming practices should be provided, 83.33 per cent of the respondents suggested that certification process should be made easy, 75.55 per cent respondents suggested that training programmes should be arranged at village level, 61.66 per cent of the respondents suggested the arrangement of intensive campaign programmes for promotion of organic farming.ThesisItem Open Access Consequences of farmer producer company on its beneficiaries in Marathwada region(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-12-30) Lade, Ashish Homraj; Ahire, R.D.The present study was conducted in Aurangabad and Latur districts of Marathwada region of Maharashtra state which was selected purposively for the research study on the basis of maximum number of Farmer Producer Company. Ex-post facto research design was adopted in the present investigation. From each district, four FPCs were purposively selected which is established five or three years back. Total to the sum of 8 FPCs were selected for the present study. From each selected FPC, Two villages were selected purposively for the study on the basis of maximum number of beneficiaries working under FPC. Fifteen beneficiaries were selected from each Farmer Producer Company randomly comprising total sample of 120 beneficiaries and 120 non-beneficiaries were selected total to the tune of 240. The findings with regard to the selected profile characteristics of the beneficiaries indicate that near about two third (60.84%) of the beneficiaries were belonged to middle age, more than one fourth (28.33%) of the beneficiaries were include in middle school education. Sixty per cent (60.00%) of the beneficiaries were found in medium annual income, near about fifty per cent (49.16%) of the beneficiaries were in small land holding and more than one third (38.33%) of the beneficiaries were found in farming occupation. Fifty per cent (50.00%) of the beneficiaries had medium social participation. About 56.67 per cent of the beneficiaries had medium information seeking behaviour, slightly more than half (51.67%) of the beneficiaries were having medium economic motivation, fifty five per cent (55.00%) of the beneficiaries had medium risk preference, 58.33 per cent of the beneficiaries were include in medium mass medium utilization, more than one third (39.16%) of the beneficiaries attended one training programme. More than two fourth (55.00%) of the beneficiaries were having medium innovativeness, 55.83 per cent majority of the beneficiaries were include in medium scientific orientation, fifty five per cent (55.00%) of the beneficiaries had medium market orientation and more than half (53.33%) of the beneficiaries had medium knowledge, respectively. Summate rating scale by likert (1932) and Edwards (1957) was used to developed and standardize a scale for measuring consequences of farmer producer company on its beneficiaries. It was observed from the study that significance difference was observed in risk management (Z value 2.11*)) among the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries at 0.05 per cent level. As per as cooperation (‘Z’ value 2.71*) was concern a significance difference was seen among the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries at 0.01 per cent level of significance. Study also shows that the coordination (Z value 2.13*) was significant at 0.05 per cent level of significance, time management as an important variable as per as FPCs are concern the Z value 2.95** shows that there is significant difference as per as beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries concern. While operation effectiveness (Z value 2.60**), saving pattern (Z value 3.40**) and market orientation (Z value 2.81**) are concern it is seen that they were significant at 0.01 per cent level of probability indicating that there was significant difference among the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. Study also shows that there was significant difference between the beneficiaries and non- beneficiaries as per psychological behaviour (‘Z’ value 2.46*) and socio-economic status (Z value 2.50*) at 0.05 per cent level of significant. Whereas overall consequences is concern the Z value was 3.63** indicating the significance difference between the beneficiaries and non- beneficiaries at 0.05 per cent level of significant. Correlation analysis showed that annual income, social participation, information seeking behavior, mass media utilization, training received, economic motivation, risk preference, innovativeness, scientific orientation, market orientation and knowledge were positively and highly significantly related with consequences of farmer producer company while education, land holding and occupation were positively and significant with consequences of farmer producer company. However age could not establish any significant relationship with consequences of farmer producer company. Multiple regressions, it was observed that co-efficient of determination (R2) of the independent variable was 0.77. It means that 77.00 per cent of total variation in the overall consequences farmer producer company on its beneficiaries was explained by the 15 independent variables. As per as path analysis in concern it was observed that education, social participation, economic motivation, innovativeness, market orientation and knowledge were important variable in the absence of which, independent variable are not able to influence the overall consequences of farmer producer company. From the study it was found that, the data related to crop production constraints, more than sixty per cent (62.50) of the beneficiaries were belonged to lack of timely availability of farm labour constraint, followed by lack of irrigation facilities (51.66%). The