Loading...
Thesis
Browse
76 results
Search Results
ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL- HAEMATOBIOCHEMICAL AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON CANINE ANEMIA(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-12) Vijaya Bhaskar, D.P; Syaama Sundar, N (MAJOR); Vaikunta Rao, V; Rani Prameela, DAbstract: The study entitled “Clinical, Haemato–Biochemical and Therapeutic studies on Canine Anemiaʺ was carried out in the Department of Veterinary Medicine, Small animal ward, Veterinary Clinical Complex (VCC) N.T.R College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram and NTR Super Speciality Veterinary Hospital (SSVH) Vijayawada, during the period of December 2017 to July 2018. During this period 1203 dogs were screened an 380 of them were found anemic. Among them 48 anemic dogs (24 Mild anemic dogs and 24 moderate anemic dogs) were selected randomly for clinical study. The present study revealed prevalence of anemia accounted 31.59%. The gender wise prevalence is higher in male dogs rather than female dogs. Age wise prevalence of canine anemia has noticed highest prevalence at the age group of 6 months to 4 years (31.32%) and breed wise highest prevalence recorded in Germen shepherd (23.42%) followed by Labrador (21.84%). In present study etiology of anemia revealed highest prevalence due to A. caninum (18.95%), followed by tick infestation (15.26%), haemorrahagic gastro entiritis ( 12.11%), hepatic disorders (11.05%), peduculosis ( 7.37%) , parvo viral infection ( 7.37%), Renal Disorders (7.11), Demodectic mange ( 6.05%), Gastro entiritis ( 5.53%), Sarcoptic mange (5.00%), Toxocara infection ( 2.11%), Leptospirosis (1.05%), Babesiosis ( 0.79%) and lowest prevalence was noted in Hepatozoon infection (0.26%). Out of 48 cases 81.25% dogs showed hypothermia, and 18.75% dogs showed hyperthermia, tachycardia (72.92%), tachypnoea (60.42%), bradycardia (27.08%), bradypnoea (39.58%) were recorded in anemic dogs. Dogs showed pale mucous membrane (64.58%), congested mucous membrane (29.17%) and icteric mucous membranes (6.25%) were recorded. The pale mucous membrane was recorded as a common clinical sign in the most of the cases. In mild anemic dogs body condition score (BCS) recorded in 54.17% of dogs were ideal weight, where as moderate anemic dogs 37.50% were under weight. Majority of mild anemic dogs has normocytic and normochromic anemia where as moderate anemic dogs has normocytic hypochromic anemia. Therapeutic regimen of anemic dogs were further grouped as Group –I: (n=12) mild anemic dogs treated with oral allopathic haematinic Group – II: (n=12) mild anemic dogs treated with oral ayurvedic haematinic. Group –III: (n=12) moderate anemic dogs treated with parenteral iron dextran (10 mg/kgbwt) once in a week along with allopathic haematinic. Group – IV: (n=12) moderate anemic dogs treated with parenteral iron dextran (10 /kgbwt) once in a week along with oral ayurvedic haematinic. The results reveals allopathic and ayurvedic medication has almost similar efficacy, comparatively ayurvedic drug treated dogs has shown less side effects like constipation compared to allopathic medication. Whereas moderate anemic dogs will give fast recovery with parenteral low molecular iron dextran along with either allopathic or ayurvedic haematinics.ThesisItem Open Access COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON ASCITES IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-12) SREEHARI, M; SURESH KUMAR, R.V(MAJOR); VEENA, P; JAGAPATHI RAMAYYA, PABSTRACT: The present investigation entitled “Comprehensive study on ascites in dogs” was carried out to study comprehensive information on ascites in dogs. 18 dogs of either sex were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria divided into three groups of six animals each in one group. Based on clinical and ultrasonographic examination cases were allotted. Group I animals were given medical treatment group II animals received medical treatment and underwent abdominocentesis. Group III animals received medical treatment, abdominocentesis and dialysis procedures. In all the groups various clinical symptoms, changes in physiological, biochemical and haematological parameters were studied. Radiological, ultrasonographic and peritoneal fluid analysis were carried out to differentiate the possible etiological agent for appropriate therapy. Incidence was found to be more in