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ThesisItem Open Access Weed flora in soybean (Glycine max L. merill) as influenced by weather parameters and weed management practices(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Padre, Rohini Omkarappa; Pawar, S.U.An experiment entitled “Weed Flora in Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) Influenced by Weather Parameter and Weed Management Practices a field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2021-22. at experimental farm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani (M.S.) to find out the Influenced by Weather Parameter and Weed Management Practices on Weed Flora in Soybean. The experiment was laid out in Split plot design design with three replications. There were Six treatments of weed management practices i.e. W1: PE Diclosulum 84%WDG@22-26g ai ha-1 +1 Hoeing , W2: PoE Sodium aceflurofen 16.5% + Clodinafop propargly 8%@ 80+165g ai ha-1 W3: 1Hand Weeding +1 Hoeing and Weedy Check (W4). Among the treatments of weed management in Soybean, the treatment on W3: 1Hand Weeding +1 Hoeing followed by treatment W2: PoE Sodium aceflurofen 16.5% + Clodinafop propargly 8%@ 80+165g ai ha-1 were found most effective in control of weed flora and dry weed weight, as well as recorded higher weed control efficiency and lower weed index. These treatment were comparable to weed free and found significantly superior as compared to other treatments. All the growth parameters, yield attributes and yield of is obtained significantly higher under weed free treatment. The maximum grain yield, straw yield, biological yield observed in treatment weed free (W3) followed by (W2) PoE Sodium aceflurofen 16.5% + Clodinafop propargly 80% + 165g ai./h) followed by W1 (PE Diclosulum 84% WDG@ 22-26g a.i ha1 + 1 hoeing). The minimum grain, straw and biological yield was recorded in weedy check (W4). The lowest weed count of both monocot and dicot weeds were found in weed free (W3) at 30, 45 days after sowing to harvest which was at par with by (W2) PoE Sodium aceflurofen 16.5% + Clodinafop propargly 80% + 165g ai./h) Whereas, highest monocot and dicot weeds were observed with weedy check (W4). In case of weed dry weight highest weed weight was observed with weedy check (W4) treatment and lowest with weed free (W3) treatment followed by (W2) PoE Sodium aceflurofen 16.5% + Clodinafop propargly 80% + 165g ai./h) for monocot and dicot weeds at 30, 45 days after sowing, respectively. Highest weed control efficiency was recorded with weed free (W3) treatment followed by (W2) PoE Sodium aceflurofen 16.5% + Clodinafop propargly 80% + 165g ai./h) for both monocot and dicot weeds. Lowest weed index i.e. lowest reduction in yield due to weeds was observed with treatment (W2) PoE Sodium aceflurofen 16.5% + Clodinafop propargly 80% + 165g ai./h). Highest weed index was recorded with treatment weedy check (W4). Among the three date of sowing and four weed control treatment, sowing at D1 (26MW) and treatment (W2) PoE Sodium aceflurofen 16.5% + Clodinafop propargly 80% + 165g ai. /h) recorded significantly superior over growth as well as seed yield character. Crop sown in D1 (26 MW) recorded better yield and growth character. This is due to well distribution of rainfall during the crop growing period and favourable weather parameter of D1 (26 MW). The treatment (W2) PoE Sodium aceflurofen 16.5% + Clodinafop propargly 80% + 165g ai./h).and treatment weed free (W3) were found highly productive due to suppression of weeds and found comparable with treatment weed free. As regards to the economic studies, the treatment (W2) PoE Sodium aceflurofen 16.5% + Clodinafop propargly 80% + 165g ai./h) were found remunerative as compared to other treatments and found comparable with weed free.