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ThesisItem Open Access Geo-morphometrical and land use analysis of hanga river watershed by using remote sensing and gis(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2023-01-30) Sarode, Sanket Ashok; Bhuibhar, B.W.The present project entitled, “Geo-Morphometrical and Land Use Analysis of Hanga River Watershed by using Remote Sensing and GIS” was carried out during year 2021-2022 at the Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, CAET, VNMKV, Parbhani. In this research the Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System technique was used for delineation of the watershed boundary, preparing the thematic maps and detecting change in land use/land cover classes with the help of ArcGIS 10.4.1 & QGIS software. The Hanga river watershed is located in 18°51'49" N latitude and 74°33'50" E longitude in the Ahmednagar district Maharashtra. It is covered a total area 25738.2 ha. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Survey of India Toposheet no. E43/C8, E43/C12, E43/I5 and E43/I9 was used for the watershed delineation. The linear, areal and relief parameters identified by standard formulae suggested by the Horton, Strahler, Miller, Schumn etc. Highest sixth order stream has found in the watershed. Form factor (0.27) and elongation ratio (0.59) indicates that the watershed has elongated in shape. Low value of length of overland flow indicated the area with high relief, shorter flow path, lower infiltration rate and high runoff. The relief ratio (0.01) and relative relief (0.39%) shows that high intensity of erosion process and steepness of basin. high value of ruggedness number indicated its more prone to soil erosion & intrinsic structural complexity in association with relief and drainage density. Thematic maps such as Slope map, Contour map, Aspect map, Hillshade map and drainage map were prepared with the help of fill DEM data. High-resolution satellite data of Landsat-5 for the year 2011 and Landsat-8 for the years 2021 were analyzed for LU/LC mapping using Supervised Classification Method in ArcGIS 10.4.1. The Hanga river watershed has classified as per the major land use/land cover types namely as the Built-up lands, Agricultural lands, Waterbodies, Barren lands and Fallow land for year 2011 and 2021. The area under agriculture and built up was observed to be increased by 1226.51 ha and 260.17 ha respectively, accounted as 4.76% and 1.01% respectively. Rapid expansion of urban and agriculture has been highlighting the intensive economical practices in watershed. The area under barren land, fallow land and waterbodies was observed to be decreased by 841.66 ha, 623.35 ha and 21.70 ha respectively, which accounted as 3.27%, 2.42% and 0.08% respectively of the total geographical area of Hanga river watershed. In kharif season, area under flower crops only found to be decreased by 6 ha while the areas under pearl millet, maize, red gram, green gram, pea, onion, vegetable crops, soybean, fodder (chara) crops and other crops was found increased respectively. The area under green gram was changed most whereas area under maize was observed minimal. In rabi season, sowing area under sorghum, wheat, chickpea, pea, onion, vegetable crops, fodder (chara) crops and other crops was found to be increased. The area under sorghum was changed most whereas area under other crops was observed minimal.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of climatic variability on reference evapotranspiration for beed station of marathwada region(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2019-08-13) Ghodke, Navnath Laxman; Ingle, V.K.The present investigation entitled “Influence of Climatic Variability on Reference Evapotranspiration for Beed station of Marathwada Region” was undertaken to perform the trend analysis of climatic parameters and derived parameter such as reference evapotranspiration. The Climatic data of 31 years (1983-2013) for three stations of Beed (Maharashtra) was collected and trend analysis was performed by using Mann Kendall test which is non parametric test. The daily meteorological data of temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and evapotranspiration was divided into three decades. Total three decades such as D1 decade for 1983-1992 period, D2 for 1993-2002 and D3 for the period of 2003-2012 were formed and the data for the year 2013 was used for comparison. Temporal change and their trend for each decade was investigate by annual, seasonal and monthly scale. Reference evapotranspiration was estimated by Penman Monteith 56 method. To investigate the trend Mann Kendall Test Software is used at 95% probability level. The temporal changes in each climatic parameter were calculated by statistical measures as percent deviation, Mean, Standard Deviation and Coefficient of Variation. The results obtained for maximum temperature indicated the average maximum temperature was increased by 0.51, 1.18 and 1.53% in the decade D1, D2 and D3 respectively and decreased by 3.26% in the year 2013. The MK trend test showed increase in trend in the month of July, September, October, November and December of decade D2, whereas the no trend showed in decade D1 and decade D3. It also showed increasing trend in winter season of decade D2 for station 1. The annual average maximum temperature for station 2 and 3 were 31.63 and 32.10oC. . The MK trend test showed more or less similar pattern of trends for station 2 and 3 as showed by station 1. The annual average minimum temperature for station 1 was 19.64oC. During the study period the average minimum temperature was increased by 0.81 and 1.37% in the decade D2 and D3 respectively and decreased by 0.41 and 1.73% in the decade D1 and 2013 respectively. The MK trend test showed increase in trend in the month of November of decade D1, whereas the no trend showed in decade D2 and decade D3. It showed no trend in all season of decade D1, D2 and D3 for station 1. The MK trend test showed approximately similar trends for station 2 and 3 as showed by