males compared to females. Clinical symptoms like anorexia, weight loss, abdominal distension, lethargy, vomitions were recorded in all the three groups. Medical treatment was carried out using antiemetics, diuretics, antibiotics, protein supplement, hepatoprotective drugs as supportive therapy. Abdominocentesis was adopted in group II in addition to medical treatment whereas abdominocentesis and peritoneal dialysis was adopted in group III. No significant changes were noticed in physiological parameters except fluctuations in respiratory rate and depth. Girth circumference in cm ranged from 20 to 40. Sinus arrhythmias, Tall R-wave and increased R-R interval were few ECG findings recorded in the study. Peritoneal fluid collected from samples showed exudate, moderate exudate and transudate nature. Ground glass appearance was a prominent radiographic feature in all the groups however cardiomegaly, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly were also observed. Ultrasonographic features all the groups included, hyper-echoic floating internal organs in anechoic fluid which were useful in differentiating causative agents and aided in fluid collection. Peritoneal fluid cytological smears examination of samples in the present study revealed more no of neutrophils, mesothelial cells and few erythrocytes. Biochemical and haematological values showed non-significant either increase or decrease in values at different periods of observation. Though satisfactory result was obtained in group I further recurrence was noticed. Abdominocentesis and peritoneal dialysis group II and III revealed good results without much accumulation. One animal in group II and III were reported to be dead. Based on the above study it is concluded that clinical and ultrasonographic examination are essential to differentiate conditions from ascites. Treatment based on etiological agent is better for obtaining good results.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ROPIVACAINE, ROPIVACAINE – DEXMEDETOMIDINE AND ROPIVACAINE – CLONIDINE COMBINATIONS FOR EPIDURAL ANALGESIA IN CATTLE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-12) CHANDRA SEKHAR, K; VEENA, P(MAJOR); SURESH KUMAR, R.V; JAGAPATHI RAMAYYA, PABSTRACT: Eighteen cattle of either sex presented to the clinic with different surgical conditions like urolithiasis, tumors in perineal region and tail injuries were utilized to study the effects of ropivacaine, ropivacaine – dexmedetomidine and ropivacaine – clonidine combinations for epidural analgesia. The animals were divided into three groups of six animals each. Group I received ropivacaine (0.75%) @ 0.25 mg/kg b.wt at sacrococcygeal space. Group II animals received ropivacaine (0.75%) @ 0.25 mg/kg b.wt and dexmedetomidine @ 5 μg/kg b.wt in the sacrococcygeal space. Group III animals received ropivacaine (0.75%) @ 0.25 mg/kg b.wt and clonidine @ 2 μg/kg b.wt at sacrococcygeal space. The fastest onset of analgesia was produced by ropivacaine –dexmedetomidine combination followed by ropivacaine – clonidine. Profound analgesia was observed in animals following ropivacaine – dexmedetomidine epidural injection. Animals in group II showed rapid abolition and prolonged reappearance of all reflexes followed by group III and group I animals. Rectal temperature showed non significant decrease in all groups during post epidural analgesia. A non significant increase in respiratory rate was observed in cattle following ropivacaine and ropivacaine – clonidine epidural analgesia. Whereas, a non significant fall was noticed in respiratory rate during ropivacaine – dexmedetomidine combination. A non significant increase in heart rate was recorded after epidural administration of ropivacaine in group I animals. Group II and III animals showed a non significant decrease in heart rate throughout the period of study. ECG studies did not reveal any abnormalities except sinus arrhythmia in all animals. In group I and III, non significant increase in Hb and PCV values were observed in the present study. Non significant decrease in Hb and PCV values were recorded in animals subjected to ropivacaine – dexmedetomidine analgesia. A non significant increase in AST, ALT levels was noticed in all groups of animals. The study suggests that dexmedetomidine is a better adjuvant than clonidine in producing epidural analgesia as far as cardio – respiratory and haemato – biochemical parameters are