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of different thermal regimes on soybean (Glycine max (L.) merril) varieties, an agro-meteorological approach(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Chandane, Manali Vijay; Gote, G.N.Field experiment was conducted during Kharif season 2020-21 entitled “Effect of different thermal regimes on Soybean varieties, An Agro-Meteorological Approach.” on the research farm of the Department of Agricultural Meteorology, located at V.N.M.K.V, Parbhani. Parbhani district comes under Central Maharashtra Plateau Zone of India, soybean crop plays an important role in the agricultural economy of the Maharashtra state. But when Kharif season of this region took into consideration, soybean crop if sown late suffers from thermal stress conditions. In view of this for assessing the thermal stress tolerance of three soybean varieties which are popular in the region were MAUS-158, MAUS-71 and JS-335. The soybean crop were sown under four dates of sowing (D1: 18/06/2021, D2: 25/06/2021, D3:06/07/2021 and D4:15/07/2021), the first one being normal date of sowing. Observations were recorded on crop phenology, plant height, biomass dynamics, total dry matter, number of branches and leaf area etc. The effect of thermal stress on yield was observed by measuring yield and yield attributing characters number of pods, seed weight etc in different date of sowing for all the varieties. As the phenology, it was observed that the duration from flower initiation to maturity was delayed in D2, D3 and D4 as compared to D1 in all varieties. Delay in sowing time of the soybean crops leads to decrease in total duration of the crop growing period. As the sowing time delays, shortening of particular phenophases took place in thermal regimes D2, D3 and D4. Thus, growth of soybean plants was fastened during the last stages i.e. right from flowering up to maturity period in late sown crop with respect of all the varieties. This is because of fact that thermal stress to soybean plants occurs only at the later part of the crop stages i.e. after pod formation stage. Also the characters like plant height, number of branches, leaf area, and leaf area index in general decreased from D1 to D4 in all the varieties. The variety MAUS-158 was superior over MAUS-71, variety JS- 335 was found at par with variety MAUS-158 for leaf area and leaf area index. Biomass dynamics of leaf, stem and pod shows that dry matter decreases delayed sowing due to temperature stress during development stages in case of all varieties the steep gradient of pod dry matter accumulation was found pod formation (P5) to pod containing full size grain (P8) except in D4. In D4 steep dry matter accumulation was found from P5 to P7 because of fastening of reproductive stage. Dry matter production of stem and leaf started decreasing from P8 stage onwards in D1, D2, D3 except D4 sowing, similar trend was found in all three varieties. Higher CGR and RGR were in MAUS-158 (V1) recorded between P5 to P7 in late sown crop D4, it was highest between P5 to P7 followed by D3, D2 and D1 sowing. Similar trend is found in JS-335 except MAUS-71. In case of variety MAUS-71(V2) higher CGR and RGR was recorded between P5 to P7 in late sown crop D3 and D1 it was highest between P5 to P7, followed by D2 and D4 sowing. In variety JS-335 (V3) higher CGR and RGR was recorded between P5 to P7 in late sown crop D4 it was highest between P5 to P7 followed by D3, D2 and D1 sowing. Number of pods per plant, pod weight per plant, seed weight per plant and seed yield per ha. was highest in variety MAUS-158 followed by the variety JS-335 and MAUS-71. Highest seed yield per ha. recorded in case of D1 i.e. 26.76 qt/ha. followed by D2 and D3 date of sowing 23.91 qt/ha. and 19.11 qt/ha. respectively. Lowest seed yield per ha. was recorded in D4 sowing i.e14.43 qt/ha. Highest seed yield was collected by the variety MAUS-158 i.e. 24.25 qt/ha followed by the variety JS-335 and MAUS-71 having seed weight 20.78 qt/ha and 18.14 qt/ha respectively. High temperature stress during reproductive growth stage in soybean reduced yield components and seed yield. It was obvious that the delayed sowing crop faced severe thermal stress conditions at the later stages of growth onwards up to the maturity. Thus, it is clear that under Parbhani conditions, soybean crop faces thermal stress conditions at later stage if the crop sowing is delayed. It was also observed that the average maximum and minimum temperatures were higher in respect of all varieties in later stages of crop growth. Due to this yield and yield attributing characters were decreased from D1 to D4 with slight variability across the varieties. The average maximum and minimum temperature during branching (P3) and flowering (P4) were highest in D4 followed by