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ThesisItem Open Access HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EVALUATION AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DETECTION OF CERTAIN TUMOR MARKERS OF CANINE MAMMARY TUMORS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-10) SUDHA RANI CHOWDARY, CH.; RAMA DEVI, V (MAJOR); SATHEESH, K; RAVI KUMAR, P; SUDHAKAR, KThe present study was undertaken to know the occurrence of canine mammary tumors (CMTs), to classify and study their gross and microscopic lesions, evaluate different tumor markers by IHC and to determine the variations of p53 gene in CMTs. In the present study, the animals with mammary tumors ranged from 1.5 to 14 years of age with highest occurrence in 9-10 years age group and noticed only in female dogs. Highest occurrence of canine mammary tumors was recorded in non-descript dogs followed by Spitz and German Shepherd breeds. The occurrence was highest in intact bitches when compared to spayed dogs. Out of 72 cases, 47 cases had a single mammary gland affected whereas 25 cases had tumors in multiple glands. The highest occurrence was recorded in the inguinal (50.49%), followed by caudal abdominal (33.98 %) glands. Majority of the cases showed TNM stage III tumors (59.42%), followed by stage II (21.74%), stage IV (8.7%), stage V (7.25%) and stage I tumors (2.90%). Overall, the cytological diagnosis had 75% correlation to histopathological diagnosis. The cytologic diagnosis correlated with the histologic diagnosis for benign and malignant tumors in 60 and 79.59% of cases respectively. Grossly, the size of the tumors ranged from 2 to 19 cm in greatest diameter with different shapes and consistencies. Sixty three cases (87.5%) had malignant tumors and 9 cases (12.5%) showed benign tumors. Histologically, they were classified into 20 major subtypes and among them, solid carcinoma had the highest frequency (20.6%), followed by complex carcinoma (15.9%), intraductal papillary carcinoma (14.3%). In the present study, metastasis of CMTs to lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and visceral organs was recorded in 13 cases (18.1%). Maximum number of carcinomas were of grade II (46.7%) followed by grade III (40%) and grade I category (13.3%). The mean AgNOR number per cell ranged from 1.1 to 6.7 and was higher (4.58) in malignant tumors than in benign tumors (1.4). Of the 72 CMTs subjected to immunostaining of different tumor markers, 38.9% of tumors showed Ki-67 expression, 37.5% and 25% of CMTs showed ERα and PR expression respectively, whereas 89.1%, 25% and 16.7 % of the cases showed VEGF, survivin and p53 expression respectively. Of the 20 CMTs subjected to molecular studies, three mutations in exon 4 were detected in two tumor tissues which included two missense mutations in a complex carcinoma and a silent mutation in a carcinosarcoma. However, concordance of p53 phenotype and p53 genotype was found only in one case which had a silent mutation. On Kaplan - Meier analysis, early TNM stage, positive expression of ERα and PR, negative expression of p53 and survivin were found to be associated with longer overall survival. However, only TNM stage and PR expression were found to be independent prognostic factors on multivariate analysis. In the present study, various factors such as tumor stage, histological grade and features, expression of different tumor markers and p53 gene variations along with epidemiological data were evaluated in CMTs. It was revealed that the factors like TNM stage and PR expression have significant prognostic value and can influence the clinical outcome of canine mammary tumors.ThesisItem Open Access IDENTIFICATION OF POLYMORPHISM AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF PARTIAL PROMOTER OF ACACB GENE VIS-A-VIS EFFECT OF POLYMORPHISM ON EGG PRODUCTION AND QUALITY TRAITS IN LAYERS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2021-03) SHIVAPRASAD, C.H; Vinoo, R (MAJOR); Chatterjee, R.N; Muralidhar, M; Narendranath, D; Aswani kumar, KPoultry eggs are rich source of inexpensive, high-quality protein, vitamins namely A, B2, B6, B12, D, E and K, minerals like zinc, iron selenium, and copper etc. Egg yolk contains more calories and fat. In the recent past, there is demand for consumption of food sources of poly unsaturated fatty acids like dodecanoic acid, nonadecanoic acid, myristoleic acid, alpha linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acids. The fatty acid composition depends on type of diet and genetic composition. Among the candidate genes, the acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase beta (ACACB) is a candidate gene that can influence fatty acid composition. Perusal of literature revealed that the identification of partial promoter of ACACB gene was not done in chicken. Hence the present study is aimed at identification of partial promoter region, genetic polymorphism, gene expression and epigenetic regulation of ACACB gene in chicken. Further, the study also aimed at unraveling the association of the genetic polymorphism with body weight, egg production and egg quality traits in the two-layer lines, IWI and IWK. The study could successfully predict the minimal promoter region which is in the upstream 0.5 kb region. The region included certain transcription factors like CEBP, COUP, HNF4, PPARA, SREBP1, and T3R which are known to be involved in lipid metabolism. The minimal promoter region could potentially translate the gene in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Further, the minimal promoter region is polymorphic with 12 