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ThesisItem Open Access RELATIVE RESPONSE OF FINGER MILLET - SOYBEAN ROTATION TO APPLICATION OF ZINC, BORON AND MICROBIAL INOCULANTS(2023-11-25) ANANDA N.RELATIVE RESPONSE OF FINGER MILLET - SOYBEAN ROTATION TO APPLICATION OF ZINC, BORON AND MICROBIAL INOCULANTSThesisItem Open Access POPULATION DYNAMICS AND MANAGEMENT OF PINK BOLLWORM, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) IN Bt COTTON(2023-12-29) RAKHESH S; S. G. HANCHINALThe influence of weather factors on pink bollworm indicated that maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall, morning and afternoon relative humidity having highly significant, negative correlation with trap catches and larval incidence of pink bollworm. Among them minimum temperature highly influence on trap catches and larval incidence with the R2 value of 78.70 and 92.00. The survey conducted on alternate host of pink bollworm in major cotton growing districts of North-Eastern region of Karnataka recorded nil incidence of pink bollworm on the different malvaceous host plants. The pink bollworm completed its life cycle on Bt-cotton and other malvaceous plants and recorded with the mean total larval period of 21.02 ± 2.40, 18.59 ± 2.03, 18.11 ± 1.93 and 17.75 ± 1.87 days and mean period of life cycle was 42.28 ± 4.22, 37.93 ± 3.84, 37.47 ± 3.74 and 36.91 ± 3.63 days when reared on Bt-cotton, Aelmoschous ficulneus, Abutilon indicum and Abutilon hirtum, respectively. The larval period was more on Bt cotton (21.02 days) as compared to malvaceous plants (17.75-18.59 days). Similarly, total life cycle was more on Bt cotton (42.28 days) as compared to malvaceous plants (36.19-37.93 days).The frequency and time intervention of different insecticides recorded that the lowest larval incidence (2.25 larvae/10 bolls), green boll damage (20.00 %), bad boll opening (20.25 %), locule damage (20.21 %) and highest good boll opening (79.75 %) in the treatment, T1 with four sprays viz., profenofos 50 EC, chlorantraniliprole 18.50 SC, emamectin benzoate 5 SG and bifenthrin 10 EC at 65, 80, 95 and 110 DAS, respectively with the highest benefit cost ratio of 1.55.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE ECONOMICS OF PIGEONPEA VARIETIES DEVELOPED BY UAS, RAICHUR IN KALYANA - KARNATAKA REGION(2023-12-29) AJAYAKUMAR; SURESH. S. PATILPigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L) mill. sp.) is one of the major pulse crops of tropics and sub-tropics and owed with several unique characters. India accounts for 90 per cent of world output with an production of 4.25 million tonnes. The study is conducted in Kalaburagi, Bidar and Yadgir districts of Kalyana-Karnataka region. Total sample size of 150 respondents consisting of 60 TS 3R and 60 GRG 811 cultivating farmers along with 30 pigeonpea traders. The findings of the study revealed that majority of the pigeonpea growers were between the age group of 30-50 years and 58 per cent of sample farmers are small holding having annual income of below `1.00 lakh. Maximum number of pigeonpea growers (51.66 %) had medium level of adoption while, 30.83 per cent of them had low level of adoption of technology. The total cost of cultivation of GRG 811 (`25409.00) variety of pigeonpea was considerably higher than TS 3R (`22598.00) variety. The net returns accrued was also higher in GRG 811 (`14797.00) compared to TS 3R (`9394.00). The returns per rupee of investment was found to be marginally higher in GRG 811 (1.58) compared to TS 3R (1.42) variety. The inputs like FYM, fertilizer, seeds, plant protection chemicals, human labour and bullock labour were significantly influenced on the yield of pigeonpea. Most of the inputs were used indiscriminately in the pigeonpea production. The mean technical efficiency of GRG 811 (91%) cultivating farmers was relatively higher than TS 3R (84%) cultivating farmers. The major attributes of pigeonpea preferred by farmers are better market price (26.79%), short duration (22.26%), higher yield (16.13%) and resistance to pest and diseases (16.24%). Non-availability of required quantity of FYM, high wage rate, lack of knowledge about improved technologies, and high cost of improved seeds were the major constraints in pigeonpea production.