D3, D2 and D1 in all three varieties. Same situation was observed during the period of grain formation (P6) and pod development stage (P7). In case of MAUS-158 average maximum temperature at grain containing full size (P8) and maturity stage (P9) in D1 was 29.5 0C and it gradually increased in D2, D3, D4 with averages of 300C, 30.80C and 32.10C respectively. Similarly average minimum temperature during the maturity period of variety MAUS-158 at D1 was 21.40C and again it gradually increased in D2, D3 and D4 with average value of 21.5, 21.3 and 24.9 0C. Similar trend was also found in other varieties too. As obvious the maximum air temperature of three varieties under P1 and P2 phases i.e. emergence and seedling stage in four date of sowing were higher in D1, followed by D2 and D3. But one interesting point is noted average minimum air temperature was higher in D4 followed by D3, D2 and D1. Various thermal indices viz. GDD, HTU, PTU were computed using different formulae and equations. Thus for computation of HTU was found to be the best. The highest total accumulated GDD was reported in First date of sowing D1and followed by D 2, D4and D3. In varieties highest total accumulated GDD was reported in JS-335 i.e. 1741.2 0C day followed by MAUS-71 (1695.9 0C days) and lowest total accumulated GDD was in MAUS-158 (1615.4 0C day). From the above studies it is clear that for economic cultivation of soybean crop under Parbhani conditions, it is necessary to evaluate the thermal stress tolerance of different varieties in order to identify a suitable variety for this region. Such studies need to be conducted for at least 3 years in order to give different thermal regimes to the crop for final assessment of suitability of these varietiesThesisItem Open Access Crop weather relationship in kharif sorghum (pvk-1009): Parbhani shakti(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Tupsamudre, Radhabai Laxman; Waghmare, P.K.An experiment was conducted on experimental farm at Department of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Agriculture, Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhaniduring kharif season 2020-21 entitled as “Crop Weather relationship in Kharif Sorghum (PVK-1009: Parbhani Shakti)” to find out most optimum meteorological week for sowing sorghum in kharif season. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block design with six replications. Treatment under study were four sowing dates in kharif season i.e. D1 (25th SMW), D2 (26th SMW), D3 (27th SMW) and D4 (28th SMW) were sown with spacing 45x10 cm. The gross plot size was 7.2 m x 5.4 m and net plot size was 5.4 m x 3.6m. The sowing of seed was done by dibbling method on respective date of sowing. The meteorological parameters (abiotic factor) play an important role in deciding the success or failure of the crop, because these factors strongly influence the physiological expression of genetic potential of the crops, hence this study was under taken. The results were obtained from the experiment it was found that all the biometric observations (plant height, number of leaves, leaf area) in kharif sorghum were significantly higher in treatment D1 i.e. 25th SMW (18th to 24th June) followed by second sowing date D2 i.e. 26th SMW (25th to 01July). Sowing in 25th SMW significantly superior over the rest of treatments with production of highest grain yield 1231.13 kg ha-1 followed by sowing in second sowing date 26th SMW 1150.22kg ha-1 which was at par with D1 in respect to all yield attributing characters and lowest grain yield was observed in fourth sowing D4 (28th SMW). Hence, sowing of kharif sorghum should be completed on 25th SMW or before 26th SMW; otherwise there might be chance of reduction of grain yield with delayed sowing and attack of major pest of sorghum shoot fly and sorghum stem borer. The incidence of shoot fly dead hearts started from26th SMW and was upto 33th SMW and was at its peak on 32th SMW. The occurance of shoot fly dead hearts started from 27th SMW and was upto 34th SMW and peak period was at 31st, 32nd and 33rd SMW. The stem borer dead heart incidence started from 33rd SMW and was upto 42nd SMW and at peak during 40th, 41st and 42nd SMW. Correlation between weather parameter and growth stages of sorghum with grain yield showed that the weather parameters like rainfall, temperature, relative humidity and BSS are significant affect on critical growth stages. Rainfall during boot leaf and flowering stages have a positive influence on the grain yield of kharif sorghum. Diurnal temperature range also showed significant influence on grain yield and as the range increase yields declined. The D1 (25th SMW) date of sowing of sorghum recorded greater levels of GDD, HTU and PTU among all the dates of sowing.