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ThesisItem Open Access Biology, host preference and management of melon fruit fly, bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) on cucumber(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-12-30) Ingale, Anuja Suresh; Kadam, D.R.The present investigations on biology, host preference and management of melon fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) on cucumber was conducted at Department of Agricultural Entomology, VNMKV, Parbhani during Summer 2021 and 2022. The experiments on host preference of melon fruit fly on different hosts under field condition, influence of intercrops on incidence of major insect pests of cucumber, bioefficacy of different combination insecticides against major insect pests of cucumber was conducted in RBD with three replications and eight treatments and host preference and biology of melon fruit fly on different hosts under laboratory condition was carried out in CRD with three replications and eight treatments. The seasonal incidence of major insect pests of cucumber in relation to weather parameters was carried out throughout the season. On the basis of seasonal incidence of major insect pests during Summer, Kharif and Rabi 2021 revealed that population of pests was more in Summer than Kharif and Rabi due to variation in weather parameters. Further, seasonal incidence of predators viz., lady bird beetle and predatory spiders in cucumber was more in Summer than Kharif and Rabi. The predators were present throughout the cropping period when there was more incidence of sucking pests. The correlation studies indicated that the significant correlation was observed between pest population and different weather parameters. The studies on host preference of melon fruit fly on different hosts carried out under field condition revealed that sponge gourd was the least preferred host with lowest mean per cent fruit infestation (38.08 %) and bitter gourd was the most highly preferred host with maximum per cent fruit infestation (64.48 %). The host preference of the melon fruit fly with choice test using eight different cucurbitaceous hosts carried out under laboratory conditions revealed that bitter gourd was highly preferred host. The maximum number of eggs (65 ± 1.14), larvae (58 ± 1.13), pupae (52 ± 0.92) and adults (52 ± 0.92) were observed in bitter gourd followed by cucumber, pumpkin, watermelon, muskmelon, ridge gourd, bottle gourd and sponge gourd, respectively. Melon fruit fly was reared on eight different cucurbitaceous hosts under non-choice laboratory condition and the results indicated that bitter gourd was most preferred host of melon fruit fly which formed maximum number of eggs, larvae, pupae and adults followed by cucumber, pumpkin, watermelon, muskmelon, ridge gourd, bottle gourd and sponge gourd, respectively. The biology of the melon fruit fly on different cucurbitaceous hosts carried out under laboratory conditions revealed that the incubation period of melon fruit fly, B. cucurbitae (Coquillett) on different hosts was ranged from 1-2 days. The lowest incubation period recorded on cucumber and pumpkin (1.20 ± 0.45 and 1.20 ± 0.45 days). The maggots developmental period varied from 6.00 to 10.00 days with a mean of 7.00 ± 0.71 to 8.90 ± 0.74 days on different hosts. Significantly shortest mean maggot duration was observed on bitter gourd (7.00 ± 0.71 days). The duration of pre-pupal period ranged from 1.0 - 2.0 days with average duration of 1.10 ± 0.55 to 1.40 ± 0.55 days on different hosts. The mean pre-oviposition period was varied when reared on different hosts. The females had a pre-oviposition period of 7 to 13 days on different hosts. The oviposition period ranged from 1-3 days. The female fly lived for 2 to 5 days after completion of egg laying on all the eight cucurbitaceous hosts. The female lived longer time than the male when reared on all the eight cucurbitaceous hosts. The female longevity varied from 12 to 20 days. The fecundity of females ranged from 62 to 90 eggs. The highest numbers of eggs were laid by female fruit fly on cucumber 87.80 ± 1.92 (85-90 eggs/female). The hatching percentage on different hosts ranged from 62 to 88 per cent. The maximum egg hatching percentage of 80 to 88, (83.80 ± 3.19 %) was recorded on cucumber followed by pumpkin, ridge gourd, watermelon, bitter gourd, bottle gourd and sponge gourd. While, minimum egg hatching i.e. 62 to 79 (68.20 ± 6.46 %) was recorded in muskmelon. The highest (male: female) ratio was observed (1:1.31) in cucumber followed by bottle gourd (1:1.24), sponge gourd (1:1.22), pumpkin (1:1.21), bitter gourd (1:1.18), muskmelon (1:1.17), ridge gourd (1:1.12) and watermelon (1:1.12). The longest life cycle was observed on sponge gourd (30.20 ± 1.48 days) followed by bottle gourd (28.00 ± 1.23 days), muskmelon (27.80 ± 1.92 days), pumpkin (27.60 ± 2.07 days), cucumber (27.00 ± 2.17 days), watermelon (26.40 ± 1.67 days), bitter gourd (25.80 ± 2.28 days) and shortest life cycle of male fruit fly observed on ridge gourd (24.60 ± 2.17 days). The field experiment conducted to find out better intercropping systems for major insect pests of cucumber. All intercrops were superior