station 1 for minimum temperature. The annual average relative humidity for station 1 was 50.85%. During the study period the average relative humidity was increased by 10.29 % in the year 2013 and decreased by 5.03, 2.73 and 2.52 % in the decade D1, D2 and D3 respectively for station 1. The MK trend test showed decrease in trend in the month of July, October and December of decade D2. It also showed decreasing trend in winter season of decade D2 for station 1. The MK trend test showed nearly similar trends for station 2 and 3 as showed by station 1. The annual average wind speed for station 1 was 2.92 m/s. During the study period the average wind speed for station 1 was increased by 2.74 and 2.40 % in the decade D1 and D2 and decreased by 0.68 and 4.11 % in the decade D3 and year 2013 respectively. Annual average wind speed for station 2 and 3 were 2.97 and 2.98 m/s. The annual reference evapotranspiration for station 1 was ranged from 1798.34 mm to 2235.21 mm with mean value of 2063.69 mm. There was increasing trend of ETo during March month in decade D1 and July, September, October months in decade D2 and there was decreasing trend in October, November, December months in decade D3. It also showed increasing trend in winter season of decade D2 and decreasing trend in winter season of decade D3 for station 1.the annual reference evapotranspiration for station 2 and 3 had almost similar values. The MK trend test showed approximately similar trends for station 2 and 3 as showed by station 1. The annual trend analysis results shows that there was no trend found for maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average relative humidity and reference evapotranspiration and there was decreasing trend found for wind speed for station 1, 2 and 3. The most influencing climatic parameter on reference evapotranspiration is average relative humidity followed by maximum temperature for Beed station.ThesisItem Open Access Assesment of area and water allocation in canal command of purna irrigation project using swat(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2018) Chavan, Madhukar Lombha; Khodke, U.M.Agriculture is the primary consumer of water a complex natural resource but its availability is highly uneven in space and time. Since the demand of water in the non-agricultural sectors is increasing day by day, its share for agriculture is expected to reduce. Management of surface water available in river basins is the major challenge due to its low water use efficiency and equitable distribution. Consequently, major research challenges are therefore to grow more food from less water that maximizes water-use efficiency and available water supply to all farmers in command area. The modern GIS techniques coupled with hydrological models can quickly guide the management in decision making, since the temporal and spatial dimensions could be studied at once. Hence a study was undertaken to quantify the surface water resources within the catchment area of Purna reservoir a major irrigation project in Marathwada to assess the total water demands with major crops cultivated using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. Study also was aimed to analyse the existing water allocation strategies and cropping pattern for suggesting optimum cropping pattern based on performance indicators and net benefit from the project. The data on daily meteorological data (1979-2013), satellite digital images, soil characteristics, daily reservoir gauge levels, canal network details, daily canal water release, year-wise cropping pattern in the command area and area under cultivation of various crops of Purna Irrigation Project were collected. Two SRTM images (SRTM_52_08 and SRTM_52_09) with 90 m x 90 m resolution were downloaded from NASA website to prepare DEM of the study area using ERDAS Imagine software. The geospatial input data namely, Digital elevation model (DEM), land use land cover (LULC) map and Soil textural map required to run SWAT were prepared in ArcGIS environment. Database on climate, soil, crop, drainage network, ground water, reservoir and management practices were prepared in MS ACCESS. The SWAT model was used to assess the water availability in Purna reservoir using DEM, weather data and hydrological details of catchment as well as canal command. The catchment area of Purna reservoir was divided in to 4 subbasins and 14 HRUs (hydrological response unit) were created by over laying LULC map, soil map and slope map with appropriate threshold values given manually. The total simulation period was from 1992 to 2013 of which about two-third of the data was of total simulation period (1992-2013) was used for calibration (1992-2004) and the remaining (2005-2013) for validation. The stream flow and the reservoir storage volume data measured at the outlet of the reservoir were used for calibration and validation of SWAT using SWAT-CUP software with SUFI-2 algorithm. The performance of model was assessed based on Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r), Coefficient of determination (R2), Index of agreement (d), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), Root mean square error (RMSE), RMSE-Observations standard deviation ratio (RSR), Percent bias (PBIAS), p-Factor, r-Factor and graphical techniques. Water balance estimation was done based on the water availability in the reservoir and water demand from various water using sectors in the command area. Command area of PIP was delineated using predefined watersheds and streams. For the command area 67 Allocation Units within 12 sub-basins with a combination of soil, land utilization and slope categories. Stage wise crop coefficients (Kc) were developed for accurate estimation of water requirements of various crops using standard procedure. The rotation wise canal water released data were also collected and compared with the crop water requirements for major crops cultivated under canal command area of Purna irrigation project. Performance evaluation of canal water delivery system was carried out using various