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Open Access
Studies on From And Q/I Relation Ship of Potassium in A Continuously Cropped And Fertilized Acid Soil
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2002) Manish Kumar; N.K. Rana
With a view to evaluate the effect of long term use of fertilizer and Manures under continuous cropping on soil fertility in respect of k uptake by soybean, different forms of K and quantity – intensity relationship, the present study was undertaken. Taking the post- harvest soil and plant samples of long term fertiliser experiment under Kharif 1999. The lowest total K uptake (5.62Kgha-1) by soybean crop was found in 100% N+W and the highest (82.70kg ha-1) in 100% NPK +FYM+W treatment followed by 100% NPK+L+W(80.39Kg ha-1).The plot 100% N+W had even lower K uptake compared to control plot (11.37Kgha-1)
Open Access
Status of Micronutrients And Form of Zn in Soil As Affected By Continuous Cropping And Fertilizers Use
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2001) Shanker Kumar Singh; K.P. Singh
It is well established that a positive inter-relationship exist between fertilizer consumption and food grain production. But, sustaining soil fertility demands a more rational and balanced use of plant nutrients. The continuous use of chemical fertilizers and manures bring about change in the primary nutrient status of soils and their physico-chemical properties. Long term monitoring of soil fertility has shown a gradual decline with emergence of micronutrient deficiencies with unfavorable soil physical and biological environments. Manures and fertilizers along with intensive cropping are expected to effect the equilibria involving micronutrients also in soil-plant system. The information available on this aspect is scanty. With the above background, it was considered pertinent to study the status of micronutrients and different forms of Zn in soil as affected by continuous cropping and fertilizers use in Long Term Fert. Expt. in acid upland soil of Ranchi. It was observed that organic manuring and liming along with recommended levels of NPK fertilizers improved the physical condition of the soil. Soil samples from each plot were collected after harvest of wheat (95-96) and soybean (96-97) and analyzed for different soil properties and forms of Zn in soil. Grain and straw samples of wheat and soybean crops were analyzed for uptake of plant nutrients. There was little variation in mechanical composition (sand, silt and clay, due to continuous cropping & fertilization. The application of inorganic fertilizers decreased the soil pH which increased considerably by application of lime. Concentration o)NPK increased with increasing dose of inorganic fertilizers in both soil and plants. An increase on available micronutrient cation concentrations in soil and plants was observed with application of FYM + NPK. Availability of micronutrient cations in soil increased with increase in soil acidity. D.T.P.A. extractable micronutrients in soils decreased with lime application. Application of NPK + FYM maintained higher available micronutrient contents in soil as compared to N, NP, NPK, NPK + lime applied plots. All the forms of Zn in soil were found higher in NPK + FYM plot as compared to those in N, NP, NPK and NPK + lime plots. Different forms of Zn decline with application of NPK + lime. Among the soil zinc forms, water soluble and exchangeable forms showed their lower levels as compared to other forms. Total uptake of N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu by wheat + soybean was found to be highest in 100 per cent NPK + FYM treatment. In N and NP plots, plant nutrient uptake values were significantly low. Correlation studies revealed significant relationship among different forms of zinc in soil. Different fractions of Zn positively and significantly correlated with organic carbon and clay contents of soils. Results clearly point out the effect of balanced use of plant nutrients on soil fertility and crop yields. Monitoring of different chemical forms of Zn also suggests the need of integrated and balanced use of plant nutrients
Open Access
Status And Response of Sulphur to Rice –Pea Cropping System of in Upland Soils of Santhal Pargana Region of Jharkhand
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2001) Rakesh Kumar; Dr. A.K. Shanker