over sole cucumber for pests population. Cucumber intercropped with spinach followed by chukka, safflower, fenugreek and lettuce, respectively emerged as most suitable intercrops to minimize the incidence of fruit fly. For ecofriendly management of whitefly, cucumber can be intercropped with spinach, chukka and lettuce. The population of thrips was minimum when cucumber was intercropped with spinach, lettuce, coriander, chukka and fenugreek, respectively. The highest count natural enemies i.e lady bird beetle and predatory spider was noticed in cucumber + spinach followed by chukka, lettuce, safflower, coriander and fenugreek. The treatment cucumber + chukka had produced significantly highest yield as compared to sole cucumber. Per cent increase in fruit yield over sole cucumber was found to be higher in all the treatments. Bio-efficacy of different combination insecticides against major insect pests of cucumber indicated that all the insecticides were found to be significantly superior in recording minimum number of melon fruit fly, whitefly and thrips over untreated control. The results revealed that among all insecticide combinations, chlorantraniliprole 8.8% + thiamethoxam 17.5 % SC treated plots showed minimum per cent infestation followed by thiamethoxam 12.6 % + lambda-cyhalothrin 9.5 % ZC and novaluron 5.25 % + indoxacarb 14.5 % SC (25.26 % and 29.14 %) for melon fruit fly on both number and weight basis. Pyriproxyfen 5 % + fenpropatrin 15 % EC followed by thiamethoxam 12.6 % + lambda-cyhalothrin 9.5 % ZC and chlorantraniliprole 8.8 % + thiamethoxam 17.5 % SC were found most effective treatment in reducing whitefly population. Minimum incidence of thrips was found in thiamethoxam 12.6 % + lambda-cyhalothrin 9.5 % ZC which was at par with indoxacarb 14.5 % + acetamiprid 7.7 % SC. The treatment novaluron 5.25 % + emamectin benzoate 0.9 % SC and chlorantraniliprole 8.8 % + thiamethoxam 17.5 % SC proved to be comparatively safer insecticide for lady bird beetle and predatory spider. The treatment thiamethoxam 12.6 % + lambda-cyhalothrin 9.5 % ZC was highly toxic to natural enemies. The highest fruit yield of cucumber was found in chlorantraniliprole 8.8 % + thiamethoxam 17.5 % SC followed by thiamethoxam 12.6 % + lambda-cyhalothrin 9.5% ZC. The treatment indoxacarb 14.5 % + acetamiprid 7.7 % SC was most economical treatment by recording maximum net monetary returns and highest incremental cost benefit ratio.ThesisItem Open Access Seasonal incidence, host plant resistance and management of safflower aphid, uroleucon compositae (Theobald)(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-12-31) Gangurde, Shaligram Maharu; Neharkar, P.S.The present investigation entitled “Seasonal incidence, host plant resistance and management of safflower aphid, Uroleucon compositae (Theobald)” was conducted at Research Farm of the Department of Agricultural Entomology, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, Dist. Parbhani (M.S.) during the rabi 2020-21 and 2021-22. The studies on the seasonal incidence during rabi 2020-21 and 2021-22 revealed that the population of safflower aphid initiated from 50th MW and 51th MW during rabi 2020-21 and rabi 2021-22, respectively. The peak of the safflower aphid population was noticed on 6th MW and 5th MW in both the seasons, respectively. The population of natural enemies viz., coccinellids and Chrysoperla initiated in 51th and 1st MW during rabi 2020-21 and in 52th and 1st MW during rabi 2021-22, respectively. However, the peak coccinellids activity was noticed during 6th and 5th MW and that of Chrysoperla was observed during 6th and 5th MW of rabi 2020-21 and 2021-22, respectively. The correlation of aphid population with weather parameters revealed non-significant negative correlation between maximum temperature, minimum temperature, morning relative humidity, rainfall and bright sunshine hours with the aphid population during rabi 2020-21 and the correlation coefficient was -0.414, -0.341, -0.067, -0.365 and -0.036, respectively. Whereas, the correlation of aphid population was positively non-significant (0.105) with the evening relative humidity. During rabi 2021-22, the correlations of aphid population with maximum and minimum temperature were significantly negative with correlation coefficients of -0.513* and -0.619**, respectively whereas non-significant positive correlations between morning relative humidity (0.368), evening relative humidity (0.262), rainfall (0.145) and bright sunshine hours (0.242) with the aphid population were observed. There was non-significant negative correlation between maximum temperature, minimum temperature, morning relative humidity, rainfall and bright sunshine hours with the coccinellids population during rabi 2020-21. Whereas, correlation of coccinellids population was positive non-significant (0.124) with the evening relative humidity. The correlations of coccinellids population with maximum and minimum temperature, morning relative humidity, evening relative humidity and rainfall during the year 2021-22 were negatively non-significant whereas non-significant positive correlations between bright sunshine hours (0.303) with the coccinellids population were