data related to market constraints depicted that, slightly more than fifty per cent (50.83%) of the beneficiaries were belonged to fluctuation in market price for farm produce constraint, followed by Lack of storage facility for farm produce at village level (48.33%). The data related to financial constraints reveled that, slightly more than seventy per cent (70.83%) of the beneficiaries were belonged to high cost of farm inputs constraint, followed by low price to farm produce (60.83%), The data related to technical constraints indicate that fifty five per cent (55.00%) of the beneficiaries were belonged to lack of awareness about new technology constraint, followed by lack of awareness about processing, packaging and labelling of farm produce (50.83%). The data related to participation in an enterprise found that, more than half (53.33%) of the beneficiaries were belonged to lack of importance about various extension programmes organised by Farmer Producer Company constraint, followed by ignorance of beneficiaries about annual group meeting (51.66%). The data related to communication constraints reveled that slightly less than half (49.16%) of the beneficiaries were belonged to lack of liaisons between management committee and beneficiaries farmers constraint, followed by lack of awareness extension agencies/ sources of information (48.33%), respectively. Suggestion was also studied in the present investigation indicated that, more than ninety per cent (93.34%) of the beneficiaries suggested that FPCs should facilitate crop insurance to the members, followed by provision of financial support to the members (91.67%), up to ninety per cent (88.34%) of beneficiaries suggested that FPCs should provide storage facilities, while 85.83 per cent expressed that FPCs should provide various inputs at reasonable rates, whereas 79.16 ,78.33 ,71.67 and 69.16 per cent expressed that FPCs should organize seed production activity, establishment of customer hiring centers for farm machineries at reasonable rates, establishment of linkages with various financial institutes, organization of various training propgramme timely at FPC centers respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Knowledge and adoption of rice production technology among the cultivators(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2023-02-03) Meshram, Shubham Anil; Jakkawad, S.R.Rice is the most important food crop with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by human. Rice, a monocot, is normally grown as an annual plant, although in tropical areas it can survives as a perennial plant. It is grown world wide over an area of 164.19 million hectares with an annual production of about 505.4 million tons. The present study was conducted in Bhandara district from Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. Three tahsils and four village from each tahsils were selected purposively. The data were collected through personal interview schedule by contacting 120 respondents. The result indicates that the majority (55.83%) of the rice cultivators belonged to middle age group, followed by old and young age (23.34%) and (20.83%) groups respectively. The probable reason might be that this age is considered to be an actively working age of the rice cultivators and being responsible for maintaining their families. Majority 24.17 per cent of farmers were educated up to middle school, followed by 19.17 per cent of farmers were educated up to primary school. The probable reason for majority of the respondents to have middle school only was because of lack of facilities in their village for higher school facilities. Majority 45.00 per cent of farmers were small farmers, such that Majority 68.34 per cent of the farmers were having medium annual income between (Rs.46, 632 to Rs.1,11,335/-) due to lack of knowledge about rice production technology. Majority 43.34 per cent were small farmers having area under rice cultivation, because of low income output. Such that, 57.51 per cent of farmers were having medium farming experience. The study revealed that, higher proportion of farmers 56.66 per cent were having medium level of social participation. Majority 56.66 per cent of farmers had medium extension contact. While Majority (48.33%) of farmers had medium level of cosmopoliteness, at the last Majority 55.83 per cent of the respondents had medium level of innovativeness. The possible reason for this trend might be that the cultivators with higher education were able to update their knowledge and skills time to time and are ready to accept the new technologies in their farming. On the other side, the illiterates and resource poor cultivators might be lacking the knowledge to adopt such technologies. The result clearly shows that majority 53.33 per cent of farmers had possessed medium level of knowledge about rice production technology. And Majority 66.67 per cent of farmers had medium level of adoption. Variable like land holding, area under rice cultivation, farming experience were observed to have positive and significant relationship at 5 per cent level of significance with knowledge of respondents about rice production technology. Whereas annual income, social participation extension contact, cosmopoliteness, and innovativeness were found to have positive and highly significant relationship at 1 per cent level of significance with knowledge of respondents about rice production technology. The variable like age, education etc. were observed to have non-significant relationship with knowledge of respondents about rice production technology. Variable like land holding, area under rice cultivation, farming experience were found to have positive and significant relationship at 5 per cent level of