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ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE HIGH-HILL WET TEMPERATE ZONE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2019-11) RITIKA; SHARMA, SUBHASHABSTRACT Present study “Economic Analysis of Medicinal Plants in the High-Hill Wet Temperate Zone of Himachal Pradesh” was carried out in The High Hills Wet Temperate Zone (Zone–III) of Himachal Pradesh comprises of Kullu, L&S and higher ranges of Chamba district by taking representative sample of 60 farmers through simple random sampling to select the ultimate sample of the respondents from the list of farmers procured from National Medicinal Plant Board. The results revealed that the area and production of M&AP’s in India has shown significant increase over the years. There is a very small increase in area under Medicinal plants in H.P. where area under medicinal plants in 2017-18 was 1.12 thousand hectare with the production of 0.91 thousand tons. The average family size in the study area comprised of 6.27 persons. The literacy rate was 85.96 per cent in sampled household while literacy index only 2.49, indicating poor quality of education. A majority of (71.06 %) work force practice farming in the study area followed by service (11.72 %) and business sector (10.26 %). Average number of workers at an overall level was 4.55. Average size of land holding varied from 0.68 hectare in marginal farm category to 3.19 in medium farm category. The average area under medicinal plants in sampled household was 0.14 hectare which ranged between 0.04 hectares in small farm category to 0.26 hectares in medium farm category. The average number of livestock was 4.71 in sampled household. The average investment on the farm implements was Rs. 100516.08 in the study area. Average income from Medicinal plants was Rs. 158191.69 per farm which was 25.02 per cent of the total income of the sampled households at an overall level. The cost of cultivation of Medicinal plants on per farm basis varied from Rs. 79983.23 in marginal farm category to Rs. 339496.68 in medium farm category. The per hectare cost of cultivation of Atish was Rs. 440268.89at an overall level and varied from Rs. 432597.74 in marginal farm category to Rs. 442288.33 in small farm category. Cost of cultivation in sampled household for Kutki was found Rs. 443038.42, for Valeriana Rs. 214388.90, Kuth Rs. 259344.96 and Chirayata Rs. 170711.12 in sampled household. Per hectare gross returns varied from Rs. 242903.00 in Chirayata to Rs. 1031365.08 in Atish. The NPV of Atish was found highest Rs. 460322.91 followed by Kutki Rs. 249285.61, Kuth Rs. 157240.30, Valeriana Rs. 129445.69 and Chirayata Rs. 64305.53. TheB:C Ratio was found for Atish (2.17) followed by Valeriana and Kuth (1.68), Kutki (1.63) and Chirayata (1.43). The highest IRR is observed in case of Atish (88 %) followed by Chirayata (84 %), Kuth (58 %), Valeriana (57 %) and Kutki (56 %). It was found that per hectare production at an overall level was highest for Kuth 1875.35 kg and lowest in Atish. Cost of production was highest for Atish (Rs. 937.60/ kg) and minimum for Chirayata (Rs. 94.33/ kg). Lack of technical knowledge, Invisible market, delayed payment, lack of training and lack of marketing facilities were among the major problems faced by the medicinal plant growers.ThesisItem Open Access STATISTICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON CONIFERS OF TEMPERATE ZONE IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2017-10) SHARMA, AJIT; GUPTA, R.K.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Statistical investigations on conifers of temperate zone in Himachal Pradesh” was carried out in the forest area of Himachal Pradesh. For the study, primary data for diameter and height of conifer plantations was collected from three different forest circles viz. Kullu, Shimla, and Kinnaur. 300 trees of five conifer species viz. Cedrus deodara, Pinus roxburghii, Pinus wallichiana, Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana were recorded from each forest circle and volume was collected from the State Forest Department. The data were subjected to variability analysis in order to test the variability among different circles. Bartlett's chi-square test was used for testing the homogeneity of variances with respect to diameter, height and volume. Various probability distributions were fitted to find out the expected number of trees in each diameter class and its significance was tested by using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test statistic. Gamma distribution was observed best fitted for Cedrus deodara, Pinus wallichiana and Picea smithiana, while normal and log-normal distributions were best fitted for Abies pindrow and Pinus roxburghii respectively to estimate the number of trees in various diameter classes in temperate zone. Regression analysis was done to estimate