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A Sudy On Jute Economy (Dalan,Katihar)
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1972) Ram Bilas Chaudhary; D.K.Singh
The present study envisaged primarily to assess on the basis of empirical data, the economy of jute production in village Dalan of Katihar district. The two decisive facets of jute economy viz., economics of production and marketing of the produce were studied. The study revealed that, on an average, per hectare cost of production amounted to . 978.67. It however, varied on different size groups being s. 1156.64, .956.52, Bs.958.11 and . 843.41 in 0.0-1.0 hectare, 1.1-2.0 hectares, 2.1-4.0 hectares and above 4.0 hectares size groups respectively. Highest cost of production per hectare was observed to be on the smallest size group which progressively declined on subsequent higher size groups except for the third size group. Higher per hectare expenditure in the first size group as compared to other size groups was mainly because of comparatively per hectare higher expenditure on organic manures, human labour and bullock labour. Among organic manures, farm yard manure was the only manure used. Per hectare expenditure on F.Y.M., on an average, amounted to Rs. 98.08 which worked out to be nearly 63 per cent of the total money spent on manures and fertilizers. Among the chemical fertilizers, expenditure on ures showed the highest share accounting for nearly 25 per cent of the total expenditure on manures and fertilizers followed by single super phosphate and muriate of potash accounting for 8 and 4 per cent of the total money spent on manures and fertilizers respectively. Expenditure on plant protection measures, on an average, accounted for only a negligible fraction of the total cost which worked out to be 0.34 per cent of the total average oost per hectare. On an average, oost of production per quintal of fibre and stick amounted to . 75.24 and Rs. 3.39 respec tively. Gross income per hectare, net return per hectare and percentage return on working capital on these farms, on an average, amounted to s. 1479.30, s. 475.63 and ts. 48.59 respectively. On an average, nearly 96 per cent of the production of jute was marketed is different markets (Katihar, Gulabbagh and the village itself). In different size groups marketed surplus was almost same however, whatever little variation was there it showed a rising trend with the increase in the size of holding. Out of total quantity marketed in different markets highest proportion of it (52.96 per cent of the total marketed surplus) was sold at Gulabbagh market mainly because of comparatively higher prices followed by village market (26.65 per cent) and Katihar market (24.48 per cent) which mostly represented the forced sales. Though, no grading was done by the farmers however, the produce was graded into three grades namely top and middle, middle and bottom and bottom and below bottom mostly on the basis of over all quality, colour and moisture content etcetera at the secondary market level by wholesalers, commission agents etcetera. In case of open market, producers sold their produce to farias or beoparies, or dalals at the village level or katcha arhatia at the secondary market level who ultimately sold the produce to wholesales in the secondary market. In case of regulated market producers directly disposed off their produce to wholesalers or commission agents at Katihar or Gulabbagh markets. In case of open market, on an average producer's share in consumer's rupee accounted for nearly 79.59 per cent while under regulated market this share accounted for as much as 89.58 per cent. The main functionaries in the former case were beoparies, katcha arhatia and whole sellers whose own margin of profit in the consumer's rupee accounted for 3.61, 1.81 and 1.81 per cent respectively in case of regulated market, on the other hand wholesaler was the only functionary whose own margin of profit accounted for 2.77 per cent of the consumer rupee.