observed. The correlation studies revealed that there were significant negative correlations between minimum and maximum temperature with Chrysoperla population during rabi 2020-21. The correlations of Chrysoperla population with morning relative humidity (0.365), evening relative humidity (0.273), rainfall (0.122), and bright sunshine hours (0.232) were positively non-significant. During rabi 2021-22, there was non-significant negative correlation existed between Chrysoperla population and maximum temperature (-0.381) while there was a significant negative correlation with minimum temperature (-0.611**). However, morning relative humidity (0.235), evening relative humidity (0.086), rainfall (0.048) and bright sunshine hours (0.408) recorded positive non-significant correlations with the Chrysoperla population. The studies on reaction of different safflower genotypes against safflower aphid revealed that none of the safflower genotypes was completely free from the aphid infestation. The genotype SSF-17-04 was the most promising and recorded least average population of 108.92 aphids/ 5 cm apical shoot length per plant and showed resistant (R) reaction against aphid. The next better genotypes viz., PBNS-212-1, PBNS-218-2, PBNS-220-3, MAURT-7, MAURT-9, ANG-18-02, SSF-17-05, PBNS-184, BHIMA, PBNS-12 and A-1 were also recorded less number of aphids and showed resistant reaction. However, 36 genotypes showed moderately resistant action and five genotypes showed susceptible reaction and remaining five genotypes showed highly susceptible reaction against aphids. The highly susceptible (HS) reaction against aphids was recorded in five genotypes viz., MAURT-10, PBNS-194, ISH-423, RVS-18-1 and CO-1 in which aphid population varied from 215.05 to 271.53 aphids per 5 cm apical shoot length/plant with Aphid Infestation Index (A.I.I.) in the range of 4.56 to 4.78. The morphological characters of safflower genotypes exhibited great influence on infestation of aphid. The resistant genotypes had pale green colour leaves while highly susceptible genotypes had green to dark green colour leaves.The leaf thickness or leaf nature observed in the resistant genotypes was leathery thick with flower colour yellow to orange or yellow to red whereas it was thin with yellow to yellow or yellow to orange in susceptible genotypes. The resistant genotypes possessed spines as well as hard stem or moderately succulent stem while susceptible genotype CO-1 was non spiny with soft and very succulent stem. The studies on biochemical constituents revealed that there was a non-significant positive correlation of nitrogen content and potassium content with the aphid population while phosphorus content and polyphenols had non-significant negative correlation with aphid population. A significant negative correlation of proline with aphid population. Similarly, wax content, total amino acids, proteins, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar and total sugars had significantly positive correlation with the aphid infestation. The results on the overall mean aphid population per 5 cm apical shoot length per plant revealed that the treatment with two foliar sprays of spinetoram 11.70 SC and two foliar sprays of cyantraniliprole 10.26 OD were found to be the excellent treatments over rest of the treatments and were found at par with each other. The seed treatment with thiamethoxam 30 FS and one foliar spray of spinetoram11.70 SC and seed treatment with thiamethoxam 30 FS and one foliar spray of cyantraniliprole 10.26 OD were the next better treatments in order of their efficacy. Moreover, the higher seed yield was recorded in the treatments with two foliar sprays of spinetoram11.70 SC and two foliar sprays of cyantraniliprole 10.26 OD. However, the highest Incremental Cost Benefit Ratio (ICBR) was registered by the treatment seed treatment with thiamethoxam 30 FS (1:16.10) followed by the seed treatment with imidacloprid 48 FS which registered 1:9.59 ICBR. In general, according to studies on the effects of insecticides on foraging activity of honey bees in safflower, all the insecticidal treatments showed more or less similar repelling effect on the foraging bees on 1st, 7th, 14th and 21st day after 10 per cent flowering of the safflower. Gradually, the bee activity increased at every week in all the insecticidal treatments as compared to untreated control plot. Highest number of foraging bees viz., Apis mellifera, Apis cerana indica, Apis dorsata, Apis florea and Melipona irridipenis were observed in the untreated control followed by the seed treatments with thiamethoxam 30 FS and seed treatments with imidacloprid 48 FS, which were at par with each other.ThesisItem Open Access Host plant resistance traits against melon fruit fly bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) in bitter gourd(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2023-04-20) Radhika; Bantewad, S.D.The present investigation entitled “Host plant resistance traits against melon fruit fly Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) in bitter gourd” was conducted at experimental farm of Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, VNMKV Parbhani during both seasons rainy 2020-21 