concerned. Therefore, ropivacaine – dexmedetomidine combination can be recommended for safe epidural analgesia in cattleThesisItem Open Access AN ASSESSMENT OF LIVESTOCK SERVICE DELIVERY AMONG DAIRY FARMERS IN ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-10) DEEPTHI, G; SHARMA, G.R.K(MAJOR); HARILAL, R; SURESH, JABSTRACT: Ex-post-facto research design was followed in the present investigation. Andhra Pradesh state was selected for the present study covering purposively selected three districts namely; Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, and Chittoor to cover the geographical distribution. Two mandals from each district and two villages from each mandal were selected randomly amounting a total of twelve villages and from each village ten dairy farmers are selected randomly, thus a total of 120 respondents were selected for the study. The data were collected personally with the help of a well-structured, pretested interview schedule, processed, analyzed and interpreted. Majority of the respondents were middle aged, illiterates and possessed medium family size with nuclear type family system and belonged to Backward Category. Dairy farming was the main occupation, while agriculture was taken up as subsidiary occupation with marginal category of land holding. Most of the respondents had medium experience in dairy farming possessed medium sized herd with medium level income. Majority of dairy farmers have membership in one of the organizations like village panchayat, Self-Help Groups, cooperative milk society, farmer’s organization and bank. Majority of the dairy farmers are approachable to V.Ds with medium distance from service delivery institution followed by Gopalamitra centres, R.L.Us and Veterinary Hospitals. Majority of respondents were in frequent contact with V.A.S and paravets for availing livestock services followed by Private Veterinarians in often access, Educational institutes ,Dairy co-operatives, M.C.Cs and quacks in rare access and never access to NGOs and most of the dairy farmers were satisfied with the services provided by V.A.S followed by paravets. Majority of dairy farmers in the study area were provided with production services followed by curative services, extension services, preventive services and diagnostic services. The respondents were satisfied to the services provided by different service providers mostly in production services followed by extension services, preventive services, curative services and diagnostic services. Majority of the dairy farmers had opinioned that there is medium level of effectiveness in livestock service delivery. Correlation analysis carried out between independent and dependent variables indicated that from among the independent variables education ,herd size ,distance from service delivery institution and mode of livestock service delivery had found to be positively correlated with the effectiveness of livestock service delivery, while age found to be negatively correlated with effectiveness of livestock service delivery. Regression analysis revealed that, the combined effect of independent variables on effectiveness of livestock service delivery explained that independent variables like information seeking behavior, distance from service delivery institution and mode of livestock service delivery contributed to most to the variation in effectiveness of livestock service delivery. Majority of respondents opinioned that inadequate availability of medicines and other infrastructural facilities in hospitals and subsidies provided for purchase of animals were not satisfactory and distant location of veterinary hospital/ veterinary care center is the major constraint with the livestock service delivery. while majority of the dairy farmers had opinioned that more number of veterinarians may be made available to improve animal breeding service delivery, i.e., in critical cases of parturition etc. followed by animal health services may be provided at the time of emergency by the veterinarians. Supply of fodder seeds based on climatic conditions and change of work times of hospital in accordance with farming activities were some of the suggestions opinioned by the dairy farmers towards delivery of livestock services in an effective and efficient way. Ensuring veterinary institutions nearer to the farmers habitat, timely availability of veterinary officials in the institution, improving working skills of