performance indicators viz, adequacy, efficiency, equity, dependability, deficiency and wastage. Crop growth module of SWAT was used to get the simulated yields of crops grown in the command area. Economic analysis of project was done using cost of cultivation, average productivity of crops and minimum support price. The data indicates that soils in the catchment and command of Purna reservoir have the basic infiltration rate of 14.3 mm hr-1 to 35.9 mm hr-1. The depth of soil ranges between 100 mm to 1070 mm with soil organic carbon ranges from 0.28% to 1.26%. The average available live storage in reservoir from last 45 year period was observed as 64.27 % of its maximum storage capacity. The SWAT performed well in simulating reservoir storage and flow volumes throughout simulation period whereas SWAT over predicted the magnitude of monthly reservoir storage volume during high rainfall events. During the study period (1992 to 2013) average water available in the reservoir was 927.72 Mm3 out of which 540.92 Mm3 water was utilized for irrigation, drinking and water lifting 351.15 (37.85 %), 29.41 (3.17 %) and 19.07 (2.05%) Mm3, respectively with 386.12 Mm3 of water remained as storage at end of the season. The land utilization pattern of the command area showed 57988.04 ha (64.06%) area under cultivation out of the total area (90525.57 ha) followed by the area under pasture (19471.53 ha, 21.51%). The area under waste land and grazing land can be developed and brought under horticultural crops. The major portion of command area represents sandy clay loam soils (24.79%) and sandy clay soils (23.96%). Results indicated that there is large scale deviation from the approved cropping pattern. Although the soils are mostly non-saline, about 15 per cent of the profiles examined have been classified as alkaline having pH more than 8.6. The land irrigability class II is the major in command area of PIP covering 23536.65 ha (26%) area under it, followed by class VI occupying the area of 20820.88 ha (23%) and class III covering 18105.11 ha (20%) area. The land slope class 0.0-0.5 per cent covers the maximum area of 53256.19 ha (58.83%) followed by slope class 0.5-1.5 (15615.66 ha, 17.25%) and land slope class 1.5-2.5 (11007.91 ha, 12.16%). Soybean with 15627 ha area under cultivation has emerged as the major kharif crop in command area (27%) followed by wheat (25.23%) in Rabi season and sugarcane (8.28%) as perennial crops. Among the various crops grown under canal command of Purna irrigation project the banana (2579.33mm) and sugarcane (2477.17 mm) have the highest seasonal reference crop evapotranspiration. The study revealed that the catchment is relatively sensitive to the increase water demand scenario and irrigation projection, suggesting that the slight changes will alter the present and future water availability. Results also indicate a general trend of declining water supply and increasing unmet demand in the catchment area of Purna reservoir and its canal command area. During the study period the maximum area under irrigation was in 2013-14 (50,083 ha) and minimum area under irrigation was found in the year of 2004-05 (7,366 ha). Study suggests that there is a need to improve the canal delivery performance with some modifications in the operation and management of canal system, since the overall performance of canal system is poor because of most of the canal water distribution network is unlined except main canal. Due to unlined canal water distribution network most of the water is losses during conveyance of water from main canal network to field channels. Arc-SWAT interface has proven its applicability on a large scale under temporally and spatially distributed conditions. The crop economics and project net benefit from existing cropping pattern based on the total production (Y), consumptive water use (ET) and crop water productivity (CWP) indicated that the total area under cultivation, total production and total return gained were 30731.57 ha, 625518.66 Mt and 210.67 crores, respectively. The B: C ratios were higher for wheat (1:2.68); Rabi sorghum (1:2.60) and gram (1:2.63) as compared to turmeric (1:2.23) and groundnut (1:1.31). The perennial crops sugarcane (1:1.39), banana (1:2.24) and sweet orange (1:1.51) have lowest B: C ratio. The study concluded that among the various scenarios developed, the best optimal cropping scenario will be with the 53% cropping intensity consuming 70% of available water in the reservoir. However there is a need to grow low water requiring crops with elimination of high water requiring and low profitable crops. The area curtailed from sugarcane and groundnut can be brought under turmeric, cotton and sunflower crops.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative performance of low cost drip irrigation, conventional drip irrigation and surface irrigation on yield of brinjal crop(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2005-06-24) Bhandare, Vishnu Sharadrao; Bhagyawant, R.G.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of earthen water harvesting structures (Nala bunds) in watersheds(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2003-06-30) Ghule, Satish Bajirao; Bhuibhar, B.W.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of tillage induced soil physical environment and wheat performance(Vasantrao Naik Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 1973-09-30) Rane, D. B.; Varade, S.B.ThesisItem Open Access Hydraulic performance of pop-up sprinkler irrigation system(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2007-11-02) More, Avinash Kishanrao; Jadhav, S.B.ThesisItem Open Access Field performance of drip system and growth response of banana under fertigation(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2006-06-12) Guldagad, Anand Prabhu; Khodke, U.M.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on efficacy of sand and gravel filter for artificial ground water recharge(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2007-05-25) Salgar, Dnyaneshwar Kantilal; Bhagyawant, R.G.