the volume of conifer species for the construction and prediction of one way volume tables and two way volume tables on the basis of maximum value of R and R , minimum RMSE and Theil’s U-statistic, whereas validation was tested by half-split method and Chow test. The best fit linear model for Cedrus deodara and Pinus wallichiana moreover non-linear power model for Pinus roxburghii, Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana was used to construct two way volume tables. The relative dominance of conifer species was tested out with the help of importance value index (IVI).ThesisItem Open Access STATISTICAL INVESTIGATION FOR VOLUME TABLE OF EUCALYPTUS SPECIES(2015) ISHANT, KUMAR; GUPTA, R.K.The present investigation entitled “Statistical investigation for volume table of Eucalyptus species” was carried out in the University area of Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) India. For the purpose, secondary data for diameter and height of Eucalyptus plantations was collected from four different sites viz. Khaltoo, Ucchagaon, Kharkog and Pandah. 150 trees of Eucalyptus tereticornis from each plantation site were selected and the data were subjected to variability analysis in order to test the variability among different sites. Bartlett's chi-square test for testing the homogeneity of variances suggested that there were no variability with respect to DBH, height and volume among different sites. Site wise comparison was also performed to test the equality of means among different sites. Maximum mean diameter (m) was observed at Khaltoo (0.2097) and minimum was observed at Ucchagaon (0.1767). Mean height (m) was observed maximum in Kharkog (10.6374) and minimum in Pandah (9.7873). Maximum mean volume (m3) was recorded at Khaltoo (0.3955) and Minimum mean volume was recorded at Ucchagaon (0.2105) which was statistically at par with Kharkog (0.2815). Various distribution was fitted to find out the number of trees in each diameter class and its significance was tested by using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test statistic. Normal and log-normal distributions were observed best fitted on the basis of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test statistic and it was concluded that these two distributions can be used to estimate number of trees in various diameter classes. Regression analysis was done to estimate the volume of Eucalyptus trees using ordinary least square estimation method. For the construction of one way volume table, quadratic model (V= 0.0044 - 0.2574 D + 9.3784 D2) was observed best fit on the basis of maximum R2 value (0.97) and minimum root mean square value (0.0010) whereas linear model (V = 0.0003+0.7842 D2H) was observed best fit for the construction of two way volume table on the basis of highest R2 value (0.96) and least root mean square error value (0.0282). These models may be used for the construction of volume table.ThesisItem Open Access STATISTICAL INVESTIGATION ON GROWTH ATTRIBUTES FOR VOLUME ESTIMATION OF Pinus roxburghii(2016) KIRAN; GUPTA, R.K.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Statistical Investigation on growth attribute for volume estimation of Pinus roxburghii” was conducted in Solan district of Himachal Pradesh. Data on Pinus roxburghii was collected from the State Forest Department, Solan. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select different compartments. Solan forest division was divided into four altitudinal ranges i.e. up to 1200 m amsl, 1200-1400 m amsl, 1400-1600 m and above 1600 m amsl and from each altitudinal range twenty compartments of pure stand of Pinus roxburghii was selected randomly. Trees on each compartment was divided into seven diameter classes and data from all selected compartment were subjected to variability analysis in order to test the variability among different altitudinal ranges. Bartlett’s chi-square test for testing the homogeneity of variances suggested that there were significant variation with respect to number of trees and volume per tree among these altitudinal ranges. Maximum number of tree per hectare was observed in 10 - 20 cm diameter class (252.08) in all altitudinal ranges and minimum was observed in 70-80 cm diameter class (0.95). Maximum number of trees per hectare was found in altitudinal range 1200-1400 m amsl (507.32) and minimum in altitudinal range up to 1200 m amsl (211.53). Maximum (1.83 m3) and minimum (1.12 m3) volume per tree were observed in altitudinal range above 1600 m and 1200-1400 m amsl. Regression analysis was performed. Different linear and non-linear regression models were fitted to estimate the volume of chirpine using ordinary least square estimation method. S curve model can be used for the construction of volume table for Solan forest division as well as different altitudinal ranges on the basis of highest R2 value and least root mean square error value.