and summer 2021-22. During the investigation period, 11 species of insect pests and 6 species of natural enemies were found on crop at different crop growth stages. Among them sucking pests were aphids, thrips, hoppers and whiteflies, in case of borer melon fruit fly and epilachna beetle as defoliator were major pests recorded and natural enemies were spiders, ladybird beetles, hymenopterans and minute pirate bugs etc. On bitter gourd fruit fly was the major pest it cause per cent fruit range 15.65 to 59.33 per cent in rainy season whereas, 28.99 to 61.14 per cent in summer season. Per cent fruit infestation was positively correlated with relative humidity and rainfall of weather factors. Epilachna beetle was the major defoliator among pests and positively correlated with temperature, rainfall and bright sun shine hours. On bitter gourd recorded the population of thrips, aphids, hoppers and whiteflies were major sucking pests and natural enemies ladybird beetles, spiders and minute pirate bugs, the minute pirate bug played an important role in reducing the sucking pest population during course of investigation. The recorded larval pupal parasitoid shows highest 16 per cent parasitism against melon fly and braconids helped to reduce population of cucumber moth. It was found that freshly laid eggs of melon fruit fly were pure white in colour and elliptical in shape and mean length and breadth of egg was 0.735±0.057 mm and 0.153±0.017 mm, respectively. Maggots passed through three instars to attain pupal stage. First instar maggots were whitish in colour, somewhat oval in shape with translucent body, second instar maggots were creamy white in colour and ellipsoidal in shape and third instar maggots were creamy white to yellowish in colour with opaque body and exhibited a peculiar habit of hopping. The first, second and third instar maggot measured on an average 1.44±0.03, 5.02±0.40 and 8.13±0.95 mm in length and 0.25±0.02, 0.47±0.09 and 1.41±0.20 mm in breadth, respectively. The average duration of maggot period was found to be 6.21±0.83 days. The mature maggots contracted longitudinally to attain pre-pupal stages which were spiral in form. The average duration of pre-pupal period was 1.09±0.28 days. The pupae were barrel shaped and yellowish to deep brownish yellow when freshly formed. As the eclosion neared, the colour changed into brownish grey. The average length and breadth of pupa was 4.81±0.84 mm and 2.19±0.13 mm, respectively. The average duration of pupal period was found to be 6.51±0.95 days. Adult flies were bright reddish brown in colour with lemon yellow markings on thorax with spotted wings. The average length and breadth of female was 8.54±0.43 mm and 2.49±0.11 mm, respectively, whereas, the male measured 7.07±0.55 mm in length and 2.42±0.16 mm in breadth indicating that females being larger in size than males. The longevity of male and female flies was found to be 18.63±1.84 and 23.22±1.61 days, respectively when supplied with 5% honey solution. The female adult deposited their eggs in the mesocarp region of ripening bitter gourd fruit with the help of sharp ovipositor. The female laid on an average 90.98±6.51 eggs. Sex ratio in melon fruit fly was observed as 1:0.78 (male: female). Categorization of genotypes based on per cent fruit damage has been carried among them Green gold coming under resistant category followed by Ko-tara, Hirkarni, Ko-karli and Pusa hybrid 4 were coming under moderately resistant category, Priyanka, NS-435, Preethi and Pusa aushadi were coming under susceptible category whereas, Pusa-rasdhari coming under highly susceptible category, respectively. Physical traits of bitter gourd fruits like; fruit length, fruit diameter, number of longitudinal ridges/cm2 and pericarp thickness of fruits shows negative correlation with fruit damage. Thickness of longitudinal ridges shows significant and positive correlation with fruit damage. Depth of longitudinal ridges, number of small ridges/cm2, depth of small ridges and fruit toughness shows significant and negative correlation with per cent fruit damage. Chemical traits chlorophyll content shows non significance in per cent fruit damage. Moisture content of fruits was positively correlated with per cent fruit damage whereas, nitrogen protein, phenol and total sugar were showed significant and negatively correlated with per cent fruit damage. The effective treatments against sucking pests like thrips, hoppers, aphids and whiteflies were arranged in order as per efficacy azadirachtin 10000 ppm at 1ml/lit >Verticilium leccani at 4g/lit > Dashpharni ark 32ml/lit>NSKE 5%> Beauveria bassiana at 4g/lit > lamit at 7ml/lit > Metarhizium rileyi 4g/lit, respectively and against fruit fly the treatment azadirachtin 10000 ppm at 1ml/lit > Dashpharni ark at 32 ml/lit >NSKE 5% >B. bassiana at 4 ml/lit >lamit at 7ml/lit and V. leccani at 4 ml/lit >Metarhizium rileyi at 4ml/lit, respectively. The highest yield was recorded in azdiracchtin 10000 ppm 54.36q/ha and which was found significantly superior over other treatments. The treatments were in descending order as per they recorded yield Dashpharni ark at 32ml/lit 49.98q/ha, NSKE 5% 47.32, B. bassiana 41.56q/ha, V leccani 