paravets and gopalamitras by regular trainings, availability of enough medicines and other infrastructure as well as steps should be taken to reach different schemes to the farmers door steps etc. are some of the strategies recommended for effective livestock service delivery among dairy farmers.ThesisItem Open Access PROCESS OPTIMISATION AND SHELF LIFE STUDY OF LOW CALORIE LASSI ADDED WITH CARDAMOM(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-08) BRAHAMANI, DUGGINAPALLI; KOTILINGA REDDY, Y(MAJOR); VIJAYA GEETHA, V; NAGESWARA RAO, KABSTRACT: Lassi is the one among the most popular dairy beverages of India. Many people are aware of the possible link between sugar intake and obesity, while seriously attempting to control their body weight. The food industry has responded to this trend by utilizing low calorie sweeteners. Hence, there is need to develop lassi with low calorie sweeteners which carry health benefits when consumed by diabetic and dietetic people. Satisfactory quality lassi was prepared using low calorie sweeteners with addition of bulking agent (sorbitol) and cardamom in the present investigation. The method of manufacture of lassi using low calorie sweeteners including bulking agent with sorbitol was standardized. Two low calorie sweeteners were added at three different levels to the lassi to select the appropriate level of sweeteners i.e. aspartame was added at 80, 90 and 100 ppm, and sucralose at 20, 25 and 30 ppm levels by total replacement of sugar. The artificial sweeteners added to lassi was compared with control containing sugar. Based on the physico-chemical and sensory quality parameters aspartame with 90 ppm and sucralose with 25 ppm are found to be the best when compared to the other levels and almost similar to the control. After selecting the suitable sweeteners level, bulking agent (sorbtiol) was added at three different levels i.e. 7, 7.5 and 8.0 % respectively to achieve the mouth feel of the product as comparable to that of control. It was found that 7.5% sorbitol level is suitable as compared to the others with respect to physico-chemcial and sensory evaluation. The low calorie lassi was prepared with sucralose 25 ppm plus 7.5 % sorbitol and aspartame 90 ppm plus 7.5% sorbtiol respectively are added with cardamom to study the shelf-life of the product during the storage period. Cardamom was added to the low calorie lassi in three different levels 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 % respectively. The lassi samples were stored at refrigeration temperature and examined for the physico-chemical changes, microbiological quality and sensory quality for 3 days intervals till the product found to be sour. During the storage period the control sample made without cardamom and 0.1% cardamom added samples were found to be sour and reported to have lower pH, flavor scores correspondingly with higher titratable acidity by the end of 12 days of storage. Further, 0.15% cardamom added lassi samples were found to be sour at 15 days. However, the 0.20% cardamom added samples were still found to be acceptable even at 15 days of storage period.ThesisItem Open Access JOB COMPETENCE AND PERFORMANCE OF WOMEN VETERINARIANS AS EXTENSION OFFICERS IN ANDHRAPRADESH - AN ANALYTICAL STUDY(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-12) DEEPIKA, KOYYANA; SUBRAHMANYESWARI, B(MAJOR); SHARMA, G.R.K; SURESH, JABSTRACT: The present study was undertaken with the main objective of assessing the "JOB COMPETENCE AND PERFORMANCE OF WOMEN VETERINARIANS AS EXTENSION OFFICERS IN ANDHRA PRADESH". Ex-post-facto research design was followed in the present investigation. A total of 120 Women Veterinary Assistant Surgeons (WVAS) working in the four zones of the state were selected through proportionate random sampling method. Thus a total of 15 WVAS from zone I, 23 WVAS from zone II, 24 WVAS from zone III and 58 WVAS from zone IV were selected to form the total sample size. The data were collected personally with the help of a questionnaire and the data were processed, analyzed and interpreted. Majority of the respondents were young aged, had an educational qualification of B.V.Sc & A.H and with a low level of experience in extension work. Most of the respondents had medium level of self reliance, work motivation, work load and accountability to clientele. Majority of the women veterinarians had access to medium level of facilities and resources