haplotypes and 18 haplogroups based on SSCP analysis. The haplotype h5 is least frequent in both IWI and IWK lines while h11 haplotype is most frequent in IWI line and h4 haplotype is the most frequent one in IWK line. Sequencing of the haplotypes revealed indels and substitutes in these haplotypes. The h8h8 haplogroup is associated with higher body weight at 8th, 16th and 20th week in IWI line. The haplogroup h12h12 is strongly associated with higher egg production in IWI line up to 52 weeks of age. The egg weight didn’t vary significantly within the line in any of the age except h1h2 haplogroup in IWI line at 72nd week, which is associated with higher egg weight. The shell weight is not particularly associated with any of the haplotypes in IWI line, but within IWK line, the h6h6, h9h9 haplogroups showed higher shell weight. The h9h9 and h9h10 haplogroups are associated with higher shell weight in IWK line compared to IWI line. The total egg fat% is significantly higher within IWI line, when they have h10h10 haplogroup. The same haplogroup also showed higher total fat% in IWI line compared to IWK line. There is no significant association is observed between haplogroups and HDL concentration in IWI line. But, in IWK line, the h8h8 haplogroup is associated with high serum HDL cholesterol concentration. Temporal expression pattern of the ACACB gene indicated that the gene expresses in all stages in the skeletal muscle of chicken during pre and post-hatch period. Epigenetic profile of the minimal promoter indicated that there are seven CpG islands in this region. There is negative relationship between highest and lowest expressed birds with the percent methylation in both the genetic groups. The present study suggests that the ACACB gene plays a crucial role in pre and post- hatch period in IWI and IWK lines. Further studies with spatial expression pattern of the gene and experiments aiming at precise functional analysis would provide additional insights into the role of ACACB gene in chicken in providing healthy eggs and meat.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES AND MOLECULAR DETECTION OF RESPIRATORY PATHOGENS ASSOCIATED WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASE COMPLEX IN COMMERCIAL CHICKEN(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2021-03) CHANDRAVATHI, T; RAMA DEVI, V (MAJOR); SATHEESH, K; RAVI KUMAR, P; SUDHAKAR, KThe present study was planned to study the incidence and pathology of common respiratory diseases of commercial chicken and to carry out the molecular detection of pathogens associated with respiratory disease complex. A total of 639 birds with a history of suspected respiratory diseases were procured from various parts of Andhra Pradesh and representative samples were collected and subjected to pathological and molecular studies. Based on these studies, respiratory diseases were identified in 488 birds, accounting to an overall incidence of 76.36%. The major pathogens involved in respiratory disease complex in the present study were Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), Fowl adenovirus (FAdV), M.gallisepticum (MG), M.synoviae (MS), Avibacterium paragallinarum, Pasteurella multocida and avian pathogenic E.coli (APEC). LPAIV and ILTV were not detected. Of these, respiratory disease caused by a single pathogen was identified in 136 (27.87%) cases and respiratory disease complex associated with multiple pathogens was identified in 352 (72.13%) of cases. xxxii Out of 488 cases, a total of 8 pathogens were detected either as a single infectious agent or as concurrent infections that resulted in respiratory disease complex. Among the single pathogen identified, NDV was detected in 159 cases (32.58%), followed by IBV in 72 cases (14.75%), FAdV infection in 31 cases (6.35%), M.gallisepticum in 190 cases (38.93%), M.synoviae in 108 cases (22.13%), A.paragallinarum in 14 cases (2.87%), P.multocida in 65 cases (13.33%) and avian pathogenic E.coli (APEC) in 308 cases (63.11%) occurring either as a single infectious agent or among concurrent infections. Among the 136 cases caused by a single infectious agent, NDV was detected in 32 cases (6.56%), followed by IBV in 20 cases (4.10%), FAdV in 8 cases (1.64%), M.gallisepticum in 18 cases (3.69%), M.synoviae in 2 cases (0.41%), A.paragallinarum in 12 cases (2.46%), P.multocida in 25 cases (5.12%) and APEC in 19 cases (3.89%). In case of concurrent infections, two to four pathogens were commonly involved in a single case and recorded in 72.13% of cases. Concurrent infection of two pathogens was recorded in 258 cases (52.87%) and three pathogens were recorded in 81 cases (16.60%). Isolation of quadruple agents involving NDV, MG, MS and APEC were identified in 13 cases (2.66%) of respiratory disease complex. Avian pathogenic E.coli was the most common organism involved in the concurrent infection in 289 (59.22%) cases. In the present study, the clinical signs, gross and histopathological findings were almost similar in the respiratory diseases and it was difficult to diagnose the diseases based on the pathological studies alone especially when multiple agents were involved in a single case. Hence, molecular techniques were employed for confirmation of various respiratory pathogens. Birds affected with different respiratory diseases showed signs of dullness, nasal discharge, gasping, coughing, open-mouth breathing, respiratory rales, dyspnoea, oedema of the face and eyelids, conjunctivitis, cyanotic combs and wattles, soiled vent and diarrhoea. Some birds also manifested paralysis and torticollis. A drop in egg