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of winter soil solarization duration on soil temperature and weed intensity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Patil, Arati Chandrakant; Jagtap, M.P.Soil solarization is based on mulching the soil surface with polythene sheets which capture the solar radiation and thus heat the soil to a level lethal for various pests. Solarization is useful in the control of weeds and also helps in moisture conservation. It can be an alternative to agricultural chemicals that have significant environmental risks and pose a negative impact on the beneficial soil micro-organisms. To some extent, this can satisfy the demand for water for pre-sowing irrigation by conserving the moisture in the soil. In the experiment, two types of polythene sheets black and silver were used and three durations of solarization, i.e. 30 days, 40 days and 50 days were tried. In the present study, the efficacy of the soil solarization process was dependent on length of soil solarization period and temperature. A crop of wheat was sown in the area after the solarization period to know the effect of solarization on its performance. The maximum soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm and 15 cm in solarized soil ranged from 40.48°C and 34.97°C (S3), 38.86°C and 33.76°C (S6), 37.68°C and 32.88°C (S2), 36.57°C and 31.72°C (S5), 35.75°C and 31.26°C (S1), 34.87°C and 30.69°C (S4), with an increase of 7.94°C and 6.03°C (S3), 6.32°C and 4.82°C (S6), 5.62°C and 4.17°C (S2), 4.52°C and 3.02°C (S5), 3.91°C and 2.49°C (S1), 3.04°C and 1.91°C (S4) over non-solarized soil. Soil solarization reduced the population of fungi and bacteria but increased the beneficial micro-organisms as compared to non-solarized. Solarization also had the significant effect of lowering the weed count as well as the dry weight of weeds and weed index and higher weed control efficiency. A duration of 50 days to give satisfactory control of most of the weeds. Many annuals, some perennials and parasitic weeds are highly sensitive to solar heating of the soil. However, weeds such as Cyperus rotundus (tubers) and Cynodon dactylon (rhizomes) are not controlled easily by solarization. Solarization, thus proved to be not only an efficient method of weed control but also safe for the crop as well as invariably it produced healthy and vigorous seedlings and eventually resulted in higher yields as compared to non-solarized even treated with herbicides. Maximum plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, number of ear heads, and yield attributing characters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were observed in the 50 days (black) soil solarization. Hence, the high productivity of wheat can be obtained by the utilization of the soil solarization process.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of dates of sowing on pigon pea varieties under varied weather conditons(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Gaikwad, Sangharsha Vishnu; Awasarmal, V.B.A research trial named “Influence of dates of sowing on pigeon pea varieties under varied weather conditions” was conducted at Farm of AICRP on Agrometeorology, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani during kharif season 2021 to find out the effects of dates of sowing on pigeon pea varieties, effects of weather parameters on growth, development and yield of pigeon pea and effect of varied weather condition on phenological aspects of Pigeon pea. The research field was laid out in split-plot design with three replications and four varieties viz. dates of sowing D1 (25th MW), D2 (26th MW), D3 (27thMW), D4 (28th MW) and varieties V1 (BDN-711), V2 (BSMR-736) and V3 (BDN-716) sown with the spacing of 90 x 20 cm2 using 12 treatments and 36 plots to study the crop weather