In order to delineate soil S fertility status, a total of 500 surface soil samples (0-15 cm) were collected from two dominant (Dumka and Lachimpur) soil series of Dumka districts and two profiles from each soil series were studied. Analysis of different fractions of Sulphur in soil samples indicated that total Sulphur content varied from 136.6 to 618.0 (mean 223.65 mg kg) and 114.62 to 723.3 mg kg (Av. 248.33 mg kg¹) in Dumka & Lachimpur series respectively. Organic and adsorbed Sulphur ranged from 64.1 to 493.7 (Av. 167.77 mg kg¹) and 16.6-71.8 mg kg¹ (Av. 44.89 mg kg ¹) constituting 75 and 20 per cent of total sulphur content of Dumka series. In Lachimpur soil series, it ranged from 47.47 to 622.9 mg kg¹ (Av.197.87 mg kg¹) and 31.93 to 70.87 mg kg¹ (Av. 36.51 mg kg¹) constituting 79.0 and 14.7 per cent of total S content. Over all magnitude of S deficiency was 52 and 23.2 per cent in soils of Dumka and Lachimpur series which constitute 4.91 and 13.93 per cent of total sulphur respectively. Distribution of different forms of sulphur and Carbon-Nitrogen-Sulphur relationship in Dumka and Lachimpur soil series showed that total S, organic S and available S declined and adsorbed S increased with increase in depth irrespective of soil series. C:N ratios varied from 9.4 to 10.2, 9.46 to 10.6, 11.3 to 13.1 and 7.86 to 8.26 with an average value of 9.45, 9.73 12.9 and 8.19 in soils belonging to Dumka and Lachimpur respectively. In general, higher values of C:N and C:S ratio were observed in lower depth which might be due to anerobic condition and low mineralization in lower depth. All the fractions of sulphur showed highly significant positive correlation with total N except adsorbed sulphur which had negative and significant correlation. Among the different forms of sulphur total S content of the Dumka and Lachimpur series indicated positive significant correlation with organic S and available S. Field experiments were carried out to assess the direct and residual effects of S levels through different sources, viz., Phosphogypsum, SSP and Pyrites in Rice-Pea cropping system. Results reveal that increasing level of S increased the yield of Rice (28.88 q ha¹) upto 30 kg S ha¹, Further increase in sulphur levels had adverse effect. Among the sources, phosphogypsum was superior over all the sources. Protein content and protein yield also increased with the levels of sulphur. Residual effect of pyrites was higher at S level and gave highest yield (16.70 q ha¹) of pea. Diagnostic Survey reveals 77 per cent soils of farmers field as deficient in available S content during Kharif season while in Rabi season the extent was only 25.6 per cent. Adsorption-desorption study indicates that Alfisol, (Haplustalf) soils of Dumka district obey the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption-isotherms. Adsorption maxima (b), Bonding energy (K) and maximum buffering capacity (MBC) of the soils decreased with the increase of Sulphur levels varying from 282 to 338 mg kg, 0.0128 to 0.015 L mg¹ and 4.31 to 5.17 L kg:1 respectively. Freundlich constants (k and 1/n) also decrease with increase of sulphur levels. Results further reveal that higher value of maximum buffering capacity requires more addition of fertilizer S in comparison to lower value of MBC. Desorption of S varied from 82 to 86 per cent of the adsorbed sulphur.
Open Access
Acid Tolerant Rhizobial Strains For Effective Nodulation in Cultivated Grain Legumes of The Plateau Region
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2000) kamleswer Mandal; Dr. A Raza
Present investigation aims to estimate the extent of nodulation in some common grain legumes and native rhizobial population in acidic upland and medium lands under different agro-ecological zones of the plateau region. An effort has also been made to screen acid and related stress (low P and high Al levels) tolerant isolates in liquid medium vis-a-vis to evaluate their survival and infectiveness on homologous host in respective rhizosphere in soils of pH 4.6 and 5.5 under green house conditions. Selected isolates were also evaluated for their influence on effective nodulation and productivity of homologous host in combination with two levels of nitrogen (0. 20 kg N ha¹) and three levels of phosphorus (0, 20 and 40 kg P:Os ha¹) under unlimed and limed series in acid alfisol. Nodulation status of cultivated grain legumes grown during kharif and rahi seasons under natural conditions (without microbial and fertilizer inputs) examined at different locations viz., Ranchi, east Singhbhum (Darisai) and Dumka districts, in general revealed poor to moderate nodulation. It was further supported by low native rhizobial population in soils of RAC Farm (Ranchi), Darisai (east Singhbhum) and Dumka Farms (Dumka) which ranged from 6.2 to 733.2 x 102 g¹ soil. (estimated by MPN technique). Forty rhizobial isolates of cultivated grain legumes belonging to Rhizobian and Bradyrhizobium spp. were isolated and subjected to different physiological tests and screened for specificity and efficiency on homologous hosts under house conditions following Leonard Jar Technique (Vicent, green 1970). Fifteen isolates belonging to fast growing rhizobia (exhibiting moderate to good growth within 72 hrs.