production and egg quality in the flocks were recorded. Grossly, in cases of respiratory disease complex caused by multiple etiological agents, the lesions recorded included congestion, haemorrhages and catarrhal to caseous exudates in trachea, thickened and cloudy air sacs with fibrinous to caseous exudates and edema, congestion and consolidation of lungs. Further, proventricular haemorrhages, haemorrhagic and necrotic intestines and caecal tonsils, pericarditis, perihepatitis, necrotic foci on liver, swollen and congested kidneys, congestion of ovaries, and egg peritonitis were noticed. The prominent histopathological lesions in cases of respiratory disease complex observed were haemorrhagic tracheitis, oedema, pulmonary congestion and pneumonia, fibrinous airsacculitis, fibrinous pericarditis and perihepatitis, haemorrhagic proventriculitis, catarrhal enteritis, lymphoid depletion in caecal tonsils and spleen, tubular epithelial cell degeneration, congestion, interstitial nephritis and urate tophi in kidneys, perivascular cuffing and glial cell proliferation of brain. In NDV and concurrent infections (IBV, P.multocida, MG, MS and APEC) grossly congestion, haemorrhages and catarrhal exudates in the trachea, congestion of lungs, proventricular haemorrhages, haemorrhagic and necrotic intestines and caecal tonsils were noticed. Further, necrotic foci on the liver when co-infected with P.multocida, fibrinous to caseous exudates in the air sacs, pericarditis, perihepatitis and egg peritonitis in concurrent infections of MG, MS and E.coli were found. Microscopically, tracheitis, airsacculitis, pneumonic changes, exudates in the parabronchi and lymphoid depletion in the spleen and caecal tonsils were noticed. Ultrastructurally, trachea showed total loss of cilia and epithelium, large vacuoles in the cytosol and pyknotic nuclei with margination of chromatin and in lungs erythrophagocytosis, loss of cell membrane of Type II pneumocytes, few lamellar bodies and electron dense bodies in the cytosol were noticed. In IBV and concurrent infections (NDV, MG and APEC), birds showed grossly congestion, edema and caseous exudates on the tracheal mucosa, thickened air sacs with fibrinous to caseous exudates and edema, congestion, consolidation and pneumonia of lungs. Kidneys were swollen, congested or haemorrhagic and ureters were distended with urates. Cystic oviduct, egg peritonitis and mild fibrinous pericarditis and perihepatitis were also found. White chalky urate deposits were found on the pericardium, liver and kidneys. Microscopically, tracheitis, airsacculitis, exudates in the parabronchi and haemorrhages and degenerative changes in the kidneys and interstitial nephritis were noticed. Ultrastructurally, tracheal tissue homogenates showed round electron dense virions of approximately 100 nm in diameter. In FAdV and concurrent infections (MG and APEC), congestion and thickening of the tracheal mucosa, thickened air sacs, edema in lungs, ascites, hydropericardium, swollen liver with necrotic foci, swollen haemorrhagic kidneys, fibrinous pericarditis and perihepatitis were noticed. Microscopically, tracheitis, airsacculitis, congestion and edema in lungs and intranuclear basophilic inclusion bodies in liver and kidneys were found. Ultra structurally, virus particles exhibiting oval or hexagonal configurations arranged in crystalline arrays were found in the hepatic cells. In M.gallisepticum and concurrent infections (MS and APEC), catarrhal to caseous exudates in the nasal passages, trachea, bronchi and air sacs and congested and consolidated lungs were noticed. In severe infections, fibrinous exudate was deposited on the pericardium and liver. Microscopically tracheitis, airsacculitis, pneumonia and lymphoid aggregates in the trachea, lungs, liver and kidneys, pericarditis and perihepatitis were noticed. In M.synoviae and concurrent infections (MG and APEC), congestion of trachea and lungs, accumulation of catarrhal exudates in the air sacs, mild fibrinous exudate on the pericardium and liver were seen. Microscopically, mild tracheitis, airsacculitis and congestion and edema of lungs were noticed. In birds infected by P.multocida and concurrent infections (APEC), congestion throughout the carcass, petechial haemorrhages on coronary fat and epicardium, congestion of liver, intestines, kidneys and ovaries and necrotic foci on the liver, fibrinous pneumonia, pericarditis and perihepatitis were noticed. Microscopically, congestion, fibrinous exudates in the parabronchi, thickening of parabronchial septa, degenerative changes in the heart and necrotic changes in liver were evident. In A.paragallinarum and APEC concurrent infections, the birds revealed swelling of eyes and face, conjunctivitis and a serous to mucoid discharges from nostrils and sinuses, congestion of trachea, edema and congestion of lungs, thickened air sacs and fibrinous exudates on the pericardium and liver. Microscopically, severe sinusitis, mild tracheitis and airsacculitis were noticed. In avian pathogenic E.coli infected birds trachea and lungs were severely congested and edematous and polyserositis with fibrinopurulent pericarditis, perihepatitis, airsacculitis and egg peritonitis were noticed. Out of 60 E. coli isolates, virulent genes viz. iss, vat, tsh and papC were found in 48(80%), 43(71.6 %), 31 (51.6%) and 18(30%) of isolates respectively. In the present study molecular detection of the respiratory pathogens viz. NDV, IBV, FAdV, LPAI, ILTV, M. gallisepticum, M. synoviae, A. paragallinarum, P.multocida and avian pathogenic E.coli (APEC) was carried out by