Open Access
A Study on The Marketable Surplus Of paddy In Kahra Block (Sahara District)
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1992) Arun Kumar Sinha; K.K.Sahay
The present study was undertaken with the objectives of finding out the extent of marketable surplus, the factors affecting it and also to seek measures for its augmentation. The area of study was confined to Kahra Block of Saharsa district. Twelve villages were randomly selected, kee ping in mind that villages selected were situated in all the four directions - north, south, east and vest of the main Saharsa market, within three different distance groups. From each village eight holdings were randomly selected in equal number under four different size groups. Enquiry was conducted by survey method. Marketable surplus was found to be positively correl ated to size of holding and volume of production. It was found to be negatively correlated to size of family, consumption habit of the farm family and distance of the villages from the market. Total marketable and marketed surpluses were 49.83 and 50.29 per cent of the total production respectively. For augmenting the marketable surplus suggestions were advanced to increase production by consolidation of holding. Co-operative farming and improved farm practices. To decrease consumption, restriction on the family size and changes in con summation habits were also advocated which will lead to increased surplus. Better marketing and communication facilities may also serve the same pu
Open Access
A Study On Economics Of Sugarcane Cultivation (Malkauli Pathakauli , Champaran)
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1972) Babu Saheb Jha; D.K.Singh
The Present study envisaged primarily to asses on the basis of imprical data, the economy of sugarcane production in village Malkauli- pathakauli of west Champaran district . The two decision facets of crop economy , viz., economics of production and production efficiency for both main as well as ratoon crop were studied. The Study revealed that for the main (planted ) crop cost of cultivation per hectare, on an average amount to Rs. 2547.65 which no doubt varied from Rs.2284.37 to Rs. 2678.78 and Rs.2567.85 on the first (0.1-4.0ha), second (4.1-8.0 ha ) and third size groups of farm respectively. As compared to this for the Mill- farm the cost of cultivation per hectare was observed to be Rs.2757.00 which was comparatively higher than on any size group as well as average cost of cultivation per hectare on farmer’s fields. Of the various items under cost structure, material input contributed the highest share being Rs.894.70 folled by miscellaneous input (Rs.689.32) human labour (Rs 552.96), bullock labour (Rs 316.48) and irrigation cost( Rs.75.18 ) which worked out to be 35.12,27.06,21.71, 12.42 and 2.95 percent of tatal per hectare cost respectively. Per hectare expenditure on seed and manures and fertilizers under material input amounted to Rs. 565.55 and R.322.14 nearly 22.19 percent and 12.25 percent of the total per hectare cost respectively. In between different size groups, per hectare expenditure on manures and fertilizers progressively increased from Rs.283.71 to Rs.312.92 and Rs.369.62 on the first, second and third size group of farms. Of the total expenditure was contributed on manures and fertilizers, nearly 61 percent was contributed by farm yard manures and the remaining 39 percent by inorganic fertilizers. Among the chemical fertilizers, ammonium sulphate accounted for major share of expenditure on manures and fertilizers and was most popular among the selected farms. Expenditure on pesticides was almost negligible accounting for, on an average only 0.27 per cent totals average per hectare cost .In case of Mill- farm , per hectare cost of cultivation being Rs. 2757.00 was madeup of comparatively higher per hectare expenditure on almost all the cost items than the average figure under farmers situations except that incurred on bullock labour mainly because of tractor use. For the ratoon crop average cost of cultivation per hectare was observed to be Rs. 588.52 which was roughly 23 per cent of the average cost of cultivation of the main crop. In different size groups it varied from Rs. 440.88 to 694.33 and Rs. 558.96 on first, second and third size groups respectively. In case of mill farm, just like main crop, cost of cultivation per hectare of this crop (being Rs. 638.00) was comparatively higher than the average per hectare cost of cultivation under individual farmer’ holdings. For this crop miscellaneous cost inputs, human labour and material inputs played almost identical role in a sense that these inputs as a whole, on an average accounted for 27.67 and 25.42 per cent of total average per hectare cost of cultivation. In absolute terms per hectare expenditure, on an average, on these items amounted to Rs. 162.48, Rs. 156.85 and Rs.149.41 which were much leaser as compared to the main crop. On proportionate basis per hectare expenditure on bullock labour (11.06 per cent) though was more or less same as on the main crop, however, in absolute terms per hectare expenditure on this item (Rs. 66.41) too was much lesser as compared to main crop (316.48). Comparatively lower per hectare cost of cultivation in the ratoon crop as compared to main crop was mainly because of fewer operations as well as lower material input cost. On an average treating main and ratoon crop as a single crop cost of production per quintal of sugarcane amounted to Rs. 6.39. However, cost of production per quintal of the main crop (Rs. 6.78) was comparatively higher than the cost of production of ratoon crop (Rs. 5.99). In between different size groups, cost of production per quintal was the highest on the smallest size group for both the crop being Rs. 6.98 and 6.40 for the main and ratoon crop respectively which progressively declined in second and third size groups being Rs. 6.67 and 6.06 and Rs. 6.52 and 5.57 for the main and ratoon crop respectively. In case of mill-farm the cost of production per quintal of cane being Rs. 5.33 was lowest (Rs. 6.34 and 4.72 for main and ratoon respectively).
