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ThesisItem Open Access MANAGEMENT OF LONG BONE DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES WITH MINIMALLY INVASIVE PLATE OSTEOSYNTHESIS TECHNIQUE USING LOCKING COMPRESSION PLATES IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-08) RAVI, RAIDURG; DHANA LAKSHMI, N(MAJOR); VASANTH, M.S; SRILATHA, Ch.; RAJU, N.K.BABSTRACT: Twenty four dogs presented to the college hospital (SVVU/KVAFSU) with unstable long bone diaphyseal fractures which were diagnosed by clinical signs, orthopaedic examination and survey radiography were taken as clinical material for the study. The breed, age, sex wise incidence, etiology and type of fracture were studied. The dogs were equally divided into four groups viz; Group I (humerus), Group II (radius and ulna), Group III (femur) and Group IV (tibia and fibula) and the fractures were stabilized with minimally innasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) using locking compression plate following standard AO/ASIF procedures. Preoperative plan was prepared using Fracture Patient Assessment Score (FPAS) and following the AO/ASIF procedures. The minimally invasive surgical approach for long bones was successfully implemented in radial and tibial diaphyseal fractures. MIPO was not successful in humeral and femoral diaphyseal fractures and hence alternate Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) was used for fracture repair. The outcome of fracture stabilization and healing was evaluated with postoperative lameness grading, radiography, ultrasonography and biochemical analysis. All the animals showed grade V lameness i.e. no weight bearing on limb at rest or while walking before surgery. Animals in group II (Radius Ulna) & group IV (Tibia) which underwent MIPO exhibited early limb usage (grade II lameness by 7th day and grade I lameness by 45th day) as compared to group I (Humerus) and group III (Femur) in which MIPO was unsuccessful (grade III lameness by 28th day and grade II lameness by 60th day). Radiographic healing (grade 1) was noticed in all the cases treated by MIPO of group II (Radius Ulna) and IV (Tibia) with obliterated fracture line and homogenous bone structure (callus) within 7 weeks, where as, group I (Humerus) and group III (Femur) where MIPO was unsuccessful showed grade 2 radiographic healing with barely discernible fracture line and massive bone trabeculae crossing fracture line (callus) by 7th week indicating slower fracture repair than MIPO. Ultrasonographic healing (grade 4 – Increasingly homogeneous, hyperechoic image of the tissue at the fracture site (acoustic shadow returns) was noticed in all the cases treated by MIPO of group II (Radius Ulna) and IV (Tibia) ,where as, group I (Humerus) and group III (Femur) where MIPO was unsuccessful showed (grade 3 - Evidence of bridging of the fracture gap with inhomogeneous tissue (mix of hypoechoic and hyperechoic areas) by 5th week. Vascularization was not detectable by use of power Doppler ultrasonography by 9th week in all the group. No major intraoperative complications like implant instability or loosening of screws were seen in MIPO group (Radius Ulna and Tibia), however, Dog no 1(Radius Ulna) and Dog no 3 (Tibia) showed lateral angulation of distal limb. Statistical analysis revealed increase (P<0.05) in the serum alkaline phosphatase values significantly from 0 day to 7th day in all the groups and there after the levels decreased reaching normal at 45th day. Serum Calcium values were also increased significantly from 0 day to 14th day in all the groups. Serum phosphorus level showed significant difference on the day 0, 7, 14 and 28 days in all the groups. Based on present study, it was concluded that successful MIPO technique for long bone fracture repair can be done clinically for faster healing in radial and tibial fractures, whereas for Femoral and Humeral long bone fractures, it was difficult due to more instability and unsuccessful alignment due to strong musculature and bone configuration. As the MIPO technique has a “learning curve”, it can be successful once the surgeon gains dexterity in MIPO and can be attempted for complex fracture where alignment may be possible due to loss of bone.ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SHEEP BASED FARMING SYSTEMS IN NELLORE DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-06) LAVANYA, A; SURESH, J(MAJOR); RAVINDRA REDDY, Y; RAVI, A; SHARMA, G.R.K; BHAVANI DEVI, IABSTRACT: The present study entitled “Economic analysis of sheep based farming systems in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh” was undertaken to study the socioeconomic status of the farmers, managemental practices of sheep rearing and performance of sheep in all the sheep based farming systems prevailing in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh. Estimation of costs, returns, resource productivity, resource use efficiency and technical efficiency were the main objectives in the study area. Six