relationship. The Gross plot size was 5.4 x 5.0 m2 with a net plot size of one treatment was 4.5 x 4.2 m2. The correlation was worked between the different weather parameters and seed yield of different varieties. The best sowing window of pigeon pea was observed during 25th SMW (18th to 24th June). Among the three varieties, BSMR-736 performed better throughout the crop growth phases and recorded higher yield. The meteorological variables rainfall, rainy days, minimum temperature, RH-I, RH-II and wind speed only exhibited significant positive link with seed yield during branching to 50% flowering (P4) stage of variety BDN-711 and BSMR-736. The meteorological variables maximum temperature, minimum temperature and RH-I exhibited significant correlation with seed yield during branching to 50 % flowering (P4) stage of variety BDN-716. The branching to 50% flowering (P4) stage of the pigeon pea recorded greater levels of GDD, HTU, and PTU among all the important growth stages or phenophases.ThesisItem Open Access Studies in long term spatial pattern and trends of rainfall in marathwada region(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-01-09) Mahude, Swapnali Vishnu; Jadhav, M.G.The research work conducted on “Studies in long term spatial pattern and trends of rainfall in Marathwada region.” The required daily taluka wise rainfall data of Aurangabad, Beed, Jalna, Osmanabad, Nanded, Parbhani, Latur and Hingoli districts downloaded from www.maharain.gov.in. for the period of 1991-2020 (30 years). The weekly, monthly, seasonal and annual trend of the rainfall was estimated with the help of MS Excel. Trend analysis of rainfall by using non-parametric test i.e., Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slop estimator method trend was calculated in XL STAT Software, from the year of 1991-2020. Spatial Pattern trend of the rainfall was estimated in ArcGIS software. The study period revealed that the highest weekly rainfall occurred in Hingoli district of Marathwada region which five talukas wise Aundha, Basamt, Hingoli, Kalmnuri and Sengaon was and the average weekly rainfall is 16.2 mm. Lowest rainfall recorded was 12.1 mm in Aurangabad district. The highest Monthly average rainfall was recorded in Hingoli district i.e., 70.16 mm followed by Nanded i.e., 66.18 mm. Aurangabad recorded lowest rainfall among the districts i.e., 53.12 mm. The highest annual average rainfall was recorded in Hingoli district i.e., 850.4 mm and lowest rainfall recorded i.e., 630.2 in talukas of Aurangabad district which contain nine talukas viz., Vaijapur, Soegaon, Sillod, Phulambari, Paithan, Khultabad, Kannad, Gangapur and Aurangabad. The highest seasonal (Pre monsoon) average rainfall was recorded in Osmanabad followed by Parbhani i.e., 25.9 mm and 16.0 mm respectively. Lowest rainfall recorded in Aurangabad about 10.1 mm. The highest seasonal (Monsoon) average rainfall was recorded in Hingoli followed by Nanded i.e., 739.0 mm and 689.0 mm respectively. The lowest rainfall was recorded in Osmanabad i.e., 535.8 mm. The seasonal (Post monsoon) average highest rainfall recorded in Latur district followed by Beed which recorded 110.8 mm and 96.3 mm rainfall respectively. Lowest rainfall recorded in Nanded, i.e., 82.3 mm. The highest seasonal (Winter) average rainfall was recorded in Nanded i.e.,12.0 mm followed by Hingoli i.e., 7.0 mm. The Lowest rainfall was recorded in Jalna i.e., 1.3 mm. Spatial variation in trends of seasonal and annual rainfall over the different talukas have been, shown in maps prepared in GIS software. To determine the trend both Mann-kendall and Sen’s slop estimator method are useful. Increasing trend was seen in pre-monsoon, winter season and in annual rainfall whereas, decreasing trend was observed in monsoon and post monsoon season in Mann-kendall test. In Sen’s slop estimator method seasonal and annual rainfall showed decreasing trends.ThesisItem Open Access Microclimatic measurements studies on Bt cotton hybrid under varied weather conditions(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2023-01-09) Chougule, Ankush Bharat; Kausalye, S.P.The research trial on “Microclimatic measurements studies on Bt cotton hybrid under varied weather conditions” was conducted during the Kharif season 2021-22 on the experimental farm of the