in their working areas and with medium level of organizational climate and communication. On 14 villages, livestock population of 9500 and three subordinates under the area of jurisdiction and treating 950 cases per month. The WVAS mostly attended gynecological and extension trainings. Majority of the women veterinarians possessed medium level of job competence with medium level of technical knowledge, communicative ability, self development, empathy, supervision, adaptability, creativity and initiative. Majority of the WVAS possess medium level of job performance with medium knowledge of technical services and medium level of extension advisory services. Most of them also had medium levels of educational activities, planning of programmes, implementation of programmes, monitoring of programmes and evaluation of programmes in extension and advisory services (EAS) of the work they performed. Correlation analysis between independent and dependent variables revealed that accountability to clientele, work motivation, organizational climate, organizational communication and facilities & resources showed positive and significant relationship with the job competence of women veterinarians as extension officers. Accountability to clientele, self reliance, work motivation, organizational climate, organizational communication and facilities & resources were positively and significantly related with job performance of women veterinarians as extension officers. Whereas, the variable i.e. span of control was negatively and significantly related with job performance of women veterinarians as extension officers.Regression analysis revealed that all the independent variables put together explained about 22 per cent variation in the job competence of women veterinarians as extension officers. Organizational climate and communication, facilities & resources were contributed to most of the variation in the job competence of women veterinarians as extension officers. With regard to another dependent variable i.e. job performance, all the independent variables put together explained about 26 per cent of variation. Age, experience in extension work, organizational climate and communication were positively and significantly contributed to most of the variation in the job performance of women veterinarians as extension officers. Majority of the WVAS expressed constraints such as ‘inadequate knowledge on efficient and appropriate methodologies in extension activities, lack of trained village level extension workers, lack of time for extension services due to increased documentation work, lack of idea on preparation of extension information material, larger jurisdictions under control of WVAS, political interference in implementation of schemes, lack of skill based training on new farm technologies, lack of training on advances in Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Sciences, lack of support / faculty in working with other line department, lack of support from neighboring field veterinarians in organizing extension campaign, lack of inputs for preparation of client specific audio-visual aids, lack of availability of scientific literature, inadequate communication by the department with regard to advances in veterinary practices and lack of transport facility to remote areas’.ThesisItem Open Access ETIOPATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF EXTRA OCULAR DISEASES IN RUMINANTS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-12) ERESHA, CHAKALI; RAMBABU, K(MAJOR); SURESH KUMAR, R.V; JAGAPATHI RAMAYYA, PABSTRACT: The present investigation was carried out to study etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and management of extra ocular diseases in ruminants. Out of a total of 1286 surgical cases, 7.62 per cent (98) of extra ocular affections over a period of 12 months from October 2016 to September 2017 were reported in ruminants. Methodical physical, clinical and ophthalmological and other investigations were carried out to diagnose extra ocular affections. Different extra ocular affections affecting eyelids, conjunctiva, third eyelid cornea and sclera in ruminants were diagnosed by detailed ophthalmic examination by Schirmer tear test, Fluorescein dye test, Rose Bengal test and IOP methods. In the study highest incidence was recorded in cattle (38.77 %) than other ruminants. Gender wise incidence was higher in females i.e 63.27 per cent