significance with adoption of respondents about rice production technology. Whereas annual income, social participation extension contact, cosmopoliteness, and innovativeness were observed to have positive and highly significant relationship at 1 per cent level of significance with adoption of respondents about rice production technology. The variable like age, education etc. Were found to have non-significant relationship with adoption of respondents about rice production technology.ThesisItem Open Access Role performance of gram panchayat members in village development(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-02-03) Abhang, Swapnali Hanmant; Kulkarni, M.V.The present study is conducted in Parbhani district of Marathwada region of Maharashtra state with the objective to study ‘Role performance of Gram Panchayat members in village development’ the district was selected randomly, from this district three talukas viz., Gangakhed, Jintur and Parbhani were selected and four villages from each talukas were selected randomly from each village respondents selected according to members of grampanchayat of particular village from 12 villages. Thus constituting the total sample size of 120 respondents. Ex-post Facto research design was used for study. Majority of the respondents i.e. 59.16 per cent belongs medium age, 55 per cent educated up to secondary education, 61.66percent members had joint family, 81.66 percent members had medium level of annual income,64.16 per cent had medium social participation, 62.50 per cent had medium political contact, 47.5 per cent had medium work experience, 25.83 percent members had dairy farming, 57.5 percent members had medium coordination ability and 50.83 percent members had medium communication ability. It was observed that 64.16 per cent of the Gram Panchayat members had medium level of role performance. Regarding role performance of functions of Gram Panchayat member’s i.e. Agricultural development activities, Animal husbandry and dairy development function, Educational functions and cultural activities, Health care functions, Welfare function and Administrative function had medium level of role performance. The variables like education, communication ability and experience as a gram panchayat member had positive and highly significant relationship with role performance, respectively, type of family, annual incpme and coordination ability was positive and significant relationship with role performance, age, occupation, social participation and social contact was positive and non-significant relation with role performance and age was negative and non-significant relationship with role performance.ThesisItem Open Access Knowledge and adoption of recommended practices of paddy cultivation technology among the paddy growers(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Varshitha R; Kapse, P.S.The present study was conducted in Chennagiri, Honnalli & Davangere taluks of Davangere district of Karnataka state. Total Six villages were selected from Chennagiri, Honnalli & Davangere taluks for research study. Twenty respondents from each village were randomly selected to comprise a sample of 120 respondents. One short case study method of ex-post-facto medium research design was adopted for this study. Paddy is the world's most important human food crop, feeding more people directly than any other crop. Nearly half of the world's population – more than 3 billion people – relied on rice on a daily basis. It's also a staple food in Asia, where half of the world's poorest people live, and it's gaining popularity in Africa and Latin America. (ricepedia.org). It is one of the most significant cereal crops in the world and provides more than 50 per cent of the world's population with their primary source of nutrition. It is also referred to as the King of Cereals. In a resolution, the UN General Assembly designated 2004 as the International Year of Rice, which has enormous implications for global food security. The argument for raising awareness of the importance of rice in reducing hunger and poverty is made very persuasively. India has the largest area planted with rice in Asia, accounting for 28.5 per cent of the world's rice area. The study is solely based on paddy growers' opinions, which are crucial from a personal standpoint. The information gathered could be beneficial to various research and development organizations in their efforts to comprehend farmer issues and their knowledge of and adherence to recommended paddy cultivation cultivation practices. In order to ascertain all these things present investigation was carried out with following specific objectives; 1. Profile of paddy respondents. 2. Knowledge level of respondent about paddy cultivation technology 3. Adoption of recommended paddy cultivation practices by the respondents. 4. Relationship between profile of paddy respondents with their extent of knowledge and adoption of recommended paddy cultivation practices. 