34.85q/ha, M. rileyi 28.70q/ha and untreated plot 26.93q/ha, respectively. The highest net profit was recorded in bio-pesticide azadirachtin 10000 ppm at 1ml/lit @ 1 ml/lit, followed by Dashpharni ark @ 32ml/lit, NSKE 5%, B. bassiana @ 4g/lit , V. leccani 4g/lit, lamit @ 7ml/lit, M. rileyi4g/lit, respectively. Cost benefit ratio forms the ultimate criterion for judging the superiority of any treatment for crop protection. The highest cost benefit ratio was recorded in biopesticides azadirachtin 10000 ppm at 1ml/lit followed by Dashpharni ark at 32ml/lit, NSKE 5%, B. bassiana 4g/lit, V. leccani 4g/lit, lamit @ 7ml/lit, M. rileyi 4g/lit, respectively were recorded.ThesisItem Open Access Screening of different pulses against pulse beetle, (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) and its management under laboratory conditions(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Vemula Premsagar; Bantewad, S.D.The experiment entitled “Screening of different pulse against pulse beetlecallasobruchuschinensisand its management under laboratory conditions” was conducted at Department of Agril. Entomology, College of Agriculture, Parbhani during year 2021-22 with the objectives to screen different pulses against pulse beetle and to find out eco-friendly management of pulse beetle in laboratory conditions. Aiming the screening of pulses, seven different types of pulses viz cowpea, green gram, black gram, pea, chickpea desi, chickpea kabuli, red gram. Were taken against pulse beetle for their resistance or susceptibility. The ovipositional preference of adult pulse beetle showed significant variation ranged from 18.8 to 32 eggs per 100 seeds. Lowest number of eggs were laid on pea (18.8eggs/ 100 seeds) which has smooth surface whereas highest number of eggs were laid on cowpea (32.0 eggs /100 seeds). Percent of adult emergence is not in comparison with number of eggs laid as per cent of adult emergence recorded highest in green gram (57.2 per cent) and chickpea kabuli showed the lowest per cent of adult emergence (38.9). Total developmental period of pulse beetle on different pulses ranged from 26.07 days (pea) to 29.9 days (chickpea desi). Data pertaining to seed infestation revealed that highest per cent of seed infestation was noticed in cowpea (42.0 per cent) and lowest per cent of seed infestation was recorded in pea (16.6 per cent). As in the case of seed weight loss green gram showed the highest per cent of seed weight loss with 24.1 percent and cowpea showed the lowest per cent of seed weight loss with 7.4 per cent. Aiming the eco-friendly management of pulse beetle, different oils and plant products tested for their efficacy in managing of pulse beetle callosobruchuschinensis. Among all treatments Karanj oil showed superiority compared to other treatments the data pertaining to Karanj oil @5 ml /kg seeds revealed that highest per cent of mortality 97.95 per cent, lowest per cent of adult emergence at 45 days and 75 days i.e. 27.14 per cent and 26.12 per cent respectively. Number of holes on grains and number of eggs /100 seeds were recorded lowest in Karanj oil. The data related to per cent of seed infestation revealed that highest per cent of seed infestation was noticed in Cow dung ash @10 g /kg seeds (51.09 per cent) at 45 days and (49.17 per cent) in all treatments whereas lowest per cent of seed infestation was recorded in Karanj oil. Minimum seed weight loss was recorded in Karanj oil 9.41 per cent at 45 days and 6.97 per cent at 75 days where as seeds treated with Custard leaf powder @10g /kg seeds showed highest seed weight loss (28.31 per cent) at 45 days and (22.19 per cent) at 75 days. Untreated control was found worst recording maximum seed infestation at 45 DAT and 75 DAT (58.73 per cent and 57.73 per cent) respectively and maximum seed weight loss at 45 DAT and 75 DAT (33.78 per cent and 29.08 per cent) respectively. Overall the order of efficacy of different plant products and oils in protecting stored grains from pulse beetle infestation is Karanj oil @5 ml/kg seed >Castor oil @5ml/kg seed>Tobacco leaf powder @10 g/kg seed>Sesamum oil @ 5 ml/kg seed>Neem seed kernel powder@10g/kg seed>Custard leaf powder @10 g/kg seed > Cow dung ash @10 g/ kg seed > untreated control.ThesisItem Open Access Management of major insects pests of cabbage(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-10-19) Sarukh, Prakash Lingappa; Zanwar, P.R.The investigations on “management of major insect-pests of cabbage” were carried out to study the seasonal incidence of major pests and their correlation with weather parameter, screen the cabbage varieties/genotypes against insect pests of cabbage, bioefficacy of some insecticide combinations against major pests of cabbage and study persistence toxicity of different insecticides against major insect pests of cabbage viz., aphids and diamondback moth. Monitoring of insecticide resistance in cabbage aphids at Department of Agricultural Entomology, VasantraoNaikMarathwadaKrishiVidyapeeth, Parbhani during Kharif 2019-20 and 2020-21. To study seasonal incidence, seedligs were transplanted in 100 m2 area and weekly observations were conducted. To study screenthe cabbage varieties/genotypesagainst insect