Open Access
A Study On Economics Of Wheat Cultivation(Satungal Panchayat , Kathmandu, Nepal)
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1973) Amrita Nanda Baidya; S.N.Sahay
The present study en vised primarily to asses, on the basis of empirical data, the economics of wheat crop production in Saturnalia village panchayat m, Kathmandy district, Nepal. The two major decisive facets of crop economy., viz. Economics of production, production efficiency of the resource in four different farm size groups namely, group A. Group B, Group C , Group D were studied in details The study revealed that the cost of cultivation per farm went on increasing with the increase in their size of holding. The cost of cultivation per hectare over cost A1, was more or less identical in all groups including overall average over costs A2, cost of cultivation per hectare was higher in Group A, Group C as compared to other groups. Over cost B the cost of cultivation per hectare was comparatively higher in Group A followed by Group C as compared to other groups. Over Cost C i.e. total cost of cultivation per hectare was comparatively higher in Group A followed by group C as compared to group B and group D of the various items under cost structure for all groups manures and fertilisers and hired human labours accounted for higher in percentage in cost as compared to other items of cost structure.
Open Access
Impact of Regulation and Management on the Functioning and Efficiency of Regulated Market, Ranchi
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1986) Md. Abdul Wajid; Dr.S.N.Sahay
On the basis of the results obtained from the present investigation, main conclusion drawn are as follows: 1. Trend of arrival and price of rice reflected a season pattern in Pithoria market. Negative correlation ship was found between price and arrival in both the markets. Correlation coefficient between arrival and price for the whole years was found significant in Pithoria market as compared to pandra market .Correlation coefficient for both the lean and pick period was found nonsignificant in pandra market . Coefficient of determination (R2) was observed lower on pandra market as compared to pithoria market which revealed that arrival was playing only a limited role in price determination in pandra market. 2. The analysis of market structure in terms of stability ratio, exit ratio and entry ratio of market functionaries showed a greater improvement in Pithoria market. The stability ratio was greater improvement in Pithoria market. The stability ratio was greater in pandra market which was found due to the consistency of commission agent and wholesaler. The exit ratio was more or less equal in the markets. The entry ratio was found greater in pithoria which revealed that this market was strengthening its structure by greater entry ratio of producer seller. 3. Maximum transaction of produce was observed through Channel-I in Pandra market and through channel -III in Pithoria Market . It was mainly attributed due to the fact that farmers of Pithoria market having low marketable surplus preferred to sell their produce directly into the market throughout the year. 4. The Producer’s share in consumer’s rupee was found greated in Pithoria market as compared to the Pandra market which was due to the outcome of low price spread and marketing cost in Pithoria market. But average marketing margin of intermediaries and traders were observed lower in Pandra market which sighnified proper control over the market functionaries in Pandra market. 5. Most of the market charges were found to be reduced and many of the unwanted charges and allowances were completely eliminated in both the markets. The market rates were found standardized and rationalized in the two markets. Uniformity in, charges, proper weighment practices , grading and standardization operation and market information system were found to be improved and efficient as per market regulation in Pandra market as compared to Pithoria market. 6. It was recognized that the market regulation programme was wherever, effective, improved marketing practices, reduced marketing cost and margin, enhanced market efficiency and raised producer’s share in consumer’s rupee in fair-deal at mosphere.
Open Access
Promoting Fertilizer Use In Ranchi District
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1972) Syad Hasan Raza; S.N.Sahay
The present study was undertaken to find out the potential for fertilizer use in Ranchi district of Bihar and to suggest neasures to accelerate the trend of its use in the district. The study revealed that paddy alone accounted for nearly 62.57 percent of p2o5 and 72.11 per cent of k2o requirement under potential fertilizer use .It was also found that paddy grown under rainfed condition has the biggest potential for fertilizer use contributing 43.77 percent of N, 50.56 per cent of p2o5 and 51.23 per cent of K2o requirements. By studying the trend of fertilizer consumption in the district for the years 1959-60 to 1971-72; it was observed that though the consumption of fertilizers on the district is on increasing trend, cultivators had applied only 70 percent of the recommended dozes of nitrogenous fertilizer, 40 percent of p2o5 and approximately 10 percent of K2 o at the recommended rates. Concluding on the basis of the facts gathered and analyzed , it may be stated that the fertilizer use pattern in the district is far from satisfactory. There exists a wide gap between the potential and actual fertilizer use pattern. Various measure have been suggested in the present study to minimize the gap between two .One of the important conclusion that emanates is that the gap between potential and actual fertilizer use pattern can be minimized if the farmer concentrate their efforts on applaying recommended doses of fertilizers to paddy which is the most important crop of the district.