5. Constraints faced by the paddy growers in adoption of recommended paddy cultivation practices and invite their suggestions to overcome these constraints. Majority (70.83 %) of respondents were between the age of 34 to 51. Whereas, 35.83 per cent farmers had completed intern school. And 25.83 per cent of them were semi- medium farmers. And 65.00 per cent of farmers had medium farming experience. Whereas, 65.83 per cent of farmers had an annual income that ranged from Rs. 80742 to Rs. 2,61,842 and majority of the respondents (53.33%) had medium level of extension contact. Whereas, 58.33 per cent of them had medium level of economic motivation and 65.83 per cent of them had high level of exposure to mass media. The majority of the respondents (70.00%) had medium level of knowledge about sugarcane cultivation practices, whereas 12.50 and 17.50 per cent had low and high level of knowledge, respectively. The majority of the respondents (73.33%) had medium level of adoption about recommended rice cultivation practices, whereas 20.83 and 5.83 per cent had low and high level of adoption respectively. Majority of the respondents possessed knowledge about soil to use for paddy crop cultivation, puddling, using sesbania rostrata as green manure, quantity of FYM required, improved paddy varieties, number of seeds needed per hectare of land, method of selection of mature seeds for sowing in rice fields, treatment of seeds with azotobacter and fungicide carbendazim, method used for sowing of sowing, spacing provided during paddy sowing and time of sowing for paddy. Whereas, majority of them had adopted the mechanized harvesting, time of sowing the seeds, recommended varieties, selection of soil and recommended quantity of FYM. Variables like education, land holding, farming experience, annual income, extension contact, economic motivation and mass media exposure had positive and highly significant relationship with knowledge of the farmers whereas age was having positive and non-significant relationship. Whereas with regard to the adoption, that independent variables including land ownership, annual income, contact with extension personnel, economic motivation and mass media exposure were favorable and highly significant with respect to respondents' adoption of paddy cultivation technology, while farming experience and education had favorable and significant relationships with farmers' adoption, and age had favorable and non-significant relationship. Regarding the constraints, majority of the farmers revealed that chemical fertilizers were very expensive, followed by the problem of unavailability of storage facilities, lack of availability of chemical fertilizers at the appropriate time, lack of understanding about how to use the chemical fertilizers, expensive seeds, lack of knowledge about the preferred type of the varieties of the seeds. Increased use of chemical fertilizers led to the deterioration of soil fertility were cited by majority of the farmers followed by lack of availability of labours at appropriate time, problem of inadequate supply of electricity, problem of unavailability of improved and hybrid varieties at appropriate time.ThesisItem Open Access Technological gap in adoption of integrated pest management practices among cotton growers(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Dukare, Vaibhav Panditrao; Kamble, V.B.Cotton is a major commercial crop that has contributed significantly to India's economic growth and foreign exchange earnings. India has the world's largest cotton crop area and ranks third in terms of production. Cotton takes pride in being the primary raw material supplier (85.00%) for the textile industry, which is one of the country's leading industries. It supports more than 60 million people in India through agriculture, processing, and the use of cotton in textiles. There is a significant gap between available techniques and their actual application by farmers, which is reflected in poor yield in the farmer’s fields. Farmer’s yield levels may be increased by identifying technological gaps in the adoption of recommended IPM practices for cotton cultivation. With this in mind, the current study, "Technological gap in adoption of Integrated Pest Management practices among cotton growers," was conducted. It is also useful in identifying the barriers that farmers face when implementing recommended IPM practices in their farming system. Keeping this in mind, the current study will be carried out with the following specific objectives. Objectives of study 1. To study profile of cotton growers 2. To study the knowledge about Integrated Pest Management practices of the cotton growers. 3. To study the technological gap in adoption of Integrated Pest Management practices among the cotton growers. 4. To find out the relationship of profile of the cotton growers with technological gap in Integrated Pest Management practices. 5. To ascertain the constraints faced and suggestions made by the cotton growers in adoption of Integrated Pest Management practices. The present study was conducted in Ghansawangi and Amad taluka of Jalna district. The sample constituted 120 Cotton growers from 6 villages. Ex-post facto research design was used for present study. Data from the respondents were collected by personally interviewing with the help of structured and pretested interview schedule. Collected data were classified, tabulated and analyzed by using statistical methods like frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation & correlation of coefficient etc. Results indicated that in case of profile of farmers, it was noticed that 67.5 per cent of the respondents were found in medium farming experience category. It was also observed that 37.5 per cent of the respondents were educated up to secondary school, higher percentage 39.17 per cent of cotton growers were found in semi-medium land holding category whereas majority of the respondents 55.83 per cent had small area under cotton cultivation. It was revealed that majority of the respondents 70.83 per cent had medium annual income. It was also observed that, 54.17 per cent of respondents have medium extension contact with 56.67 per cent used medium sources of information. It is elucidated that higher proportion of the respondents 47.5 per cent had medium social participation. Majority of respondents 54.17 per cent had medium level of economic motivation. It was also noticed that 50 per cent of the respondents were in the medium risk preference category