compared to males 36.73 per cent. As per anatomical location, the highest incidence of extra ocular affections was recorded in Conjunctiva i.e 43.90 per cent. The highest percentage of prevalence for eyelid (18), conjunctiva (43), third eyelid (11), cornea and scleral (26) affections were recorded in eyelid tumors (27.78 per cent), subconjunctival abscess (30.23 per cent), third eyelid tumors (27.27 percent) and corneal opacity (23.07 percent) respectively. The age group of 1 to 5 years had the highest incidence of 52.04 per cent. Highest incidence was recorded in Left eye (OS) i.e 48.98 per cent than right eye (OD). Subconjunctival abscess, Subconjunctival haematoma, Chemosis, Acute conjunctivitis, third eyelid tumours and ocular coenurus cyst were recorded and suitable medical management and surgical procedure were done. To diagnose extra ocular affections in ruminants detailed physical examination, ophthalmic examination were carried out and the cases were treated effectively by meticulous preparation of the patient, medical management and good surgical techniques or both appropriately for successful recovery.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON THE OVARIAN FOLLICULAR DYNAMICS DURING OESTROUS CYCLE IN PUNGANUR CATTLE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-12) RAVIKIRAN, B.R; Veera Brahmaiah, K(MAJOR); Mouli Krishna, K; Gangaraju, GABSTRACT : The follicular dynamics during two consecutive oestrous cycles of eight Punganur cows stationed at Livestock Research Station, Palamaner, Chittoor district was monitored on every alternative day by using an ultrasound device. The Punganur cows indicated the presence of 2 follicular wave (25.00 %) and 3 wave (75.00 %) estrous cycle. The number of waves did not show any significant difference in the exhibition of estrus intensity with overall mean estrus duration of 16.02 ± 0.74 h. The mean values on day of onset of follicular wave, day of follicular wave ending,duration of follicular wave, maximum diameter of dominant follicle and day of maximum diameter of dominant follicle in cows showing 2 wave cycle during 1stand 2nd waves were 0.8 ± 0.37 and 13.00 ± 1.08; 12.00 ± 0.68 and 21.00 ± 0.63;11.8 ± 0.49 and 9.25 ± 2.98; 7.3 ± 0.63 and 9.4 ± 0.47 mm; 6.6 ± 1.21 and 21.6 ± 1.63 and 0.64 ± 0.10 and 0.73 ±0.24 mm, respectively while the same during 1st, 2nd and 3rd waves in cows showing 3 wave cycle were 1.83 ± 0.27, 7.6 ± 0.5 and 13.66 ± 0.87; 9.59 ± 1.03, 15.73 ± 0.76 and 21.7 ± 0.51 day; 8.16 ± 0.95, 7.93 ± 0.98 and 7.6 ± 0.25 days; 6.75 ± 0.45, 6.4 ± 0.29 and 8.33 ± 0.38 mm and 4.75 ± 0.63, 11.4 ± 0.49 and 21.4 ± 0.56 day and 0.71 ± 0.10, 0.68 ± 0.10 and 0.66 ± 0.10 mm per day, respectively. While, the mean day of onset of atresia of follicular wave in cows showing 2 waves oestrous cycle was 8.2 ± 1.24 for 1st wave and the same in 3 waves cycle was 7.16 ± 0.61 and 13.33 ± 0.49 day for 1st and 2nd, respectively. The difference in the diameter of corpus luteum within 2 wave and 3 wave oestrous cycle cows was significant (P<0.05). While the difference in the period of wave duration, mean maximum diameter of DF and growth rate of follicle within 2 wave and 3 wave oestrous cycle cows was insignificant (P>0.05). The diameter of the preovulatory follicle was higher (P<0.05) than the diameter of the other dominant follicles of previous waves in oestrouscycles in cows with either two or three waves. The mean preovulatory follicular diameter was correlated positively and significantly (P<0.05) with the corresponding day of oestrous cycle estrogen concentration (r = 0.94). The mean overall diameter of CL during 4, 6, 8, 10, 14,16, 18 and 20 days of oestrous cycle in Punganur cows was 8.49 ± 0.49, 11.17 ± 0.50, 12.90 ± 0.45, 14.46 ± 0.34, 14.80 ± 0.29, 15.09 ± 0.46, 13.34 ± 0.51, 11.51 ± 0.63 and 10.38 ± 0.43, respectively. The mean maximum diameter of corpus luteum was 15.09 ± 0.46 on 14th day and regression of corpus luteum was initiated on 16th day of oestrous cycle. The increase in the diameter of the CL was significant throughout its growth from the day 4 of oestrous cycle to the day of regression with a maximum diameter of 15.09 ± 0.46 on 14th day. The difference in the diameter between and within 2 wave and 3 wave oestrous cycle cows was significant (P<0.05) and was positively and insignificantly (P<0.05) correlated with the progesterone concentration (r = 0.66) but negatively and significantly (P<0.05) correlated with the estrogen concentration (r = - 0.92) on day 14 of oestrous cycle. The mean overall progesteroneconcentration on day 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 of oestrous cycle was 1.06 ± 0.29, 3.14 ± 0.91, 2.38 ± 0.48, 4.29 ± 0.50, 4.49 ± 0.97, 5.44 ± 0.74, 5.47 ± 0.74, 6.30 ± 1.20, 7.04 ± 0.62, 5.10 ± 0.87 and 2.47 ± 0.87 ng/ml respectively and the overall estrogen concentration was 44.82 ± 1.07, 38.75 ± 1.68, 41.65 ± 1.45, 40.72 ± 1.43, 36.77 ± 4.77, 42.09 ± 1.91, 42.89 ± 1.81, 42.78 ± 1.34, 42.07 ± 0.65, 42.40 ± 0.85 and 44.82 ± 0.70 pg/ml, respectively. The difference in the serum progesterone and estrogen mean concentrations between 2 wave and 3 wave oestrous cycle cows was not significant (P>0.05) but difference between days of oestrous cycle progesterone was significant (P<0.05) and estrogen was not significant (P>0.05). The study concluded that follicular dynamics in Punganur cattle is characterized by a higher incidence of 3 wave oestrous cycles with slightly insignificantly longer oestrous cycles and the trend of estrogen and progesterone hormones during oestrous cycle indicates the normal cyclicity like any other Indian cattle breed.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF OVULATION PATTERN AND ITS RELATION TO FERTILITY IN CROSSBRED COWS WITH PROLONGED ESTRUS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-12) RADHIKA, SOMPALLI; Mouli Krishna, K(MAJOR); Veera Bramhaiah, K; Amaravathi, PABSTRACT: The present investigation “Evaluation of ovulation pattern and its relation to fertility in crossbred cows with prolonged estrus” was carried out in 48 repeat breeding cows with known history of prolonged estrus and 12 normal breeding cows and observed the various aspects of estrus viz. behavioural signs, duration of estrus, estrus cycle length, follicular growth pattern and hormonal profiles of normal and prolonged estrus cows. The treatment with GnRH, hCG and clitorial massage were exercised in repeat breeding cows with prolonged estrus. All the selected animals were inseminated when follicle diameter reached >12mm on ultra scan examination. The behavioural signs of estrus viz. bellowing, mounting, lordosis, pink colouration of vaginal mucous membrane, thin consistency of estrual discharge were remained for a longer period (≥ 72 h) in prolonged estrus cows than of normal control (≤ 24 h). There was a significant difference in estrus duration between prolonged (84.0 ± 6.2667 h) and normal estrus (≤24 h) cross bred cows. The frequency distribution of estrus cycle length was similar between normal (21.25 ± 0.5093 days) and prolonged estrus (21.166 ± 0.6009 days) cows. The plasma concentrations of E2 was found to be 20.671 ± 1.336, 22.484 ± 1.490, 25.283 ± 1.530, 26.91 ± 1.12, 29.0 ± of 1.50 and 12.097 ± 0.84 pg/ ml on Day 1, Day 2, Day 3, Day 4 and Day 5 of estrus and Day 7 post AI respectively in prolonged estrus cows. Where as in control it was recorded as 24.0783 ± 0.7644 pg/ml on day of standing estrus and 11.9847 ± 0.7614 on day 7 post AI. There was no significant difference between two groups of cows. Interestingly concentration of estradiol on alternative days shown a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05). The plasma concentration of P4 was significantly higher (suprabasal level) in prolonged estrus group (> 0.4 ng/ml) than of normal control (basal level <0.4 ng/ml). There was no statistical significance during estrus of prolonged estrus group. However, there was a significant difference between days of estrus and day of CL in prolonged estrus group. The mean of maximum diameter of pre ovulatory follicle (13.4125 ± 0.30 Vs 13.2 ± 0.12 mm) and CL diameter (17.8495 ± 1.0893 Vs 17.9971± 1.1219 mm) were not significant in prolonged estrus group and normal estrus group respectively. In prolonged estrus group the mean diameter follicle increased non significantly at successive days, but the increase was significant at alternate days (P ≤ 0.05). The conception percentage was not enhanced appreciably with treatment. In this present study the term ‘follicular persistence’, ‘persistent dominance’ and ‘delayed ovulation’ might not be appropriate terms to be used. It was concluded that it might be tempting to presume that probably there could have been stress mediated altered endocrine events in follicular growth resulting in overlapping of proestrus and estrus and thus an apparently extended estrus.