pests, the experiment was laid out in randomized block design with seven treatments and three replications. To study the evaluation insecticide combinations against insect pests, the experiment was laid out in randomized block design with eight treatments and three replications. Bioassay was carried out to study the residual toxicity of insecticide and monitor insecticide resistance against cabbage aphids. The results revealed that the seasonal incidence of sucking pests, the population of aphid ranged from 1.40 to 69.33 aphids/leaf per week during 2019-20; while it was 2.00 to 101.00 aphids/ leaf per week during 2020-21.The population of diamondback moth varied from 0.60 to 6.0/plant and 0.55 to 5.8/plant during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively. It was found that the larval population of leaf webber ranged from 0.20 to 3.80/plant during 2019-20, and 0.35 to 3.80/plant during 2020-21. The larval population of tobacco leaf eating caterpillar ranged from 0.01 to 0.90/plant and 0.15 to 1.20/plant during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively. The population of green semilooper was ranged from 0.05 to 0.60/plant during 2019-20 and 0.05 to 0.40/plant during 2020-21. The larval population of tussock moth ranged from 0.05 to 0.90/plant and 0.01 to 0.85/plant during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively. The head borer infestation incidence was very less during the both years. It ranged from 0.25 to 0.80 per cent during 2019-20 and 0.30 to 1.2 per cent during 2020-21. The weather parameters such as maximum temperature, minimum temperature, morning RH, evening RH, rainfall, bright sun shine, wind speed, evaporation play important role in abundance of above pests. The natural enemies i.e. syrphid fly and lady beetle were commonly observed in throughout season when there was more incidence of sucking pests. Screening for cabbage varieties/genotypes under field conditions revealed that three cabbage cultivars i.e. BC-90, S-996 and NBH-GATI 721 are promising cultivars in terms of lesser aphid infestation and relatively more parasitism, besides being the least preferred varieties facilitating lesser settlement and delayed development of aphids. Screening for cabbage varieties under field conditions revealed that cabbage cultivars i.e. BC-90, EURO-2 and BC-79 are promising cultivars in terms of lesser diamondback moth, leaf webber, tobacco leaf eating caterpillar, semilooper and tusscck moth infestation and relatively more parasitism, besides being the least preferred varieties facilitating lesser settlement and delayed development of diamondback moth, leaf webber, tobacco leaf eating caterpillar, semilooper and tusscck moth. Bioefficacy of insecticide combinations against major insect pests in cabbage indicated that all the insecticides were found to be significantly superior in recording minimum number of insect pest over untreated control. Management of aphid on cabbage with some insecticides was flonicamid 50 % WG, fipronil 5 % SC and clothianidin 50 % WDP proved to be most effective insecticides against aphid on cabbage. These were followed by acetamiprid 20 % SP, thiamethoxam 25 % WG, imidacloprid 17.8 SL and dimethoate 30% EC. For management of lepidopteran insect pests on cabbage such as diamondback moth, leaf webber, tobacco leaf eating caterpillar, semilooper, tussock moth and head borer, the most effective insecticides were chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC, spinosad 2.5% SC, flubendiamide 20 % WG and chlorfenapyr 10 % SC. These were followed by indoxacarb 14.5% SC, novaluron 10 % EC and cypermethrin 25% EC. Insecticides used for control of natural enemies of insect pests of cabbage, flonicamid 50 % WG, clothianidin 50 % WDP and thiamethoxam 25 % WG were safer insecticides for natural enemies of insect pests on cabbage. The most toxic insecticides were fipronil 5 % SC and imidacloprid 17.8 SL. Study Persistent toxicity of insecticide combinations against aphids on cabbage in terms of PT values the descending order of persistent toxicity was Flonicamid 50% WG >Fipronil 5% SC >Clothianidin 50% WDG >Acetamiprid 20% SP >Thiamethoxam 25% WG >Imidachlopride17.8% SL >Dimethoate 30% EC during 2019-20 and 2020-21. The highest persistent toxicity against diamondback mothon cabbage in terms of PT values the descending order of persistent toxicity was Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC>Spinosad 2.5% SC >Flubendiamide 20% WG >Chlorpenaypyr 10% SC >Indoxacarb 14.5% SC >Novaluron 10% EC >Cypermethrin 25% EC during 2019-20 and 2020-21. The highest resistance factor was recorded to imidacloprid which may be due to repeated and indiscriminate use of this insecticide. The highest ICBR was observed in T4 (thiamethoxam 25 % WG followed by flubendiamide 20 % WG) followed by T5 (dimethoate 30% EC followed by spinosad 2.5% SC), T1 (flonicamid 50 % WG followed by chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC), respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of promising mulberry silkworm hybrids for better economic traits(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2023-03-06) Thore, Shyam Jagannath; Latpate, C.B.The experiment was conducted