and considerable 55.83 per cent of the respondents had medium level of knowledge. The practice wise technological gap in adoption of Integrated Pest Management in cotton in descending order of rank were in intercropping 67.5 per cent, seed and spacing 50.00 per cent, harvesting 42.2 per cent, fertilizer management 40.2 per cent, inter cultivation 39.80 per cent, selection of variety 33.33 per cent, integrated pest and disease management 27.77 per cent, sowing time 25.8 per cent, land preparation 18.95 per cent and sowing method 16.8 per cent. The overall technological gap joining all of the recorded practices was noticed 36.03 per cent. The relationship between various attributes out of eleven, five variables, namely, farming experience, land holding, annual income, economic motivation and risk preference had negative and significant correlation with the level of technological gap in adoption of Integrated Pest Management practices among cotton growers, on the other hand education, extension contact, source of information, social participation and knowledge had negative and highly significant correlation with overall technological gap and remaining one variable area under cotton cultivation has negative and non-significant relation with extent of technological gap in adoption of Integrated Pest Management practices among cotton growers. In the constraints, majority of the cotton growers reported that, Unavailability of quality pheromone traps and light traps for controlling pink bollworm at agro-service centres at proper time 96.67 per cent was ranked I, non-availability of biological agents 94.17 per cent was ranked II, lack of demonstration and training on installation of pheromone traps, light traps, yellow sticky traps, use of bioagents for IPM 91.67 per cent was ranked III, unavailability of simple illustrated booklet on IPM 87.5 per cent was ranked IV, short shelf-life of trichocards and storage problems 85.83 per cent was ranked V, lack of proper knowledge about use and handling of biological agents 85 per cent was ranked VI, lack of proper training on IPM practices to be followed at particular stage of crop growth 84.17 per cent was ranked VII, mis-guidance from agro-services centres 83.33 per cent was ranked VIII, lack of dealers network for bio-pesticides 82.5 per cent was ranked IX, difficult to identify the harmful and beneficial insects to conserve the natural enemies 78.33 per cent was ranked X, non-availability of FYM 68.33 per cent was ranked XI, delay in sowing due to monsoon prolong 52.5 per cent was ranked XII.ThesisItem Open Access Training need of sugarcane growers(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Vaidya, Nilesh Gajanan; Kapse, P.S.The present study was conducted in Deulgaon Raja and Sindkhed Raja tahshil of Buldhana district from Vidarbha region of Maharashtra state. Total Eight villages was selected from Deulgaon Raja and Sindkhed Raja tahshil for research study. Fifteen respondents from each village were randomly selected to comprise a sample of 120 respondents. One short case study method of ex-post-facto research design was adopted for this study. Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is an important commercial crop of India. Sugarcane and sugar beet are used for large scale production of sugar in the world. Sugarcane accounts for the largest value of production and holds an enviable position among all the commercial crops in India. Obviously, it is the first choice of the farmers, wherever geographical conditions favour its growth. The investigation is focused on training needs of sugarcane growers; this is helpful to account training needs of sugarcane growers in sugarcane production technology. The finding of the present study would be immense helpful to extension personnel engaged in the task of promoting sugarcane production of sugarcane growers through formulation of appropriate training programmes in the light of perceived training needs of sugarcane growers. Research was carried out for findings of the training needs of sugarcane growers about recommended sugarcane production technology. In order to ascertain all these things present investigation was carried out with following specific objectives; 1. To study the profile of the sugarcane growers. 2. To study training need of sugarcane growers. 3. To study the relationship between profile of sugarcane growers and their training need. 4. To study the constraints faced by sugarcane growers in sugarcane cultivation and to invite their suggestions to overcome their constraint. The majority 60.83 per cent of the respondents were from farming experience category, 25.00 per cent respondents were educated up to secondary school level, higher percentage 47.50 per cent of sugarcane growers were found in semi-medium land holding category, 64.16 per cent of sugarcane growers had medium annual income, higher percentage 64.00 per cent of sugarcane growers were found in medium area under sugarcane cultivation category,43.33 per cent of them had medium extension contact, majority 57.50 per cent of respondents were used medium sources of information, 57.50 per cent of the respondents had medium risk orientation. The majority of the respondents 67.50 per cent had medium level of knowledge about sugarcane production practices, whereas 07.50 and 25.00 per cent had low and high level of knowledge, respectively. The majority of the respondents 66.68 per cent had medium level of training need about sugarcane production practices, whereas 16.66 and 16.66 per cent had low and high level of training need, respectively. Majority of the sugarcane growers expressed that stage for manure application, recommended dose of fertilizer, planting time, selection of variety, seed treatment, bio