PCR/RT-PCR. Of these, except LPAI and ILTV other pathogens were detected on PCR in the affected birds. Based on the pathogen under study, the amplicons of appropriate base pair sizes were detected by agar gel electrophoresis. Further, nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of F gene of NDV, S1 gene of IBV and hexon gene of FAdV was also carried out. On sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, the 6 NDV samples (NDV/GVM/AP1- 6) were grouped with the isolates of Tamil Nadu, Nagpur, Assam, West Bengal and Bareilly belonging to genotype XIII. On amino acid analysis, fusion protein cleavage site amino acids at positions 112 and 116 (RRRKR) and a phenylalanine (F) at position 117, indicated that the NDV strains are of virulent type of strains. The IBV samples IBV/GVM/AP-1, 2 and 3 were grouped with vaccine strains M41, H120 and other respiratory IBV strains and IBV/GVM/AP- 4, 5 and 6 were grouped with nephropathogenic strain of IBV-470 and other nephropathogenic IBV strains. The two FAdV samples (FAdV/GVM/AP-1 and 2) isolated from the respiratory disease complex cases were grouped along with fowl adenovirus strain E. The present study indicated that respiratory disease complex is a major problem in commercial chicken and it has a potential to cause severe economic losses in poultry.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES AND EVALUATION OF CERTAIN BIOMARKERS IN CANINE PYOMETRA(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2021-01) ANUSHA, KONJETI; SADASIVA RAO, K (MAJOR); SRINIVAS, M; SREENU, M; ASWANI KUMAR, KThe aim of the present study was to identify the frequency of SIRS in pyometra affected bitches and to study the role of certain biomarkers of diagnostic and prognostic importance, along with evaluation of blood flow velocities and hemodynamic indices in uterine artery and to study the hemato-biochemical, histopatholgical and immunohistochemical changes in canine pyometra. Out of 716 bitches presented for various gynaecological ailments, 122 bitches were diagnosed with pyometra with an overall occurrence of 17.04 per cent. Bitches in the age group of 6 to 9 years (29.51%) had high occurrence of pyometra followed by 3 to 6 years (28.69%), 9 to12 years (27.05%), 12 to 15 years (9.83%) and least in bitches upto 3 years of age (4.92%). The mean age of occurrence of pyometra was 8.03±0.26 years with a range of 2 to 15 years. The present study revealed high occurrence of pyometra in Spitz (43.44%) followed by Labrador (22.95%), Mongrel (9.83%), German Shepard (7.38%), Pug (5.74%), Pomeranian (4.10%), Great Dane (2.46%), Doberman (1.64%), Dachshund, Bull Mastiff and Saint Bernard (0.82% each). Occurrence of pyometra was highest in nulliparous (62.30%) bitches followed by primiparous (22.13%) and pluriparous (15.57%) bitches. The occurrence of open cervix (85.25%) pyometra was higher than closed cervix (14.75%) pyometra. The most predominant symptom reported by the owners was presence of vaginal discharge (80.00%) followed by inappetence (72.00%), polydipsia (74.60%), vomiting (68.00%), polyuria (57.30%) and diarrhoea (12.00%). The altered physiological findings on clinical examination were increased (28.00%) and decreased (1.33%) temperature, pale (28.00%) and hyperemic (6.67%) mucous membranes, mild (32.00%) to moderate (6.67%) dehydration, moderate (50.67%) to severe depression (34.67%) in pyometra affected bitches. On palpation of abdomen 24.00 per cent bitches expressed pain and enlarged uterus was clearly felt in 32.00 per cent bitches and unclear in 68.00 per cent bitches. The temperature and respiratory rate were significantly elevated in pyometra affected bitches compared to healthy controls. Hematological studies revealed decreased hemoglobin, packed cell volume and total erythrocyte count, while leukogram showed significant neutrophilia and leukocytosis with left shift. None of the hematological parameters differed significantly between open and closed pyometra except for TLC and percentage of band neutrophils being higher in closed cervix pyometra. Serum biochemical profile showed elevated levels of total protein, globulin, ALT, AST, ALP, BUN and creatinine and reduced albumin and A/G in pyometra affected bitches compared to healthy controls. None of the biochemical parameters differed significantly between open and closed cervix pyometra except for elevated globulin and reduced A/G in closed cervix pyometra. Estimation of CRP and SAA revealed significant elevation of these acute phase proteins in pyometra affected bitches (71.12±6.19 mg/L and 60.68±2.27 mg/L) compared to healthy controls and also, the concentrations were significantly higher in closed cervix pyometra than open cervix pyometra. In the present study 70.67 per cent bitches affected with pyometra had positive SIRS status. Positive SIRS status was noticed in 80.00 per cent of bitches with closed cervix pyometra and 68.33 per cent of bitches with open pyometra. Among the clinical criteria to assess SIRS status temperature, heart rate, TLC, percentage of band neutrophils and SAA were significantly higher in SIRS positive than SIRS negative bitches. No significant difference was noticed in respiratory rate, albumin and CRP between SIRS positive and SIRS negative bitches. Radiographic examination revealed a space occupying radiographic opacity between colon and urinary bladder in moderately affected cases, while in severely affected bitches distended uterus was easily identified beyond caudo-ventral abdomen displacing the intestines cranially. On ultrasonographic examination the distended uterine horns