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ThesisItem Embargo PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF TURMERIC IN BAGALKOT DISTRICT OF KARNATAKA – AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE SCIENCES BAGALORE, 2024-05-01) N A Guruswamy; G BasavarajThe present study on production and marketing of turmeric was conducted in Bagalkot district of Karnataka. The primary data was collected from 60 growers and 30 market intermediaries. The results of the study showed that growth rate of area and production of turmeric in Bagalkot district was increasing, with high level of instability. The cost of cultivation of turmeric revealed that variable cost was the major contributor at (74.14%) compared to fixed cost (16.47%) and managerial cost (10%) in the total cost at ₹ 90,342.27 per acre of turmeric cultivation. The net returns over total cost was ₹ 66,268.14 per acre and the return per rupee of expenditure was ₹ 1.73. The study showed that, majority of growers (55%) traded turmeric through Channel-III (farmer - wholesaler cum trader - processor – retailer - consumer). The findings of the study also showed that, the producer’s share in consumer rupee was 50.74 per cent in Channel-I (farmer - wholesaler cum trader – retailer – consumer), 50.12 per cent in Channel-II (farmer - commission agent - wholesaler cum trader - retailer- consumer) and 41.10 per cent in Channel-III. The marketing efficiency was maximum for Channel-I (1.03) than Channel-II and Channel-III (1.00 and 0.70 respectively). Major constraint in turmeric production was high variation in yield as opined by sample respondents while in marketing, it was lack of remunerative price. In order to reduce intermediaries in the market and increase farmers’ share in consumers income, turmeric growers can collectivize themselves into farmer producer organizations to process and sell the produce directly to the end consumer.ThesisItem Embargo ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN VEGETABLE SOYBEAN (Glycine max L.)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCINCES BANGALORE, 2024-02-27) PRIYADARSANI SATAPATHY; MOHAN CHAVANSoybean as a high protein-containing pulse crop has reported of containing bioactive compounds which possess properties of anti-diabetic, anti-cholesterol and tumour suppressants. This study evaluates various vegetable soybean lines, characterizes bioactive proteins, and identifies isoflavones and protease inhibitors, summarizing their bioactive properties. The investigation found diverse pheno-morphological characteristics in the germplasm. Germination rates ranged from 97% to 100%, with I-578 and JS335 displaying the highest rates. Time to 50% flowering varied from 43 to 48 days, with I-1724 flowering the fastest. Maturity occurred between 59 and 75 days, with I-1724 maturing the earliest. Vegetable soybeans consistently matured faster than grain-type soybeans, with an average difference of 13.05 to 22.03 days across stages. The experiment demonstrated that vegetable soybeans had high protein (29.76 % in Karune) and high sugar content (16.57 % in I-1724) compared to grain-type soybean at R6 stage. Protein concentrations in leaves and seeds varied among lines, in I-578 (4.90 mg/g) and Karune (235.33 mg/g) exhibiting the highest protein recovery. Isoflavone content was found to be more in vegetable soybean variety Karune (40.80 mg/g Genistein and 25.46 mg/g Daidzein) than grain type. Concentrations of albumin (mean 80.88 %), globulin (78.46 %), and prolamin (83.44 %) are notably higher in vegetable soybean. Zymography results revealed heightened protease activity in albumin (0.18), globulin (0.03), and prolamin (0.07) in grain soybean. Upon assessment of trypsin inhibition activity of soybean seed Karune displayed the lowest trypsin unit inhibited per milligram of protein i.e. 14.4 to 53.8 TUI/mg. The comprehensive investigation provides valuable insights into the phenotypic and biochemical diversity of vegetable soybean lines, emphasizing their potential for nutritional and functional propertiesThesisItem Embargo MINERAL BIOFORTIFICATION TO ENHANCE THE NUTRITIONAL QUALITY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF MANGALORE CUCUMBER (Cucumis maderaspatensis L.) IN ALFISOLS(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCINCES BANGALORE, 2024-02-23) JYOTHISHREE K L; Prakash S SField experiments were conducted at V. C. Farm, Mandya during 2022 and 2023 to study the mineral biofortification to enhance the nutritional quality and productivity of Mangalore cucumber and its effect on soil properties. The experiments were laid out in RCBD design with fifteen treatments and replicated thrice with different agronomic approaches of biofortication such as foliar spray of HA, fortified HA, inorganic salts and soil application of fortified HA. The pooled data of four experiments revealed that significantly higher values of growth