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON BIO-SYNTHESIZED NANOMICRONUTRIENTS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF CAPSICUM (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum) cv. INDRA GROWN UNDER SHADENET(2023-12-29) MOHAMMADI AFREEN; (PAMPANNA, Y.)The experiment entitled “Studies on bio-synthesized nano-micronutrients on growth, yield and quality of capsicum (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum) cv. Indra grown under shadenet” was conducted at the New Orchard, MARS, University of Agricultural sciences, Raichur during October 2019 to March 2020. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications and thirteen treatments consisting the combination of inorganic micronutrients and bio-synthesized nano-micronutrients at different concentrations. Among the various treatments, the nano iron + nano zinc @ 100 ppm each, recorded the highest plant height (69.86 cm), number of branches per plant (13.80), leaf area (92.59 cm2), leaf area index (55.00), total leaf chlorophyll content (2.13 mg/g of tissue). Days to first flowering (33.27), days to 50 % flowering (39.33), highest number of flowers per plant (109.88), fruiting period (86.35 days), fruit-set (80.74 %), fruit length (8.69 cm), fruit width (6.26 cm), average fruit weight (159 g), days to first harvest (59.13), fruit yield per plant (2.33 kg), fruit yield per plot (117.76 kg) and fruit yield per hectare (92.36 t) were also found highest in the same treatment. The postharvest studies like shelflife (13 days), physiological loss in weight (12.72 %), pericarp thickness (4.00 mm), ascorbic acid (176.13 mg/g of fruit pulp), total nitrogen (4.48 %), total phosphorous (0.35 %), total potassium (4.73 %), total zinc and total iron contents (94.88 ppm and 166.35 ppm, respectively), estimation of iron and zinc in fruits (Fe- 1.58 mg, Zn- 1.14 mg), highest benefit cost ratio (2.26) were found to be best with the treatment of nano iron + nano zinc @ 100 ppm each compared to other treatments. It was observed that nano iron + nano zinc @ 100 ppm each enhanced the growth, yield and quality of capsicum compared to other treatments.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF TULSI (Ocimum sanctum L.) AS INFLUENCED BY ORGANIC MANURES(2023-12-29) SACHINKUMAR BELERI; (RAMESH G.)The experiment entitled “Studies on growth, yield and quality of tulsi (Ocimum sanctum L.) as influenced by organic manures” was conducted in the fields of Main Agricultural Reaserch Station, at College of Agriculture, Raichur, University of Agricultural sciences, Raichur. The experiment was conducted in Factorial RCBD design and four replications. The experiment had ten treatment combinations consisting of two factors i.e. two tulsi varieties and five different organic manures. Among the various treatment combinations Rama tulsi with 100 per cent recommended nitrogen applied through vermicompost recorded higher plant height (86.60 cm), leaf area (7,267 cm2 plant-1), leaf area index (2.68), plant spread (N-S) (78.85 cm), plant spread (E-W) (79.30 cm),chlorophyll content (46.52 SPAD values). Fresh weight of flower head per plant (100.75 g), dry weightof flower head per plant (39.45 g), fresh weight of shoot per plant (465.05 g), dry weight of shoot per plant (142.01 g), fresh weight of herb per plant (565.70 g), dry weight of herb per plant(181.46 g), fresh herb yield per plot(19.63 kg), dry herb yield per plot(8.22 kg), fresh herb yield (14.60 t ha-1), dry herb yield (6.11 t ha-1), oil recovery (0.32 g 100g-1), oil yield (20.04 kg ha-1), nitrogen uptake (116.13 kg ha-1), phosphorus uptake (31.38 kg ha-1) and pottasium uptake (127.91 kg ha-1) were also higher in the same treatment. Rama tulsi with 100 per cent recommended nitrogen applied through poultry manure recorded higher number of branches (24.45), fresh weight of 1000 leaves (82.61 g), available P (35.73 kg ha-1) and available K (234.87 kg ha-1). Higher nitrogen uptake (175.93 kg ha-1) was observed in Rama tulsi with 100 per cent recommended nitrogen applied through farmyard manure.