appeared as round or oval anechoic to hypoechoic fluid filled structures dorsal to anechoic urinary bladder. The pyometra affected bitches were categorized basing on the sonographic appearance of uterus and uterine contents into groups B, C, DH and DA. The diameter of uterine horns was highest in group DA and thickness of uterine wall was highest in group DH. In pyometra, the blood flow was continuous with high velocity, low resistance and low pulsatility. In pyometra affected bitches, higher blood flow velocities (PSV and EDV) and lower hemodynamic indices (RI, PI and S/D) were recorded in group DA. The histopathological findings showed that Type II CEH-pyometra complex (51.52%) was the common pathology observed in pyometra affected bitches followed by Type III (36.36%) and Type IV (12.12%). Histopathological picture of Type II uterus was characterized by cystic endometrial hyperplasia with diffuse infiltration of the stroma by plasma cells. Type III pyometra was characterized by cystic endometrial hyperplasia with acute inflammatory reaction. Type IV pyometra was characterized by marked atrophy of endometrium with very few glands and stroma was infiltrated with plasma cells, macrophages and few neutrophils. All the histopathological types of pyometra showed cytoplasmic staining for VEGF. A variation in quick sore was noticed in luminal and glandular epithelium between different histological types of pyometra. Type II and Type IV had higher quick score in luminal epithelium whereas, the quick score in glandular epithelium was higher in Type III. The nuclear staining for Ki-67 did not yield consistent results in the present study. However cytoplasmic staining of Ki-67 was observed in stroma cells of few cases of Type II pyometra. In the present study, the mortality rate in pyometra affected bitches was 18.67 per cent of which 6.67 per cent succumbed to death after surgery and 12.00 per cent before surgery. The mean temperature, heart rate, percentage of band neutrophils, total protein, globulin, ALP, BUN, creatinine and SAA were significantly higher while hemoglobin and TEC were significantly lower in non-survivors than survivors. A significant association with mortality was noticed with the presence of SIRS (P<0.0072), closed pyometra (P<0.0279), elevated ALP (P<0.0109), elevated creatinine (P<0.0002) and elevated serum amyloid A (P<0.0001) in the pyometra affected bitches and these parameters could be used as prognostic indicators in canine pyometra.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON RENAL DISEASE IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-12) CHAITANYA, YALAVARTHI; LAKSHMI RANI, N (MAJOR); VAIKUNTA RAO, V; RAVI KUMAR, P; SREENU, MAKKENADuring the study period of two years, the occurrence of renal diseases in dogs accounted up to 3.40 per cent in. Among the affected dogs, 18.24 per cent suffered with acute kidney injury, whereas 81.76 per cent were of chronic kidney disease. Kidney diseases were more prevalent in male dogs, aged above 8 years and the occurrence was more in Pomeranian (30.82%). In the affected dogs, the clinical presentation varied from asymptomatic to typical clinical signs. Detailed haemato- biochemical examination and imaging studies performed in 128 dogs revealed that, 25 dogs were affected with AKI and 103 dogs had CKD. The dogs with CKD were further categorized into four stages based on SDMA values as stage I, II, III and IV. The SDMA values in the affected dogs ranged from 14 to 152 μg/dL. Sub staging of CKD dogs was done based on UPC and Blood pressure. Significant difference (P0.05) was noticed in mean values of PI and RI in acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease stage I and II with the healthy control while the same in chronic kidney disease stage III and IV varied significantly (P0.05) was noticed in mean values of LA/Ao and M mode echocardiographic findings in dogs with acute kidney injury which varied significantly (P<0.05) in chronic kidney disease. Therapy was initiated in dogs with kidney diseases by using herbal antioxidant, diuretic, phosphate binders, antibiotics, diuretic, ACE inhibitors, nutritional therapy, haematinics, fluid therapy along with specific treatment and were monitored for a period of 3 months. The survival percentage of dogs with acute kidney injury (Group I) was 84.00% per cent (21/25). The survival percentage was 100.00 per cent in Group IIa (17/17) and IIb (15/15) i.e., chronic kidney disease stage I and stage II, where as it was 80.00 per cent (20/25) in CKD stage III (Group IIc) and 56.00 per cent (26/46) in chronic kidney disease stage IV (Group IId). Significant difference (p<0.05) was recorded in the SDMA/creatinine ratio(9.20±0.18 in survivors vs 12.07 ± 0.42 in non survivors, BUN ( 82.53±1.84 mg/dL vs 148.62±12.82mg/dL), product of calcium and phosphorus(58.22±2.02 vs 89.32±1.92), sodium to potassium ratio (39.42±1.02 vs 48.93±1.32) , UPC (1.92±0.22 vs 3.86±0.52 ) and resistive index (0.62±0.56 vs 0.74±0.24) between survivors and non survivorsThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING TANNIFEROUS HERBAGE ON GROWTH AND HELMINTHS CONTROL IN NELLORE SHEEP(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-11) SIREESHA, KORLAKUNTA; VENKATA SESHAIAH, CH(MAJOR); SUDHAKAR, K; SRINIVAS KUMAR, D; VINOO, RThe present research was carried out to find out the effect of feeding tanniferous leaf meal mixture (TLMM) incorporated total mixed rations (TMR) on growth, BCS, blood haematological and biochemical profiles, faecal egg count of helminths and cost per kg live weight gain in Nellore lambs and