fertilizer, micro-nutrient, weedicide, disease and pest control, were found to be most important areas of training needs. It was observed that independent variable like area under sugarcane cultivation and annual income found to be positive and significant relationship with training, variables like education, land holding, extension contact, source of information, risk orientation had positive and highly significantrelationship with training. Whereas farming experience and knowledge had negative and highly significant relationship with training about training need of sugarcane growers. As regard constraints faced by respondents in use of compost/FYM/fertilizer, 79.16 per cent of the respondents had problem in high cost of FYM/compost/fertilizer, 70.83 per cent had in non-availability of FYM at required time and in required quantity, 66.66 per cent had non availability of good quality manure. As regard constraints faced by respondents, 79.17 per cent of the respondents had lack of knowledge about sugarcane production technology, 87.50 per cent of the respondents had lack of knowledge about use of water at critical stage of application, 80.00 per cent of the respondents had problem in lack of knowledge about spraying of insecticides, 77.50 per cent had lack of knowledge about technical guidance, 75.00 per cent of the respondents had non availability of training at village level; 74.16 per cent of the respondents had problem in high cost for intercultural operations. With respect to constraints, 79.16 per cent of the respondents had lack of finance to purchase sugarcane sets, fertilizers, and other inputsabout plant protection, 78.33 per cent of the respondents had problem of high cost of sugarcane set, 71.66 per cent of the respondents had problem of high cost for storage pesticide, 76.66 per cent of the respondents had problem of time consuming procedure for getting loan, 75.83 per cent of the respondents had problem of payment by factory through instalments.ThesisItem Open Access Technological gap in adoption of improved pomegranate cultivation practices(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Jadhav, Rutuja Rajendra; Puri, S.G.The present study was conducted in Aurangabad district with a view to know the technological gap in adoption of improved pomegranate cultivation practices. The study was conducted during the year 2021-2022 in Marathwada region which has considerable area under pomegranate cultivation. In Marathwada region, one district namely Aurangabad was selected purposively as in this district considerable area under pomegranate cultivation. From the district, four talukas were selected purposively where pomegranate is extensively cultivated. Among four talukas of Aurangabad district, Three villages from each tahsil were selected, a total number of 12 villages were selected from the four tahsil. List of selected villages namely Jadgaon, Hivra and Tongaon were selected from Aurangabad taluka Tupewadi, Balanagar, Kadethan were selected from Paithan taluka Haladgaon khurd, Haladgaon budroog, Wakod from Phulabri taluka and Bahirgaoan, Dongaon, Chikalthan from the Kannad district. The data from the pomegranate cultivators were collected through personal interview schedule. An Ex-post-facto research design was followed for the study. The collected data was analyzed, classified and tabulated. Statistical tools such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and coefficient of correlation ‘r’ was worked out to find out the relationship between the independent and dependent variables under study. As regard the profile of pomegranate cultivators, it was observed that 28.33 percent of the pomegranate cultivators had secondary education, medium (65.83%) farming experience, 40.83 per cent were possessing semi medium size of land holding, 76.67 per cent of them medium annual income group, 54.17 per cent were having medium size of orchard, 70.83 per cent were having medium level of social participation, 67.50 per cent medium level of extension contact. There after the (68.33%) of the pomegranate cultivators of the pomegranate cultivators had the medium level of risk orientation and 58.33 per cent were having the medium level of scientific orientation. Most of the pomegranate cultivators were in the medium level of mass media exposure and economic motivation category i.e. (60.83%) and (65.83%), respectively. Further, (80.00%) of the pomegranate cultivators were having medium level of knowledge. Also clearly observed that pomegranate cultivators were having medium overall technological gap. Regarding the relationship of selected characteristics of pomegranate cultivators with technological gap in pomegranate cultivation practices, it was found that the farming experience in pomegranate cultivation had positive and significant relationship with technological gap. It was observed that, independent variables like education, social participation, extension contact, risk orientation, scientific orientation, mass media exposure and economic motivation had negative and significant relationship with technological gap. Whereas land holding, orchard size and knowledge had negative and highly significant relationship with technological gap. Annual income shows negative non-significant relationship with technological gap in pomegranate cultivators. With concern to chemical fertilizers majority of pomegranate cultivators were having constraints faced about liquid fertilizers seems expensive. In the context of weed management majority of pomegranate cultivators were facing the problems of lack of knowledge about usage of weedicides in scientific way. Majority (79.17%) of the pomegranate cultivators suggested get information and training of the harvesting of the fruit.