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF POWDERY MILDEW OF OKRA CAUSED BY Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.(2023-12-29) ASHWINI R; Y. S. AMARESHOkra powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. is a destructive disease causing potential yield loss. Survey conducted during Rabi 2019-20 and Rabi 2020-21, revealed that, mean disease severity was maximum in Ballari (60.59, 56.00 %) and least in Yadgir (40.81, 37.18 %) districts. Out of 17 crop plants tested, powdery mildew symptoms were developed on five cultivated crops viz., cucumber, ridge gourd, black gram, green gram, cowpea. Spore germination of E. cichoracearum was maximum in 1.5 per cent glucose solution (84.64 %) at 24 hours of incubation. Highest conidial germination (58.12 %) was observed at 25 0C and (56.32 %) at 85 per cent relative humidity. The correlation study revealed that, during Rabi 2019-20, maximum ‘r’ value (0.157) was recorded one week after initial infection and maximum (528.15) AUDPC value recorded on 49th SMW. Whereas, during Rabi 2020-21, maximum ‘r’ value (0.155) was recorded at two weeks after initial infection and maximum AUDPC value (514.50) recorded on 49th SMW. The auto regression studies lead to equation for Rabi 2019-20, Y = 7.9 + 0.86X with R = 0.91 while Rabi 2020-21 Y = 7.579 + 0.849X with R = 0.902. Out of 50 genotypes screened, one genotype i.e., EC329404 showed moderately resistance reaction. Comparatively low disease index (9.08 %) with increased yield (96.59 q ha-1) recorded in plots received with three sprays of difenconazole (0.1 %). In in vitro evaluation, among the systemic fungicides, difenconazole (86.06 %), among the contact fungicides, wettable sulphur (78.68 %), among the combi fungicides, tebuconazole 50 % + trifloxystrobin 25 % (88.06 %) resulted in maximum inhibition (88.06 %). Among bio agents evaluated, mean maximum inhibition observed with P. fluorescence (Pf-1) (64.20 %). Field evaluation of fungicides during Rabi 2019-20 and Rabi 2020-21 revealed that, three sprays of tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% recorded maximum disease reduction of 91.81, 89.91 per cent over untreated control and yield up to 110.54, 108.18 q ha-1.ThesisItem Open Access A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOLLOWED BY THE FARMERS IN UPPER KRISHNA COMMAND AREA OF KARNATAKA(2023-12-29) NAVINKUMAR; (S. B. GOUDAPPAThe present study was conducted during the year 2018-20 in Upper Krishna command area by selecting Vijayapura, Yadgir and Raichur districts. The purposive sampling technique had used and selected 240 samples from selected three districts. The major findings of the study revealed that, more than two fifth (55.41 %) of the farmers had more favorable attitude towards water management practices. Overall knowledge of the farmers about selected water management practices in command area, 51.67 per cent of the farmers had high knowledge level about water management practices. The overall adoption of selected water management practices by the farmers in command area, two fifth (40.00 %) of the farmers had belonged to medium category of adoption. The impact of irrigation on the selected variables in command area, 318.67 per cent change in average income of the farmers. The per cent change in average irrigated land and average fertilizer application was 140.57 and 144.78, respectively. The impact of irrigation on cropping pattern, in case of kharif crops, 11.45 per cent increase in red gram growers and per cent increase in number of growers of paddy, cotton and maize was 163.64, 108.54 and 61.36, respectively. The post-harvest activities practiced by cotton growing farmers in command area cent per cent of the farmers were used polythene bags for storage. The Farmers empowerment initiation undertaken in command area, cent per cent of the farmers responded that, there were formed the Water Users Associations (WUAs) and provided trainings. In paddy cultivation, the returns per rupee of investment was 1.21. In case of cotton cultivation, the returns per rupee of investment was 1.43. With respect to chilli cultivation, the returns per rupee of investment was 2.33.