ewes. Among the ten locally available herbages, Ficus benghalensis, Leucaena leucocephala and Psidium guajava were selected for the experiment based on their CP and CT content. A total of 30 Nellore brown lambs of approximately 3-4 months age with a mean live weight of 12.10 ± 0.31 kg and 30 ewes of uniform age 3 to 3.5 years and body weight (25.03±1.52 Kg), tested positive for parasitic infestation were selected and randomly divided into five groups of 6 animals each in a completely randomized design. The control groups i.e. positive control ( C) and negative control (NC) were fed with total mixed ration (TMR) without TLMM and the treatment groups were fed with TMR in which part of the roughage portion was replaced with TLMM to get the CT content of the ration at 2% (T1), 3%(T2) and 4%(T3) levels for a period of 120 days. Only NC group of lambs and ewes received deworming as per the schedule. Care was taken that all the experimental rations were isonitrogenous. The mean body weights (kg) of lambs at the end of the experiment were significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment groups compared to control groups and the body weights of lambs in T2 group were significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to other groups. The body weights (kg) of T1, T2 and T3 groups were found to be 21%, 23% and 18% higher than the control group. The average daily gain (ADG) in treatment groups of lambs were found to be significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to C and NC groups and the difference between C and NC groups was also significantly (P<0.05) different. Among the treatment groups, T2 group recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher mean ADG compared to T3 group, while the difference was not significant between T1 and T2 and T1 and T3. The average feed intake (g/day) in lambs was significantly (P<0.05) low in control group compared to other groups, while the difference was not significant among other groups. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) (kg DMI/kg gain) was significantly (P<0.05) low in T2 group compared to C and NC groups, while the difference was comparable among treatment groups. No significant difference was observed in mean BCS values among treatment and control groups of lambs and ewes. The mean Hb (g/dl) levels were significantly (P<0.05) low in C group compared to other groups and significantly (P<0.05) high in T2, NC groups, while the difference was not significant (P<0.05) between T1 and T3 groups in lambs and ewes. The mean PCV (%) values were significantly (P<0.05) low in C group compared to other groups, while the difference was not significant among other groups in both lambs and ewes. Total protein, albumin, globulin (g/dl) levels and A:G ratio were significantly (P<0.05) lower in control group compared to treatment groups in lambs and ewes. Mean glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, Ca, P and Cu (mg/dl) levels in experimental lambs and ewes under different treatments did not differ significantly (P<0.05). The mean serum urea (mg/dl) levels in all the treatment groups of lambs and ewes were found to be significantly (P<0.05) lower compared to both control groups. No significant (P<0.05) difference was observed among different treatment groups with respect to SGOT and SGPT (IU/L) in lambs and ewes. The FEC (eggs per gram) in treatment groups was found to be decreasing with the progression of the experiment till the end of the experiment in both lambs and ewes. In lambs and ewes, the FEC was significantly (P<0.05) high in C group and were low in T2 group, while the difference was not significant among T1, T3 and NC groups in lambs and ewes. At the end of the experiment, the FEC reduced by 66.67%, 85.85% and 71.63% in T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively in lambs and 68.20%, 86.0% and 69.90% in T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively in ewes compared to FEC recorded at the beginning of the experiment. The cost of feeding (₹) per kg weight gain was significantly (P<0.05) lower in T2 group and significantly (P<0.05) higher in C group compared to other groups, while the difference was not significant between NC, T1 and T2 groups. The feeding cost (₹) per kg live weight gain was 38, 25, and 23% less in T2, T1 and T3 groups compared to the control. The results from the present study concluded that feeding of diets containing 3% CT from locally available TLMM (Ficus benghalensis, Leucaena leucocephala and Psidium guajava at 40:40:20 ratio) was proven to be better in terms of growth performance, parasitic control and cost of feeding in lambs and parasitic control in ewes. The results of the study further reveled that feeding of CT even at 4% level in the diets of sheep does not cause any effect on health of the animal.