Department of Agricultural Meteorology, AICRP on Agrometeorology, College of Agriculture, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, to find out the crop coefficient values of Bt. cotton hybrid the effect of weather parameters on cotton varieties under different dates of sowing and the estimation of thermal indices under different date of sowing. This study was carried out in a Split plot design with three replications and 12 treatments, i.e., four sowing dates: D1 (25th SMW), D2 (26th SMW), D3 (27th SMW), and D4 (28thSMW), as well as three Bt. cotton Varieties: V1 (Ajeet-155), V2 (Ankur), and V3 (Mallika) with spacing of 120 cm x 45 cm. The total number of Plot was 36 with the net plot of about 5.4 x 2.4 m2 and the gross plot was 7.2 × 3.6 m2. Cotton seeds were sown using the dibbling method. Because a crop's water requirement fluctuates depending on its stage of development, the weather variables affect the crop at various phases of development and throughout its life cycle. As a result, this research is vital in determining the crop's normal difference vegetation index (NDVI) which was helpful to understand nature of crop growth stages in order to meet efficient irrigation scheduling as well as maximizing production and productivity in any area. The Early sowing crop, D1 (25th SMW) produces maximum seed cotton yield and have the highest Plant height, Number of Leaves plant-1, number of Branches plant-1 and number of Bolls plant-1 than the rest of other sowing date. The amount of seed cotton yield (Kg ha-1), yield contributing characters and yield attributing factors like seed cotton yield (gm plant-1), stalk yield (Kg ha-1), and biological yield (Kg ha-1) and Harvest index (per cent) of the crop decline from D1 to D4, i.e., D1 (25th SMW) followed by D2 (26th SMW), then D3 (27th SMW) with D4 (28th SMW) producing the lowest. Among the cultivars, Ajeet-155 produces higher yield as well as higher yield attributing characters than Ankur and Mallika, where, Mallika produces the lowest. The seed cotton yield decline when sowing dates was delayed beyond D1. The low yield is because of heavy rainfall and strong wind during flowering and boll opening that caused the flower buds and young bolls to fall or impair pollination by insect. Also, the reduction of average temperature during fruiting period and the infestation of Pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) limit the seed cotton yield. Further, D1 has the highest GDD, PTU, HTU and HUE among other sowing dates and get reduces as the sowing dates were delayed. When it comes to crop weather relationships, rainfall was favourably connected with seed cotton yield at the P2, P6 and P7 stages but negatively correlated at P3 stage in all Bt. cotton hybrids. At the P1, P2, P4, P7 and P8 stages, maximum temperature was positively correlated with seed cotton yield, but lowest temperature was favourably correlated at the P2, P6 and P7 stages. At the P5, P6 and P7 stage, RH-I was positively correlated and negatively correlated at P3, P4, P5 and P8 whereas, RH-II was positively correlated at P5, P6 and P7 but negatively correlated at P1 P4 and P5. The EVP was positively correlated at P1, P2, P4 and P8 but negatively correlated at P5, P6 and P7. At the P2, P4, P7 and P8 stage of the crop, BSS was positively correlated but negatively correlated at P3, P5 and P6 wind velocity was favourably correlated at the P1, P4, P6 and P8 stages but negatively correlated at P2 and P7 stage. In the First date of sowing i.e, D1 (25th SMW) and hybrid V1 (Ajeet 155) whereas, NDVI value was significantly higher at boll formation stage, over rest of all treatments and hybrids. Hence the status of cotton crop was healthy of first date of sowing and Ajeet-155 hybrid.