attributes such as vine length, number branches, leaf area, chlorophyll content, yield attributes such as number of fruits per vine (4.35), fruit length (31.03 cm), fruit diameter (17.75 cm), fruit weight and fruit yield (30.6 t ha-1) and higher B:C ratio of 2.60 was recorded with two foliar sprays of Ca + Fe + Zn fortified (each @ 50 ppm) HA @ 0.25 % at 30 and 45 DAS along with PoP (T7) it recorded on par values with T4, T5 and T6 (Ca, Fe and Zn fortified HA @ 0.25 %, respectively). Quality parameters such as moisture content, TSS, ascorbic acid content and shelf life did not vary significantlydue to treatments however numerically higher values of quality parameter and significantly higher crude protein, nutrient content and uptake by Mangalore cucumber was recorded in T7. Higher nutrient status of post harvest soil was recorded in T2 when compared to T7 due to lower uptake of nutrients and soil dehydrogenase activity, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were higher in treatment with soil application of fortified humic acid. Foliar application Ca, Fe, Zn fortified humic acid along with PoP resulted in 33.62 per cent increased yield and higher B:C ratio of 2.60 compared to PoP which recorded yield of 22.90 t ha-1 and B:C ratio of 1.98.ThesisItem Embargo DYNAMICS OF BIOCHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND ENDOPHYTIC POPULATION IN SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESISTANT GENOTYPES OF POTATO IN RESPONSE TO LATE BLIGHT DISEASE(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCINCES BANGALORE, 2024-02-09) SHRUTHILA KAKADEPresent study aimed to assess the defense responses of wild and cultivated potato genotypes against late blight (LB) through the application of defense modulators, including Jasmonic acid (JA), compost tea (CT), and salicylic acid (SA). The field experiment, conducted in Karnataka's Hassan district during Kharif-2019 and 2022, featured two wild accessions (LB resistant Solanum sparsipillium/SS-1724-07/AC4 and susceptible Solanum spegzinii/SS-1725-54/AC6) and two cultivars (LB susceptible Kufri jyoti and moderately resistant Kufri himalini). In both whole plant (field, pot) and cellular (calli) experiments, CT and JA treatments enhanced defense biochemicals compared to the control. HPLC analysis revealed increased endogenous JA in pot experiment treated with CT, suggesting potential induction of similar defense pathways by CT and JA. The defense parameters monitored such as SOD(CT: KH-9.50, KJ-4.8, AC4-20.74, AC6-5.11; JA: KH-17.75, KJ- 13.39, AC4-17.40, AC6-15.80 μg protein for 50% inhibition), POX activities (CT: KH- 350.12, KJ-375.34, AC4-347.10, AC6-322.00; JA: KH-324.67, KJ-300.18, AC4-346.00, AC6-385.00 μg min-1 mg-1 protein), phenolics (CT:, KH-10.22, KJ-10.24, AC4-11.24, AC6-11.45; JA: KH-11.53, KJ-11.13, AC4-10.14, AC6-10.11 mg GAE/100g FW), flavonoids(CT: KH-51.49, KJ- 55.28, AC4-55.78, AC6-49.01; JA: KH- 50.82, KJ-48.80, AC4-58.53, AC6-56.86 μg/100g FW) and proline levels significantly increased in CT, JA. Elevated levels of defense biochemicals without pathogen indicated a priming effect of CT and JA. Sugar levels were enhanced in diseased plants but sugar contents reduced in callus of all genotypes in the presence of Phytopthora infestans (PI) which may be a mechanism to curtail the growth of pathogen in the vicinity of infection at whole plant level. JA and CT treatments resulted in higher H2O2 accumula tion in callus cells associated with cell death/mortality validating earlier work. Endophytic characterization identified Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus sps in tubers, with GC-MS analysis revealing useful metabolites like 5-Eicosene with antimicrobial activities. While monomorphic markers (R3a, STM 1064) appeared uninformative, they still hold value in genetic studiesThesisItem Embargo PERCEPTION AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF FARMERS PRACTICING NATURAL FARMING IN CHIKKABALLAPUR DISTRICT OF KARNATAKA(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCINCES BANGALORE, 2024-02-21) MUHAMMED ARIF; RAGHUPRASAD K PThe research study was conducted in Chikkaballapur district of Karnataka during 2022-23 with main objective to analyse the perception and economic performance of farmers practicing natural farming. Equal number (60) of Ragi and Maize growers practicing natural farming were selected by simple random sampling technique. Thus, making the total sample size of 120. The findings revealed that nearly half (46.66%) of farmers had an average perception towards natural farming, followed by poor (29.17%) and better (24.17%) perception, ragi growers had better perception towards natural farming than maize growers. Regarding economic performance, more than two fifth (43.33%) of farmers had an average economic performance in natural farming, followed by poor (30.83%) and better (25.83%) economic performance. Ragi growers had a slightly