(on CR YEMA) of pea, lentil and chickpea produced acidity of varying intensity, while 25 isolates of soybean, black and green grams, groundnut and pigeonpea showing moderate to good growth after 72 hrs.made the media alkaline. Isolates exhibited wide variability in tolerance when allowed to grow in stress imposed liquid medium viz., acidity (pH 5.1) low P (5 µM KH,PO) and high Al (50 µM AI K (SO4)2. About 50 per cent (8 out of 15) isolates belonging to winter legumes were found sensitive to different stresses. Isolates BRP3, BRP1 of pea; BRL1, BRL4 of lentil; BRG3, BRG4 of chickpea showed tolerance to acidity and low P while BRP3, BRP1, BRL1, BRL2 and BRG1 and BRG2 were tolerant to high Al. Only three isolates BRP3, BRP1 of pea and BRL1 of lentil were identified tolerant to all the three stresses. In contrast most of the isolates of summer legumes showed tolerance to acidity and low P. however, more than 50 per cent isolates were sensitive to high Al level. Isolates BDS1, BDKS3 of soybean; BRM1, BDKM4 of green gram; BRU5, BDKU2 of black gram; BRGn1, BRGn2 of groundnut and BRA1, BDA2 of pigeonpea showed better adaptability to high Al Imposition of high Al was identified as the most potent stress among the three stresses affecting survival of the isolates in liquid medium. Eight acid and related stress tolerant isolates (BRP1, BRP3, BRLI, BRL2 BDKS3, BDS1, BRM1 and BDKM4) incorporated with streptomycin resistance marker (Str) were evaluated for survival (in rhizosphere), adhesion (on rhizosphere), effective nodulation and dry matter production by homologous host in soils of pH 4.6 and 5.5 under green house. Results indicated a better survival of the isolates in the rhizosphere of pH 5.5 compared to lower pH 4.6. BRP3, BRL2, BDS1 and BDKM4 isolates of pea. lentil, soybean and green gram rhizobia respectively were found superior on account of better survival in the rhizosphere, increased adhesion on roots and in inducing effective nodulation and dry mater production by the homologous hosts.
Open Access
Efficiency of Some Compacted Rock Phosphates As Source of P For Crops in Acid of Soil Chotanagpur Region
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2000) Binay Kumar Agrawal; Dr. R.P. Singh
Phosphorus is needed to improve the soil fertility for crop production in large areas of our country. High cost of conventional, water soluble P fertilizers often restricts their use by resource poor farmers. It is thus necessary to seek alternative P fertilizers that are both agronomically and economically effective in crop production. Finely ground phosphate rock (PR) has been tested and used for direct application on acid soils of the country as a low cost alternative. However, direct application of PR with low reactivity does not give satisfactory results. Partial acidulation of PR or compaction of PR with water soluble P fertilizers represents a means of producing agronomically effective P sources from indigenous PR sources that may otherwise be unsuited for use as a fertilizer. With this background the present investigation was undertaken with the following objectives 1. Chemical characterization of compacted PR. 2. Reactivity of compacted PR. 3. Effect of organic manuring and soil reaction on P use efficiency from compacted PR. 4. Multi-location field trials to evaluate the efficiency of compacted PR as a P source for crops. 1. Chemical characterization of compacted PR : The chemical analysis of compacted PR (CPR) revealed that the total P content varied from 7.5 to 11.4 per cent with water solubility ranging from 10.0 to 33.9 per cent of total P whereas citrate soluble P varied from 0.25 to 5.76 per cent of total P. Water soluble as well as citrate soluble P were very low in phosphate rock. S content in compacted PR varied from 1.29 to 7.28 per cent while Ca, Mg, K and Fe content were present in the range of 25.1 to 32.6, 2.88 to 4.92, 0.84 to 1.51 and 0.2 to 0.34 per cent, respectively. Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu were present in fairly low amounts in both PR and CPR. 2. Reactivity of compacted PR : Three successive extractions of compacted PR with 2% citric acid released more P than by Ammonium citrate and water. 