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on high density planting of Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) hybrids under different weather condition(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Deshmane, Asha Bharat; Khargakharate, V.K.The present experiment entitled “Studies on high density planting of Bt. cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) hybrids under different weather condition” carried out during kharif season 2021 under rainfed condition which was carried out at balsa block of central farm Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani. The experiment was conducted in spilt plot design with three replications. keeping Five combination of three sowing dates i.e., D1 (26thMW), D2 (27thMW) and D3 (28thMW) and two Bt. cotton hybrids i.e., Ajeet-5 Bt. cotton hybrid and MCS-245 Bt. cotton hybrid under main plot treatment and three plant spacing S1 – 90 cm × 45 cm (24,691 plants ha-1), S2 – 90 cm × 30 cm (37,037 plants ha-1) and S3 – 90 cm × 20 cm (55,555 plants ha-1). The gross plot size was 5.4 × 5.4 m2 and net plot size was 3.6 × 3.6 m2. The sowing of seed was done by dibbling method on corresponding date of the crop, because these factors strongly influence the physiology expression of genetic potential of the crops, hence this study was undertaken. From the experiment result were obtained which was found that all the biometric observation i.e., plant height, number of branches, number of sympodial branches, functional leaves, monopodial branches, 50% flowering, 50% boll bursting, dry matter, leaf area, leaf area index, seed cotton yield kg ha-1, stalk yield kg ha-1, biological yield kg ha-1, and harvest index, AGR, RGR significantly highest treatment of sowing in 26th MW (D1) followed by second sowing date 27th MW (D2) and 28th MW (D3) different weather in kharif -2021. Among the treatment Bt. cotton hybrids i.e., Ajeet-5 Bt. cotton hybrid and MCS -245 all the biometric observation and yield attributing character were recorded significantly higher in Ajeet-5 Bt. cotton hybrid gave significantly highest cotton yield (2055.28 kg ha-1) was obtained with sowing in 26th MW followed by sowing in 27th MW (1884.80 ha-1) and lowest seed cotton yield was recorded in 28th MW i.e., (1792.11 ha-1). The sowing kharif cotton should be completed on 26th MW or before 27th MW, otherwise there is chance of reduction in number of reproductive structures like flowering, boll bursting, average boll weight and seed cotton yield kg ha-1 with delayed sowing under climatic condition. The GDD also showed significant variation among different sowing dates and Bt. cotton hybrids. The Mean growing degree days were recorded among the dissimilar sowing dates was (774.59 0C) days. The highest number of GDD (866.70 0C) day accumulated in 26th MW sowing. The lowest number of GDD (679.83 0C) days accumulation was recorded 28th MW. The total number of GDD was significantly influenced by Ajeet-5 Bt. cotton hybrid highest number of GDD were accumulated by first date sowing i.e., 26th MW(D1) and under plant spacing of 90 cm × 45 cm (S1). Similarly in canopy temperature and light interception, highest number of canopy temperature and light interception was recorded in first date of sowing i.e., 26th MW(D1) and under plant spacing of 90 cm × 45 cm (S1) and then lowest in 27th MW (D2) i.e., 90 cm x 30 cm and 28th MW (D3) i.e., 90 cm x 20 cm. Growth parameter were found to be maximum in 90 cm × 45 cm (S1) was ultimately followed by 90 cm × 30 cm (S2) plant spacing 90 cm × 20 cm (S3) recorded compressively higher seed cotton yield, maximum Heliothermal unit in addition to higher accumulated growing degree days. Correlation co-efficient of different weather parameter approaching rainfall. Maximum temperature, minimum temperature, relative humidity, showed significant correlation with Bt. cotton hybrid cotton yield.ThesisItem Open Access Estimation of crop water requirement satisfaction index (WRSI) and crop coefficient of soybean [Glycine max (L.) merill] cv MAUS-71 by using lysimeter(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Parmesh Shivraj Biradar; Dakhore, K.K.The research trial with “Estimation of Crop Water Requirement Satisfaction Index (WRSI) and Crop Coefficient of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merill ] cv. MAUS-71 by using Lysimeter.” was conducted during the Kharif season 2021-22 on the experimental farm of the Department of Agricultural Meteorology, AICRP on Agrometeorology, College of Agriculture, VNMKV, Parbhani, to find out the crop coefficient values of Soybean cv. MAUS-71, the effect of weather parameters on Soybean varieties under different dates of sowing, estimation of crop Water Requirement Satisfaction Index and crop Water Stress Index of soybean. This experiment was carried out in a Split plot