better benefit cost ratio (1.54) than maize growers (1.39) when following natural farming practices. The independent variables like age, education, farming experience, knowledge, land holding, extension participation, deferred gratification, information seeking behaviour, innovative proneness, scientific orientation, risk orientation and achievement motivation were found to have significant relationship with dependent variables of growers’ perception and economic performance. The major constraints expressed by growers were low yield in the initial years, asthras in natural farming can only be used as a preventive measure, lack of certification and marketing facilities for natural farming produce. Support for initial 3 years to withstand yield loss followed by all plant protection measures should be imposed in anticipation of pest and dise ases, Government should create certification and marketing facilities for natural farming produce, so that it provides better price to produce were the important suggestions expressed by growers to overcome the constraints faced by farmers in natural farming.ThesisItem Embargo BIO-EFFICACY AND GENOME ANALYSIS OF INDIGENOUS Bacillus thuringiensis ISOLATES AGAINST GROUNDNUT BRUCHID, Caryedon serratus (Olivier)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCINCES BANGALORE, 2024-02-19) SOUMYA C; Tamilvendan KBacillus thuringiensis, a soil bacterium serves as a biocontrol agent against various members of insect orders. Efficacy of B. thuringiensis against the coleopteran pest groundnut bruchid, Caryedon serratus (Olivier) remains seldom documented. Understanding the genetic diversity of B. thuringiensis and its entomopathogenicity against C. serratus would be a viable option to manage C. serratus. In the present study, a total of twenty-five B. thuringiensis isolates were isolated from soil and deceased larvae of Holotrichia serrata. Bioassay of these isolates against second instar larvae of C. serratus yielded an efficient B. thuringiensis strain NBAIR-BtHS with the pest mortality rate of 68 % and recorded significantly lower LC50 value (15.96 μg/mL) compared to control. Whole genome sequencing of this isolate through Illumina next generation platform revealed the presence of 5.5 Mbp and 2.2 Mbp of genomic and plasmid DNA that contained 5,845 and 2,283 genes, respectively. Mining for novel insect toxicity related genes using BtToxin scanner revealed a total of 18 genomic DNA borne genes (chitinase C, two copies of zwa6, two copies of inhA1, four copies of zwa5A ,four copies of bmp1, enhancin, mpp46Ab1, vpb4Ca1 and spp1Aa1) and 6 plasmid borne genes (two copies of zwa5A , mpp46Ab1, vpb4Ca1, spp1Aa1 and bmp1). The current study provides genetic insights into the B. thuringiensis strain NBAIR-BtHS and documents the presence of novel insecticide toxicity related genes which can be used for the development of transgenic plants resistant to coleopteran insects in general and C. serratus in particular to prevent post-harvest loss of groundnut.,ThesisItem Embargo SILKWORM CHITOSAN AND PUPAL OIL - THEIR EXTRACTION AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCINCES BANGALORE, 2024-02-15) DUKARE PRADIP GULABRAO; AMARNATHA NStudies on extraction of silkworm chitosan and pupal oil and their physico-chemical properties were conducted at the Department of Sericulture, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru. The results revealed that, oil content in silkworm pupae ranged from 26 to 28 per cent on dry weight basis. Notably, female pupae had a higher oil content (27.99%) compared to males (27.03%). The iodine and saponification values of pupal oil was better compared to groundnut and sunflower oils. Similarly, the acid value (1.570 mg KOH/g oil) and peroxide value (2.453 ppm) were found to be lower than three in pupal oil samples which revealed that, pupal oil is good for edible purposes. The chitin and chitosan were significantly higher in male pupae (3.242% and 2.430%, respectively) than females (3.013% and 2.345%, respectively). Among the hybrids, chitosan content was higher in the cross breed (2.526%) than bivoltine hybrid (2.308%). Further, chitin and chitosan percentages were analysed in larval instars, moult exuviae and pupal exuviae. Notably, the bivoltine larval exuviae (after spinning) exhibited a significant increase in chitin and chitosan content (26.02% and 19.37%, respectively) compared to cross breed larval exuviae (25.89% and 19.28%, respectively). The moisture content of larval chitosan ranged between 7.00-8.00 per cent. However, pupal chitosan showed 7.20-7.40 per cent moisture. Viscosity of pupal chitosan was 44-46 cP, while larval/exuvia chitosan ranged from 48-58 cP. Extracted chitosan had ash content below 1 per cent, with pupal chitosan ranging from 0.30-0.38 per cent and larval/exuvia chitosan from 0.50-0.80 per cent. The degree of deacetylation and solubility ranged between 85-96 per