at Sericulture Research Unit, V.N.M.K.V, Parbhani, during 2022, in randomized block design with six treatments and three replications. The variety V-1 was utilized during experiment. The hybrids viz., (CSR16 x CSR17) x (CSR50 x CSR51), FC1 x FC2, FC2 x FC1, S8 x CSR16, CSR50 x CSR51, and CSR16 x CSR17 were utilized as treatments. Among the different hybrids reared, the bivoltine hybrid (CSR16 x CSR17) x (CSR50 x CSR51) and FC1 x FC2 were performed better for economic characters viz., hatching per cent (98.16 per cent), weight of ten matured larvae (43.75 g), single cocoon weight (2.12 g), single shell weight (0.45 g), filament length (1205 m), filament weight (0.381 g) and cocoon yield/10,000 larvae brushed (19.70 kg). Hybrid CSR50 x CSR51 recorded larval duration (22.10 days) and shell ratio (21.84 per cent), FC2 x FC1 recorded lowest denier (2.61). The mulberry green tea powder per 100 g. recorded moisture 9.59 g., ash 12.59 g., Fat 3.68 g., Protein 14.87 g., Fibre 18.50 g., carbohydrates 40.77 g. and Energy 255 Keal. Silkworm litter recorded nitrogen 2.08 per cent, phosphorus 0.74 per cent, potash 1.60 per cent, calcium 1.54 ppm, magnesium 0.65 ppm and sulphur 0.27 ppm, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of different microbial insecticides against pod borer complex of pigeonpea(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Pohankar, Vijay Rameshwar; Nalwandikar, P.K.Studies on effect and residual toxicity of different microbial insecticides against pigeon pea pod borer complex were conducted at Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Latur (VNMKV, Parbhani) during Kharif 2021. During the investigation, all the microbial insecticides were found significantly superior in recording minimum number of larvae of pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) and plume moth (Exelastis atomosa) over untreated control. Among different microbial insecticides HaNPV, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt) and Metarhizium anisopliae 1.15% WP exhibited highest efficacy against pod borer (H. armigera), Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt) and Metarhizium anisopliae 1.15% WP exhibited highest efficacy against spotted pod borer and plume moth (E. atomosa). Analogously, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt), Metarhizium anisopliae 1.15% WP and Nomuraea rileyi 1.15% WP revealed lowest pod and grain damage due to pod borer and plume moth whereas, Metarhizium anisopliae 1.15% WP, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt) and Nomuraea rileyi 1.15% WP registered minimum pod and grain damage due to pod fly. Significantly highest grain yield was achieved in Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt) (17.31 q per ha) followed by Metarhizium anisopliae 1.15% WP (15.11 q per ha) and Nomuraea rileyi 1.15% WP (14.38 q per ha). Based on incremental cost benefit ratio Metarhizium anisopliae 1.15% WP (1:7.14) and Nomuraea rileyi 1.15% WP (1:6.58) were found to be effective and economical. Residual toxicity and persistence studies of different insecticides against pod borer (H. armigera) showed highest PT and LT50 values in HaNPV and Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt) and for pod fly (M. obtusa) highest PT and LT50 values found in Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt) and Metarhizium anisopliae 1.15% WP. Residual toxicity of these insecticides declined with lapse of time and provided prolong protection up to 14 days. Results of these studies will be used as a basis for selection of label claimed insecticides for successful control of pod borer (H. armigera) and pod fly (M. obtusa).ThesisItem Open Access Management of major insects pests of rabi sorghum(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Yashwant, Shubham Babusha; Sable, A.V.Studies on bio-efficacy of newer insecticides and residual toxicity of different insecticides against major insect-pests of sorghum were conducted at Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Latur (Maharashtra) during rabi 2021. All the insecticides were found to be significantly superior in recording minimum number of sorghum deadheart caused by shoot fly, S.frugiperda, leafhopper, over untreated control. Among different insecticides, Imidalcloprid 48%FS seed treatment 5ml/kg f.b. Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG 4g/10 l recorded significantly minimum population of deadheart, The incidence of fall armyworm S.frugiperda on sorghum plant was observed to be significantly decreased in the plots sprayed with Thiamethoxam 30FS seed treatment 10 ml/kg f.b. Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG 4g/10 l , also incidence of leafhopper, on sorghum plant was observed to be significantly decreased in the plots treated with Imidalcloprid 48% FS seed treatment 5ml/kg f.b. Chlorantraniliprole-18.5%SC 3ml/10 l and proved best option for management. Imidalcloprid 48% FS seed treatment 5ml/kg and Thiamethoxam 30FS seed treatment 10ml/kg were observed to be safer to the natural enemies. The present investigation revealed better response of Imidalcloprid 48%FS seed treatment 5ml/kg f.b. Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG 4g/10 l highest grain yield (32.19 q per ha) which was followed by Imidalcloprid 48% FS seed treatment 5ml/kg f.b. Chlorantraniliprole-18.5%SC 3ml/10 l (31.01 q per ha) and Thiamethoxam 30FS seed treatment 10 ml/kg f.b. Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG 4g/10 l (30.67 q per ha) to pest control which also reflected with higher grain yield. However, Imidalcloprid 48%FS (seed treatment) documented most economic treatment with highest ICBR (1:25.1). Residual toxicity and persistence studies of different insecticides against aphids showed highest PT and LT50 values in Dimethoate 0.009 per cent. Thus, the results of these studies may be used as a basis for selection of label claimed insecticides for successful control of sorghum aphids.ThesisItem Open Access Toxicity of different biopesticides against spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-11-30) Gore, Pradumn Satwaji; Bhamare, V.K.The present investigation entitled, “Toxicity of different biopesticides against Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)” was conducted under laboratory conditions at the Biological Control Laboratory of Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture (Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani), Campus Latur, Dist: Latur (MS)-India during 2021-2022. The larval bioassays of S. frugiperda were carried out using different biopesticides (viz., Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) var. kurstaki 3.5% ES, Metarhizium anisopliae 1.15% WP, Beauveria bassiana 1.15% WP, Nomuraea rileyi 1.15% WP, Lecanicillium (Verticillium) lecanii and Spodoptera litura Nuclear Polyherdrosis Virus) on maize to evaluate the toxicity against S. frugiperda. The results of larval bioassay revealed that the significantly highest mortality in first, second and third instar larvae of S. frugiperda was registered due to Bt var. kurstaki 3.5% ES @ 2 ml per l (68.57, 58.90 and 46.89 %, respectively) followed by M. anisopliae 1.15% WP @ 9 g per l (53.22, 43.07 and 35.25 %, respectively), B. bassiana 1.15% WP @ 9 g per l (18.43, 18.43 and 14.96 %, respectively) and N. rileyi 1.15% WP @ 9 g per l (14.96, 14.96 and 14.96 %, respectively) at 8 DAT. However, the mortality in first, second and third instar larvae did not notice due to L. lecanii @ 9, 7, 5, 3 and 1 g per l and SlNPV@ 0.50, 0.75, 1, 1.50 and 2.0 ml per l at 4 and 8 DAT. The dose mortality response of first, second and third instar larvae of S. frugiperda to different biopesticides in leaf dip assay at 8 DAT revealed that the LD50 values of different biopesticides ranged from 1.417 to 4300.132; 2.871 to 63516.664 and; 7.146 to 63516.664 g or ml per l, respectively. The lowest LD50 values for first, second and third instar larvae were registered in Bt var. kurstaki 3.5% ES (1.417, 2.871 and 7.146 ml per l, respectively) followed by M. anisopliae 1.15% WP (3.7451, 12.3 and 16.191 g per l, respectively), B. bassiana 1.15% WP (619.894, 617.327 and 4300.132 g per l, respectively) and the highest LD50 value was noticed in N. rileyi 1.15% WP (4300.132, 63516.664 and 63516.664 g per l, respectively). Among the biopesticides, Bt var. kurstaki 3.5% ES was found to be the most toxic biopesticide against first, second and third instar larvae of S. frugiperda with a potency ratio of 3034, 22123 and 8888-fold, respectively followed by M. anisopliae 1.15% WP (1148, 5163 and 3923-fold, respectively) and B. bassiana 1.15% WP (7, 103 and 15-fold, respectively). The order of toxicity was Bt var. kurstaki 3.5% ES > M. anisopliae 1.15% WP > B. bassiana 1.15% WP > N. rileyi 1.15% WP. The data on persistence and residual toxicity of different biopesticides against second instar larvae of S. frugiperda on maize evidenced that the average percentage mortality due to B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki was 36.67; 43.33, 33.33; 30.00, 23.33, 20.00 and 10.00 and; 6.67 per cent at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after first and; second sprayings, respectively. However M. anisopliae 1.15% WP noticed 13.33; 10.00, 6.67; 6.67, 6.67; 3.33 and 3.33 and; 0.00 per cent mortality at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after first and; second sprayings, respectively. On the basis of PT values the descending order of persistent toxicity was B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (361.67 and 350.00, respectively) > M. anisopliae 1.15% WP (105.00 and 70.00, respectively) after first and second spraying. B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki revealed highest LT50 value (0.48 and 079 days, respectively) followed by M. anisopliae 1.15% WP (0.01 and 0.01 days, respectively) against the larvae of S. frugiperda receiving first and second application of biopesticides. The descending relative order of efficacy of microbial insecticides in days was found to be B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt) (0.48 and 079 days, respectively) > M. anisopliae 1.15% WP (0.01 and 0.01 days, respectively) after first and second spraying. Thus, it indicates that B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt) exhibited higher residual toxicity against second instar larvae of S. frugiperda as compared to M. anisopliae 1.15% WP.