Open Access
A Study On The Economy Of Silk Cocoon Production (Barakathikund,Santhalpargana)
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1972) Nand Kishore Yadav; D.K.Singh
The present study envisaged primarily to assess on the basis of empirical data, the economy of silk cocoon production on village Barakathikund of Santhal Paragon district. The two major decisive facets of crop economy viz.,Economics of production and marketing of the cocoon followed by its seed crop were studied. The study revealed that on an average per adda cost of production was comparatively higher in case of commercial crop (Rs.265.61 per adda) as compared to seed crop (Rs.131.41) .of the various item under cost structure, expenditure incurred on human labour and material inputs, constituted the major share being 64.02 percent, 33.44 percent and 52.75 percent and 40.87 percent for seed and commercial crop respectively. Higher absolute as well as proportionate expenditure on human labour for both the under study were mainly labour watching was the most important cost item for both the crops followed by preparation of adda sowing ang harvesting. Per adda absolute as well as proportionate higher material input cist for commercial crop as compared to seed crop was mainly because of the cost of ‘mouni’ as well as larger number of tree used of the crop. On an average the cost of production per kahan of silk cocoons was higher for the seed coop (Rs 38.11 per kahan) as compared to the commercial crop (25.30 per kahan) mainly because of lower yield of silk cocoons in this season since only a few plants per adda were used for the seed crop. Per adda gross return, net profit and family labour income was higher in case of commercial crop being Rs.601.75, Rs. 336.14 and Rs. 498.53 respectively a compared to seed crop being Rs. 284.00, Rs. 152.59 and Rs. 240.65 respectively mainly because of higher output of the commercial crop. Return per labour day for both the crops (Rs. 5.46 and Rs. 6.14 for seed and commercial crops respectively ) were higher than the prevailing wage rate in the village. Percentage return on working capital was also observed to be much higher for both the seed and commercial crops ( being 116.11 and 128.45 respectively ) than the prevailing rate of interest. Entire produce of both the crops was marketed showing 100 per cent disposal of the produce. Commercial crop was graded on the basis of size and was placed under two broad groups namely (a) big sized cocoons and (b) small sized cocoons. However, these grades were arbitrary and were not based on any prescribed standards. Seed crop on the other hand was not graded at all since there was no price differentiation between different sixe cocoons. The farmers of the selected village transported their produce up to Kathi kund market (3 k.m. away from the village ) generally on head loads due to lack of transport facility. Transport and communication facility was fairly good between Kathi kund market (primary market ) and business centers of Bhagaiya (Santhal Pargana) and Nath Nagar (Bhagalpur) nearly 144 and 160 k.m. away from Kathi kund market. Transportation was mainly done by truck due to being more economical. In case of seed crop, producer’s share in wholesale’s rupee on an average accounted for only 50.79 per cent. The remaining 49.21 per cent was absorbed by the wholesaler, including no doubt, the charge for various functions performed by him. His own margin of profit amounted to as much as Rs. 76.36 per Kahan which worked out to be nearly 47.72 per cent of the rupee paid by him to the producer. In case of commercial crop, producer’s share in businessmen’s rupee accounted for 59.70 per cent which was somewhat higher than that of the seed crop. The remaining 40.30 per cent was absorbed by various intermediaries as their own margin of profit as well as charges for various functions performed by them. Wholesaler’s profit margin accounted for 12.80 per cent of the businessmen’s selling price. In addition they charged 2.51 per cent of businessmen’s selling price for various marketing functions. The businessmen of their turn paid for the various marketing charges which accounted for nearly 3.21 per cent of businessmen’s selling price. They further made an extra investment of Rs. 9.80 per kahan being nearly 10.21per cent of their selling price, in getting cocoons converted into thread from. Businessmen’s own profit margin mounted to Rs. 11.10 per kakan being nearly 11.57 per cent of their selling price.