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF MITRAL VALVE DISEASE IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2021-07) RAJESH, KODURU; VAIKUNTA RAO, V (MAJOR); LAKSHMI RANI, N; RAVI KUMAR, P; SREENU, MThe aim of the present study was to record the clinical signs hematobiochemical, electrocardiographic and thoracic radiographic changes in dogs with MVD, to quantify the systolic and diastolic dysfunctions in MVD dogs with echocardiography, evaluate the occult phase of MVD in dogs with Doppler echocardiography and cardiac biomarkers, identify survival and prognostic findings in dogs with MVD and treat the MVD in dogs with suitable therapeutic regimen. The prevalence of AHDs in the present study was found to be 0.47 per cent. The higher prevalence of MVD in Spitz (6/19) followed by Labrador, German shepherd, non descriptive breeds. The highest incidence was found in dogs in age group of 8- 10years, followed by 6 to 8 years. The present study found that predominance of MVD was across males than females. In dogs with MVD prominent clinical signs include persistent cough, exercise intolerance and tachypnoea. The physical examination revealed the presence of mur mur and wheezes. The hematology which include erythrogram and leukogram were found to be normal compared with healthy control group. The major biochemical alteration found during the present study was higher levels of sodium in the serum. Apart from this remaining major biochemical parameters were all within normal when compared to healthy control. Radiography showed cardiomegaly which was evident with increased VHS score compared with normal healthy control. The electrocardiography revealed morphological changes viz., tall QRS complex, atrial enlargement, ST coving, ST elevation, altered rhythm, and sinus tachycardia. The two dimensional echocardiography showed increase in diameter of LA, and marked alteration on LA/ Ao ratio which was found to be significantly increased when compared to healthy control. The mean dimensions of left ventricle were found to be increased when compared to healthy control. Whereas FS and EF were found to be significantly increased in dogs with MVD during occult phase and got significantly reduced in dogs with MVD with signs of CHF. The transmitral flow patterns in pulse wave doppler studies revealed the reduction in E velocity with an increase in A velocity. The dogs with MVD in occult phase showed pseudonormaliztion. The above indices showed diastolic dysfunction with preserved ejection fraction. Whereas in dogs with MVD with signs of CHF showed A velocity more than E velocity. The tissue doppler imaging showed Sm values more or less same in dogs with MVD in occult phase compared to healthy control. The Em and Am values significantly varied among dogs with MVD in occult phase and doges with MVD with signs of CHF showing various stages which include diastolic dysfunction, systolic dysfunction and CHF onset. The serum biomarker NT Pro BNP values were significantly elevated showing an increase in size heart compared with healthy control group. The present study found that in MVD, the radiography (VHS scores), conventional echocardiography indices viz., LA/Ao ratio, E/A, E/Em, Em/Am, levels of NT Pro BNP were found to have diagnostic and prognostic values of high importance. The present study found that the treatment involving, pimobendan, enalapril, furosemide and neutrceuticals benefit dogs with MVD especially with signs of CHF, there by improving the quality of lifeThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT HORMONAL INDUCTION PROTOCOLS ON ESTRUS RESPONSE, CONCEPTION RATE AND HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE IN ANOESTROUS GRADED MURRAH BUFFALOES (Bubalus bubalis)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-10) CHANDRA PRASAD, BORRA; VENKATA NAIDU, G(MAJOR); SRINIVAS, MANDA; Raghunath, M; Aswani Kumar, KTreatment of sub-estrus and true anoestrous high yielding lactating graded Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) using estrus and ovulation hormonal protocols, Double PGF2α, Presynch-Ovsynch, Ovsynch and CIDR Ovsynch their influence on fertility in farm and field during breeding and low breeding season was studied. The estrus response following hormonal treatment was 91.30, 85.71, 91.66 and 92.85 per cent in DPG, POVS, OVS and COVS in farm where as in field it was 85.66, 80.43, 80.95, and 86.84, respectively. The onset of estrus (hrs) following hormonal treatment was 52.0, 50.31, 51.31 and 48.20 in DPG, POVS, OVS and COVS, respectively in farm and 50.12, 51.63, 53.52 and 50.31 in DPG, POVS, OVS and COVS, respectively in field. Peak estrus synchrony with incidence of estrus (63.63 to 81.81%) between 48 to 72 hours following the treatment in all the groups was observed both under farm and field conditions. Pre ovulatory follicle (POF) diameter (mm) observed at the time of AI in DPG, POVS, OVS, COVS and control group buffaloes were 12.86, 14.15, 13.16, 11.58, 11.15 and 11.45, 12.47, 11.75, 10.11, 10.15 in pregnant and non-pregnant buffaloes, respectively under farm conditions and 12.44, 14.21, 13.05, 11.32 and 11.65; 11.22, 11.31, 10.92, 9.49 and 9.35 in pregnant and non-pregnant buffaloes, respectively under field conditions. Ovulatory response (%) observed on day 10 post AI in DPG, POVS, OVS, COVS and control group buffaloes were 56.21, 78.57, 75.00, 64.28 and 56.25, respectively in farm, while the same in field was 50.00, 65.21, 61.90, 47.36 and 37.77, respectively. The mean diameter (mm) of the corpus luteum (CL) was recorded on day 10 post AI in order to study the relationship of CL with pregnancy status in treated and control buffaloes. The conception rate in relation to CL diameter (mm) was highest in POVS (17.15 Vs 64.28%) followed with OVS (16.16 Vs 58.33%), COVS (15.97 Vs 50.00%), DPG (15.95 Vs 50.00%) and control (14.65 Vs 43.75%) groups, respectively in farm, while the conception rate with that of CL diameter (mm) in field was highest in POVS (16.65 Vs 54.34%) followed with DPG (15.55 Vs 46.50%), OVS (15.05 Vs 50.00%), COVS (14.75 Vs 36.84%) and control (14.15 Vs 28.88%) groups, respectively. The per cent conception rate at induced/observed estrus were 39.13, 42.85, 41.66, 28.57 and 25.00 in DPG, POVS, OVS, COVS and control group, respectively in farm conditions, while per cent second service conception