design with three replications and 12 treatments, i.e., four sowing dates: D1 (25th MW), D2 (26th MW), D3 (27th MW), and D4 (28th MW), as well as three Soybean Varieties: V1 (MAUS-158), V2 (MAUS-71), and V3 (JS-335) with spacing of 45 cm x 5 cm. The total number of plots was 36 with the net plot of about 4.5 x 3.6 m2 and the gross plot was 5.4 × 4.5 m 2 . Soybean seeds were sown by drilling method. The Early sowing crop, D1 (25th MW) produces maximum Soybean seed yield and have the highest Plant height, number of branches per plant and number of pods per plant than the rest of other sowing date. The amount of soybean seed yield (kg/ha), yield contributing characters and yield attributing factors like seed yield(gm), stalk yield (Kg/ha), and biological yield (Kg/ha) and harvest index (percent) of the crop decline from D1 to D4, i.e., D1 (25th MW) followed by D2 (26th MW), then D3 (27th MW) with D4 (28th MW) producing the lowest. Among the cultivars, MAUS 158 produces higher yield as well as higher yield attributing characters than MAUS 71 and JS-335, where, JS-335 produces the lowest. The seed yield decline when sowing dates were delayed beyond D1. Further, D1 has the highest GDD, PTU, HTU and HUE among other sowing dates and get reduces as the sowing dates were delayed. During the crop growth period of 2021, the total water requirement of the crop, i.e. ETc, was 505.70 mm, ranging from 0.5 to 14 mm per day. It was recorded that the highest rate of ETc (108.2 mm) was seen at grain formation stage of crop growth, indicating an increase in crop water demand during that time frame. The total ETo (potential evapotranspiration) estimated throughout the crop life cycle was 459.54 mm, using the standard procedure of the FAO Penman-Monteith method. The crop coefficient (Kc) of the Soybean cv. MAUS-71 (V2) varied greatly throughout its growth and development phase which increases successively from P1 to P5 (emergence to pod formation) slightly constant at P6 (grain formation) and then decrease from P7 to P10 (pod development to maturity stage), which shows that the pod formation stage has the highest Kc value. The Kc values estimated during initial (0-30 DAS), mid (31-85 DAS), and end (86-110 DAS) stages were 0.67, 1.39 and 0.80, respectively, with the maximum Kc value during mid season stage. The higher Kc values was due to increase in rate of transpiration fully due to canopy with fully develop branches, leaves, maximum plant height and pods which increases crop water demand. Result showed that FAO-56 Irrigation and Drainage paper Allen et al., (1998) overestimated the Kc value of soybean at Parbhani. In terms of Kc values at all stages, Hargreaves method is the only method that differs slightly with the Kc values of P-M method in all stages. This means that the Potential evapotranspiration (ETo)and crop coefficient (Kc) values can be estimated by Hargreave method in Parbhani location. These two methods have the lowest MAE, MBE and RMSE indicating lowest magnitude of average error. The Crop Water Requirement Satisfying Index (WRSI) varied with crop stages and is highest during the emergence to flowering stages (99%) then declines during the pod and grain formation stages (70-75%) and rebounds to its highest level during the pod development stage (98%), pod containing full grain stage (100%), dough stage (100%), and maturity stage (98%). The crop's total water demand, or ETc, over the crop growth period was 505.70 mm, and at all stages of the crop's development, all but the stages of pod formation and grain formation, where a shortage in satisfaction was noted, it was virtually completely satisfied by soil moisture.As a result of a water shortage, the difference between leaf temperature and air temperature near the leaf was highest at the pod formation stage (4.5 ◦C), grain formation stage (4.2 ◦C), and maturity stage (4.8 ◦C), indicating that the plant was under water stress with CWSI values of 0.98, 0.92 and 1.00 respectively. In contrast, the difference between leaf temperature and air temperature near the leaf was lowest at the remaining majority of plant growth stages, indicating that the plant had access to the ideal amount of water. Higher the difference between leaf temperature and air temperature near the leaf results higher in CWSI values.