22.8 to 47.8 per cent of total P in the phosphate rock was extracted by water whereas 31.2 to 52.9 and 49.7 to 63.6 per cent were extracted by NH. citrate and citric acids, respectively in three successive extractions. 3. Effect of organic manuring and soil reaction on P use Efficiency from compacted PR : In pot culture studies, it was found that as a source of P, compacted PR was significantly superior to PR in terms of dry matter yield and nutrient uptake by soybean crop. Land situation and organic matter was found significant in affecting dry matter yield, nutrient uptake and nutrient status of post harvest soil. All possible interaction between P-source, land situation and organic matter was found non-significant in affecting yield, uptake and nutrient status of post harvest soil. 4. Multilocation field trials to evaluate efficiency of compacted PR as P source for crop : At Ranchi, in kharif non-significant resource was recorded during first year while in second year significant response was observed in terms of grain yield and nutrient uptake (Ca, P and S). Soybean grain yield was highest (13.8 q/ha) in SSP treated plot which was at par with JPR(B)+ SSP (13.1 q/ha). In Rabi significant response was observed during both the years. Grain yield and nutrient uptake of wheat with compacted PR were significantly higher than either JPR(A) or JPR(B). Among the different compacted PR materials, grain yield of wheat followed the order: JPR(B) + SSP > JPR(A) + SSP > JPR(B) + MAP > JPR(A) + MAP > JPR(B)+MAP+S > JPR(A) + MAP + S. At Dumka and Darisai, crops grown were groundnut-wheat. Significant response to P application was recorded in terms of yield and uptake during both the years. Among compacted PR materials during kharif, JPR(A) + MAP produced highest pod yield (27.0 q/ha) at Dumka while at Darisal it was JPR(A) + SSP (15.2 q/ha). During Rabi JPR(A) + SSP (32.6 q/ha) at Dumka and JPR(B) + SSP (20.8 q/ha) at Darisai produced higher grain yield of wheat. Significant increase in available P and S status of post harvest soils with use of compacted PR treated plots were recorded at all the three locations. No significant change in exchangeable Ca and organic carbon levels was observed in phosphate rock or compacted PR treated plots.
Open Access
Utilization of Residual P by Crops Grown in An Alfisol of Chotanagpur Region
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1999) Janardan Prasad; Dr. N.K. Rana
. Bulk of the residual in neid soil unavailable Lime or organic manure application plant- help maintain high amount of phosphorus in plant available form in such soils. 2. Residual value of single large application of rockphosphate in acid soil was comparable to direct effect of DAP for at least sir crops grown continuously. 3. Soils initially high in available Pean withstand P- depletion due to cropping better than soila with lot medium available status.
Open Access
Status and Form of Magnesium in Some Major Soil Series of Chotanagpur And Santhal Paraganas Region And Response of Crop to its Application
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1999) Suresh Lal; A. K. Sarkar
Magnesium is an essential plant nutrient. In order to assess the Mg status of soils of Bihar plateau four catena were selected consisting of eight soil series (Umendanda. Debatoli, Jorsol-2, Bandhdi, Pusaro, Karya, Dumka and Lakshmipur). Soil analysis reveal that >60 per cent soils of Jorsol-2 series were deficient in exchangeable Mg. This was followed by soils of Umendanda sereis. The rest of the soil series were fairly adequate in exchangeable Mg content. Profile studies reveal that exchangeable Mg increased with depth of profile while total Mg was highest in the third layer (0.30-0.45 m depth). The highest total Ca accumulation was below the surface layer (0.15-0.30 m depth) but exchangeable Ca was in the third layer (0.30-0.45 m). Organic matter accumulation was higher on the surface and decreased in subsoil. Exchangeable K was almost similar throughout the profiles. To the effect of Mg application on the yield, nutrient content and uptake by crops, two sets of field experiments were laid out on Ranchi catena with groundnut wheat and soybean-potato crop rotation. The treatments consisted of three levels of Mg (10, 20, 30 kg Mg ha'') cach through MgO and MgSO, 7HO, presence and absence of FYM, one FYM alone and a control (NPK alone), replicated thrice in randomized block design. Results indicate that the yield, Mg concentration and Mg uptake increased with Mg application.