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CHILLI POWDERY MILDEW WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BIO-INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT(2023-12-29) SANGEETHA, B. M.; M. B. PATILChilli is an important commercial vegetable cum spice crop. It suffers from various biotic stresses, among them chilli powdery mildew incited by Leveillula taurica (Lev.) Arn. is a major constraint which results in yield loss up to 42-50 per cent. Powdery mildew can be successfully controlled by chemical fungicides, but chemical residue in the harvested fruit is the main limiting factor for export. Hence, the present study was conducted in order to find out the better alternative for chemical fungicides for the management of chilli powdery mildew. Weather parameters like maximum temperature, minimum temperature, rainfall, rainy day, evaporation and sunshine hours were negatively correlated and morning as well as evening relative humidity were positively correlated with the disease severity. The optimal temperature and relative humidity for conidial germination was found to be 25 ± 1 °C and 85 per cent, respectively. Elevated CO2 at 550 ± 25 ppm with 2 °C rise in temperature supported maximum conidial germination (45.37 %). Application of bioagents and organic products were significantly induced the accumulation of defense enzymes viz., peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), catalase and total phenolics in the challenge inoculated chilli plants compared to control. Higher activity was noticed in resistant hybrid than susceptible one. Among the bioagents and organic products evaluated under in vitro against L. taurica, T. asperellum and NSKE showed highest spore germination inhibition (82.84 and 89.89 %, respectively) with less per cent germination of conidia (7.06 and 4.07, respectively). Under field condition A. quisqualis sprayed chilli plot showed least PDI (17.79) with maximum yield (24.44 q/ha) followed by T. asperellum (18.77 PDI and 24.29 q/ha) over control. Among the organic products NSKE at 5% showed least PDI (22.96) with yield of 23.48 q/ha.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF EFFIECIENT NATIVE ISOLATES OF RHIZOBIUM ON GROWTH AND BIOMASS OF FIELDBEAN (Dolichos lablab L.) UNDER POT CULTURE(2023-12-29) LAXMAN BALIKAI; (MAHADEVA SWAMYFieldbean (Dolichos lablab L.) belongs to the family fabaceae, is a pulse-cum vegetable crop of India cultivated for its tender and mature pods, seeds and fodder. Pot culture Experiment was conducted in Green house condition to study the effect of efficient native isolates of Rhizobium on growth and Biomass of fieldbean. (Dolichos lablab L.) Rhizobium isolates were isolated from the different root nodules of legume crops of kalyana karanataka region. Characterized by standard biochemical tests. All Rhizobium isolates were found to be Gram negative and short rods, smooth, raised, circular, yellow, white, semi translucent and mucilaginous colonies on Yeast Extract Mannitol Agar Medium (YEMA) after 3-4 days of incubation, they were acid producers and fast growers. Isolates produced white to light pink colonies indicating that they did not absorb or weakly absorb the congored colour on Yeast Extract Mannitol Agar with Congo Red (CRYEMA). Isolates showed negative for Glucose peptone agar, Ketolactose, Hofers Alkaline Broth, lactose sugar and Starch hydrolysis and positive for Catalase and Acid from glucose test. All the isolates were further screened for their plant growth promoting properties such as in vitro nitrogen fixation, P solubilisation, IAA, and siderophore production. Combined inoculation of native efficient isolates (RRR-4, RRC-11 and RRC-15) of Rhizobium of field bean significantly enhanced growth and biomass with respect to plant height (63.20 cm), number of leaves (14.04), number of branches (8.32), number of nodules (19.65), Dry matter accumulation (22.65 g), number of pods (21.60), number of seeds (3.81), and % of plant nitrogen uptake (0.374 %) over uninoculated control. These isolates proved to be best campare with earlier isolates can be used to prepare bioinoculants of legume crops of this region along with reduced RDF. And found to be superior