cent and 92-99 per cent, respectively. The chitosan extracted from silkworm pupae shows better physico-chemical parameters like solubility (99%), degree of deacetylation (>85%) and ash content (<1%) which indicates high-grade chitosan and which can be utilized as an alternative source of chitosan extraction.ThesisItem Embargo STUDIES ON MICROBIAL DIVERSITY OF WHITEFLY SPECIES ON DIFFERENT HOSTS(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCINCES BANGALORE, 2024-02-07) KISHOR PUJAR; JEMLA NAIK DThe nymphs and adults of Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin, Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi and Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) were collected from different hosts and locations of Karnataka during 2021-2023. Morphological identification coupled with molecular characterization confirmed the whiteflies species at 650 bp. Population of A. rugioperculatus and P. bondari was found high during summer than other seasons on coconut and banana. A. rugioperculatus was negatively correlated with parasitization. Infestation of invasive whiteflies was low (Infestation index= <1) in all locations on all collected crops. A. rugioperculatus collected on coconut harbours maximum bacteria (26.19%) followed by banana (17.46%). Majority of the bacteria belong to phylum Bacillota (55.56 %), class Bacilli (25-100%), order Bacillales (25-100%), family Bacillaceae (16.69-100%) and Bacillus (11.11-66.67%). P. bondari collected on coconut showed highest bacterial abundance (32.61%) followed by banana (22.83%) where, phylum Bacillota (56.52%), class Bacilli (43.33-72.73%), order Bacillales (36-72%), family Bacillaceae (23-60%) and genus Bacillus (23.33-60%) were found dominant. B. tabaci collected on tomato harbouring the most bacteria (27%), followed by bhendi (22%). Among them, Phylum Bacillota (69%), class Bacilli (56.25-80%), order Bacillales (56.25- 66.66%), family Bacillaceae (25-71.42%), genus Bacillus (25-71.42%) were found dominant. In all the whiteflies, the bacterial abundance was high in nymphs compared to adults. Next generation sequencing revealed that, the microbial diversity, of A. rugioperculatus was altered when it shifts from coconut to banana. The abundance of α- glucosidase was high on banana (16.43%) whereas, protease was abundant on coconut (11.27%). The stress responsive genes were high on banana (186 genes) than coconut (161 genes). In A. rugioperculatus collected on coconut and banana cytochrom e-c-oxidase complex were dominant (40.18% and 48.61%, respectively) followed by carboxylesterase group (15.97% and 18.75%, respectively) and monooxygenase group (12.50% and 13.19%, respectively). The study revealed that, microorganism plays significant role in host adaptation by insects.ThesisItem Embargo DEVELOPMENT OF CROP MANAGEMENT FACTOR (C) FOR UNIVERSAL SOIL LOSS EQUATION MODEL IN DIFFERENT CROPS UNDER ALFISOLS OF EASTERN DRYZONE OF KARNATAKA(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCINCES BANGALORE, 2023-02-14) ASHOK; DEVARAJA KThe study on development of crop management factor (C) for universal soil loss equation model in different crops under Alfisols of Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka was carried out at the AICRP for Dryland Agriculture project, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru. The experiment was conducted in six plots with five crops i.e., field bean, cowpea, groundnut, green gram, finger millet and control plot (No crop). During the crop growth period there was nine rainfall events which caused runoff. The rainfall of 62.4 mm recorded on 31st July, caused runoff for the first time in the experimental period with rainfall intensity of 21.20 mm/h. Highest rainfall intensity which caused runoff was observed on 14th October (32.53 mm/h) with rainfall of 60 mm. Among different treatments, the treatment with higher canopy cover T3 (Groundnut) resulted in lesser per cent runoff (13.38 m3), soil loss (959.96 Kg/ha), nutrient loss (N-15.41 Kg/ha, P- 0.64 Kg/ha, K- 1.90 Kg/ha). and substantially higher average moisture content was recorded at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depth (16.46 and 22.67 % respectively) and exhibited lower particle density, bulk density and higher porosity, water holding capacity, rapid infiltration rate and better crop growth attributes resulted in higher grain yield (3132.81 kg/ha), and B:C ratio of 2.6 as compared to other treatments which have lesser canopy cover (T1 Field bean, T2 Cowpea, T4 Control, T5 Green gram and T6 Finger millet). Lower Crop management factor (C) was observed in groundnut plot 0.04 followed by finger millet (0.11) indicating good gross cover and erosion resistance. Overall groundnut and finger millet crop having higher crop canopy and extensive root system are realized as the best crops which can be grown in dry zone with greater the ability to protect the soil from erosion.