Open Access
Economic Study Of Apple Fruit Of Bihar
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1976) Ram Bharasa Choudhary; S.N.Sahay
The present study envisaged primarily to assess, on the basis of empirical data the prevailing market mechanism in the three apple fruit markets of Bihar. For this purpose, the three major markets of Bihar viz. Patna, Muzaffarpur and Ranchi located in the three distinct geographical region of Bihar were purposively selected. Data were collected from the wholeseeler and randomly sected retailers of the three major apple markets of Bihar as mentioned above. Some of the important finding of the study indicated that these markets get the original supply of apple from Delhi commissiom agents through different sources, namely Kashmir, Simla and ?Kulu from Augest to March. Out of the total supply of 202899 boxes of apple. Ranchi and Muzaffarpur accounts for nearly the same proportion i.e. 26 per cent while the Patna market has the largest Share of total supply contributing 47.72 per cent. As regards the demand of apple furits . Patna is the most important as compared to Ranchi and Muzaffarpur. Kashmir was found to be the most important source for supplying apple to all the three apple market of Bihar as compared to simla & Kulu. The pattern of distribution is essentially the same in all the markets. In Ranchi market 48.8 per cent of the total supply were retained for local consumption and 51 per cent were consumed outside the markets, like Khunti, Lohardaga, Gumla, Ramgarh and Hazaribag. In Muzaffarpur market 53.5 per cent of the quantities were consumed by local market and the remaining quantities were despactched to sitamarhi, Hazipur, Chapra and other markets. In patna market 58 per cent of the total quantities were retained and the remaining 42 per cent were sent to patna city , Mokamah arrah and other markets. Motor trucks and rail were the two sources for transporting apple from Delhi to Patna , But for Ranchi and Muzafferpur, Motor truck was the only means of conveyance for transporting apple from Delhi. The Secondary commission agents arranged to sell to the retailers through open auction. The Secondary commission agent after selling the apple sent the money to the primary commission agents at Delhi, Retaining only 6 percent as margin of profit. Out of this 6 per cent , the Secondary commission agents had to pay the loading Unloading and postal charges. The net prices received by the Delhi Commission Agents Varied Between 27 percent to 34 percent of the consumers rupees. The Secondry Commission Agents Margin of Profit was found to vary between 2.1 to 2.4 per cent. The retailer margin of profit was observed to be the highest varying between 17 to 22 per cent Though Kasmir apples come to these markets one month later, but the total supply of them exceeds by about 800 boxes at Ranchi. 1600 boxes at Patna and about 1200 boxes at Muzaffarpur over Kulu apples which remain in all these markets for the same period i.e. from August to March. The supply from Kashmir source begin to enter the markets at these three places in the 3rdweek of September. Event increased supply do not affect in decline of the price trend of any of the sources. But after the 3rd week of November., When supply from Simla source completely stops, Price of the commodity begin to rise slowly and reach their maximum at the all three places Patna , Ranchi and Muzafferpur between the 22nd week of February and 3rd week of March.
Open Access
A Study of the Functioning Of Rural Market of Kanke Block, District Ranchi (Bihar)
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1987) Pradeep Kumar Agarwal; S.N.Sahay
On the basis of the results obtained from the present investigation the following conclusion can be drawn and recommendation be made :- 1. In all the three selected markets infra- structure facilities were found to be very inadequate. Although, Pithoria market is a regulated one it also lacked the basic infra-structure faculties. In the light of the fact that infra –structure facilities are necessary for successful functioning of a market yard boundary wall lighting facility dispensary storage facilities cattle shed urinal canteen rest house etc. should also be provided in each market. It is also suggested that some specific agencies should be created in each market to perform functions like transportation grading sorting weighing and checking of various marketing activities. A regular price information system should also be established so that farmers can get a fairer price for their produce. 2. In all the three markets small farmers were found to be more efficient in marketing their produce and obtained maximum share in consumer’s rupee. This was because they had little marketable surplus of cauliflower. This was because they had little marketable surplus of cauliflower and marketed it at negligible transportation cost. As a result there was little marketing cost incurred in the sale of their product. In the light of the above observation it is suggested that more rural markets should be developed around the production centers, so that farmers can sell their meager products in these markets directly to consumers and get better remuneration. In contrast to this medium and large farmers sold their produce through wholesaler or retailers and thus incurred more marketing cost and obtained less share of the price paid by the consumer .Thus the sales of the products should be courage and the involvement of middlemen should be discourage. 3. Number of channels involved in the sale of cauliflower is found to be related significantly with variation in the profit margins across the three market analysis .Thus to promote a better marketing process of cauliflower the rural; markets of Ranchi a direct sale of the produce should be encouraged .This conclusion provides statistical support to the conclusion drawn above.

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