rate was 8.69, 14.28, 16.66 , 14.28 and 12.50, respectively, whereas per cent third service conception rate was 2.1, 7.14, 00.00, 7.14 and 6.25, respectively. The per cent conception rate at induced/observed estrus were 32.16, 32.60, 33.33, 23.68 and 15.55 in DPG, POVS, OVS, COVS and control group, respectively in field conditions, while per cent second service conception rate was 11.18, 15.21, 11.90, 10.52 and 8.88 respectively, whereas per cent third service conception rate was 3.14, 6.52, 4.76, 2.63 and 4.44, respectively. In the present study no significant difference was observed in serum total cholesterol concentration, mean hemoglobin (gm/dl) level and Mean PCV (%) between days of the treatment with DPG, POVS, OVS, COVS and control groups protocols in farm and field and during seasons also. The mean levels of serum progesterone recorded on different days of treatment day -10, 0, 11, day of A.I and day 21 post AI in postpartum sub estrus buffaloes during breeding and high breeding seasons in farm and field. The difference between BCS groups in farm and field were significant in POVS and OVS treated groups. Higher conception rate was recorded in buffaloes belonging to L2 group (parity) treated with POVS in both farm and field condition. In farm, higher conception rate was recorded in postpartum sub-estrus buffaloes belonging to L2 group treated with DPG during breeding and low breeding season, whereas in field higher conception rate was recorded in L2 group during breeding and L3 group during low breeding season. In the present study the conception rate varied between T1, T2, and T3 (service period) groups. Maximum conception rate was recorded in postpartum true anoestrous buffaloes subjected to OVS protocol in T2 group both at farm and field condition. While in COVS group maximum conception rate was recorded in T2 group both at farm and field condition. Maximum conception rate was observed in T2 and T3 group at farm and T2 in field level in control group. In the present study cost per pregnancy was recorded as Rs-/ 660, 1719, 1346 and 3271 in farm and 710, 2033, 1570 and 3271 in field treated with DPG, POVS, OVS and COVS respectively. It is concluded that estrus and fertility response in postpartum lactating anThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BRUCELLOSIS AND TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE AND BUFFALOES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-09) SANTOSH SAJJAN; SRINIVASA RAO, T (MAJOR); MADHAVAPRASAD, C.B.; RAMANI PUSHPA, R.N.; ASWANI KUMAR, KBrucellosis and tuberculosis are neglected zoonoses having worldwide public health concern. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the prevalence of brucellosis and tuberculosis in cattle and buffaloes, detect and identify the species by PCR, understand the genetic diversity among the detected species, investigate the antimicrobial resistance of pathogens and evaluate the risk factors associated with the occurrence of these diseases. A total of 1070 samples comprising of 330 blood samples, 185 milk samples, 310 nasal swabs and 245 vaginal swabs from 300 cattle and 30 buffaloes which were reared along with cows were collected and examined for detection of brucellosis and mycobacteriosis in different production systems viz., intensive (110), semi-intensive (110) and extensive system (110). The overall prevalence of brucellosis and mycobacteriosis was 6.06% (20/330) and 3.33% (11/330), respectively among the animals studied. The prevalence of both the diseases was higher in farms with intensive production system and larger herd size. Sexually active (2-10 years) and xii aged animals (5-10 years) were at risk of infection for brucellosis and tuberculosis, respectively. Exotic breeds of cattle were more susceptible to mycobacteriosis compared to indigenous breeds. Rose bengal plate test (BPT) and indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) tests revealed almost perfect agreement (К=0.92) with each other. While, SIT and IFN-γ ELISA tests revealed substantial agreement (К=0.50) with each other. The species of Brucella recognized by Bruce-ladder multiplex PCR in cattle were found to be B. melitensis (4) and B. abortus (5) out of 09 samples confirmed by PCR. Further, all the Mycobacterium spp. detected by PCR were differentiated as non tuberculous Mycobacterium (NTM) by commercial qPCR kit. Brucella species displayed genetic homogeneity by both PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and Repetitive Element Palindromic (REP)-PCR techniques. Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance (MAR) index for B.abortus and B. melitensis isolates were found to be in the range of 0.66 to 0.83 and 0.5 to 0.91, respectively. Majority of the isolates showed the presence of multiple genes responsible for resistance to rifampicin (rpoB-M4, M5, M6 and +354rB/-720rB gene) fluoroquinalones (gyrA and gyrB). While only one isolate showed the presence of single gene (tetB) responsible for resistance to tetracyclines and one isolate showed presence of single gene {Aac(3)-Ia} responsible for resistance to aminoglycosides. None of the isolates showed presence of catB gene responsible for resistance to chloramphenicol even though all the isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol phenotypically. There was significant association with the individual level (age, sex and breed) and herd level risk factors (production system, herd size, cleanliness and lack of screening of animals) with the occurrence of brucellosis and mycobacteriosis in cattle and buffaloes as evidenced by Odd’s ratio.