Open Access
Characterization of ice growing Environment of Bihar plateau Using Remote Sensing And Gis Methodology A Case Study of Part of Ranchi District
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1999) Ramesh Kumar; M. A. Mohsine
Rice is the most important staple food in Indian dietary. Tribal people of Chotanagpur plateau too prefer rice over other food crops, hence, the rice is popularly and predominantly being grown in this region as a rainfed crop. Low productivity of rice crop, in this region is due to several land, soil and climatic constraints. One of the shortcomings in proper planning and execution of production programmes has been the delineation and characterization of the rice growing ecosystems and sub ecosystems in this region. Accurate delineation of rice ecosystems/ sub ecosystems so as to have an in depth knowledge of spatial distribution and temporal variations in climate, hydrology, land, soil, and limitations causing the low productivity of the land is an essential component of better planning and management of rice production in this region. Remote sensing and GIS based methodology has been found, now a days, to be the most advanced, accurate and reliable technology for delineation and characterization of rice ecosystems/sub ecosystems as this accounts for the temporal variability and spatial heterogeneity of the differentiating parameters and their interactions with crop management. Remotely sensed data coupled with ground truth provides the information on most of the biophysical parameters (land use, soil, drainage, slope etc.) which are required for rainfed rice environment classification. Keeping, in view, this need the present investigation was planned and carried out for the part of Ranchi District covered under Survey of India toposheet no. 73 E/7. Digital satellite data (IRS IB, LISS II), for summer and Kharif seasons, 1996 procured from NRSA, Hyderabad were processed at Regional Remote Sensing Service Centre, Nagpur using EAST PACE ver. 6.0.1 (image processing software package) and ARC/INFO ver. 7.1.1 (GIS package). Thematic maps (1:50,000 scale) on soils, land use/land cover, slope, drainage etc. were generated based on which the rice ecosystems and sub ecosystems were delineated. Auxiliary database on soil characteristics, climate, factors limiting low rice productivity and condition socio-economic etc. were used to characterize the delineated ecosystems and sub ecosystems and ground truthings were used to validate these delineations. The study area has been delineated into two main ecosystems i) Rainfed upland and ii) Rainfed lowland which have been further delineated into four distinct subecosystems, namely rainfed upland with short growing season (11400.7 ha) under rainfed upland ecosystem and shallow favorable/drought prone (19504.4 ha), shallow favourable (3716.8 ha), and shallow submergence prone (717.6 ha) under rainfed lowland ecosystem. Area other than rice crops (other crops, forest, waste lands, fallow lands etc.) has been grouped as not suitable for rice (29104.2 ha). Altogether 10 soil mapping units have been identified to exist in these sub ecosystems under 3 soil orders and 7 soil families.
Open Access
Availability of Sulphur and Its Interaction with Nitrogen on Yield, Oil Content and Nutrients Uptake by Linseed in Soil of Darasai Farm (Singhbhum)
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1998) Hemant Kumar; Surendra Singh
Status of soil available Sulphur (0.15% Cac12 extractable) in Zonal Research Station, Darisai (Singhbhum) was delineated. Available Sulphur in soils varied from 3.2 to 68.27 mg kg-¹. Considering 10 mg kg-¹ (0.15% CaCl₂ extractable) available sulphur as low. 52 per cent soils were rates to be deficient in Sulphur. Analysis of soils of Darisai reveals to that soils were coarse in textrue (Sandy loam to Sandy Clay), acidic In reaction (pH 4.4 - 5.9) and low to organic carbon content (0.19-073%) Sulphur is an important essential nutrient for oil seed crops. A field experiment with linseed (Linum usititissimum) was conducted during Rabi season of 1997-98 to study the interaction effect of S (0, 20, 30, 40 kgha-¹) and N (0, 15, 30, 45 kgha-1) on crop yield, content and uptake of nutrient (NPKS) and oil content in grain. Interaction effect of Nitrogen and Sulphur was significant on grain and straw yields of the crop over control. Significant increase in grain yield was obtained upto 45 kg N and 40 kg S ha-1 level of application. However application of 30 kg N and 30 kg s ha-1 produced the maximum grain yield. Content of oil and in grain decreased with increasing application of Nitrogen increased with Sulphur levels. No further increase in oil content was obtained beyond 30Kg s ha-1 application. Oil yield was highest 30 kg N and 30 kg s ha-1 and followed the same trend as in case of grain yield Uptake of N and S by Linseed is increased with application of these nutrients. Uptake of P by crop was significant but K uptake was not significant with graded N and S levels. Interaction effect of N and S was significant on yield, oil content and uptake of nutrients (NPKS).

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