mandals were identified for the study covering 150 farmers. The relevant data were collected from both primary and secondary resources. Data for the year 2014-15 were collected through a pre-tested schedule by survey method. Constraints if any, perceived by the farmers were listed and ranked using Garrett’s ranking technique. The average size of the family of the pooled sample farmers was 5.84. Majority (48%) of the farmers belonged to medium sized families preferring nuclear families (58%). Majority (58.7%) of the shepherds in the study area were old age people. The overall literacy rate was 56 per cent. Pooled data also revealed that majority (50.7%) of sheep farmers belonged to backward community. Mean land holding was significantly higher (P<0.01) with sheep + horticulture farmers (2.486 ± 0.19 acres) followed by sheep + agriculture (2.3 ± 0.18 acres) and exclusive sheep farmers (0.2 ± 0.06 acres). Average flock size was 99.42 ± 5.44 in exclusive sheep farming which was highly significant (P<0.01) followed by 77.84 ± 4.53 (sheep + agriculture) and 66.14 ± 2.79 (sheep + horticulture). About 80 per cent of farmers adopted stationary system of sheep production in all farming systems while 20 per cent of the sheep farmers followed semi migratory production system. The study on housing practices such as housing type, flooring, roof, soil replacement and provision of lamb enclosure revealed that 65.3, 83.3, 58.7 per cent of the shepherds provided kutcha type of sheds, flooring and thatched roofing, respectively. Lamb enclosures were provided by 38, 66 and 56 per cent of the exclusive sheep, sheep + agriculture and sheep + horticulture farmers, respectively. Majority (94%) of the farmers in all the three farming systems practiced extensive type of sheep rearing. The pooled data with respect to mean sex ratio of ram:ewe indicated that the shepherds used one breeding ram for every 37.6 ewes to carry out their breeding requirements with a mean retention time of 4.38 to 4.8 years for crossing the ewes. Absolute majority (100%) of shepherds practiced flock mating and culling. Weaning was practiced by 50 per cent of the farmers. Sheep + horticulture farmers did not allow their sheep for penning whereas 42 per cent of exclusive sheep farmers and 70 per cent sheep + agriculture farmers, penned their sheep. With regard to health care management, cent per cent of the farmers dewormed and vaccinated their sheep while 72.66% shepherds practiced deticking. Absolute majority (100%) of sheep + horticulture farmers used manure in their own lands while exclusive sheep rearers and sheep + agriculture farmers not only used the manure in their own fields but also sold the remaining. The overall mean birth weight of ram lambs and ewe lambs was 2.92 ± 0.15 and 2.8 ± 0.14 kg, respectively. Weight at 6 months of age in males differed significantly (P<0.01) among the three farming systems. The mean weight was higher in sheep + horticulture system (16.21 ± 0.65 kg) followed by exclusive sheep rearing (15.84 ± 0.57 kg) and sheep + agriculture system (15.76 ± 0.55 kg). Age of ewes at first mating, age at first lambing and lambing interval of pooled data was 17.43 ± 0.74, 24.57 ± 0.83 and 12.37 ± 1.44 months, respectively. Total costs per unit (20 ewes + 1 ram) on sheep farms worked out to Rs.27,763 on exclusive sheep farming and Rs.33,968 in case of sheep reared in combination with agriculture and Rs.34,533 in sheep rearing combined with horticulture enterprises. Net returns per unit were Rs.27,110, Rs.21,285 and Rs.25,179 for the aforesaid enterprises, respectively. Returns per rupee of expenditure was Rs.1.98, 1.63 and 1.73 in exclusive sheep rearing, sheep + agriculture and sheep + horticulture farming systems, respectively. On an average the total cost of cultivation per hectare of paddy was Rs.76,192 out of which the share of total variable costs and fixed costs was 80.48 and 19.52 per cent, respectively. Productivity of paddy was 7.26 tonnes per hectare. A net income of Rs.41,533 was generated and returns per rupee of expenditure stood at Rs.1.54. With regard to horticulture (acid lime) farming, gross returns during the prebearing period (1-3 years) were zero as there was no yield. The gross returns from sale of acid lime started from 4th year onwards when the orchards bore fruit. The gross returns per hectare increased from Rs.2,24,175 to Rs.7,65,971 during 4th to 7th years. After that, gross returns decreased gradually from 8th to10th year i.e. Rs.7,46,805 to Rs. 4,05,883. Net present worth (NPW) at 12 per cent rate was Rs.7,85,613 while the Benefit-cost ratio was 1.89. Internal rate of return was worked out and was found to be 37.3. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the enterprise was economically viable even at 24% discount rate. When farming systems as a whole were considered, the returns per rupee of expenditure were highest (2.52) in sheep + horticulture farming system followed by 1.98 and 1.57 in exclusive sheep farming and sheep + agriculture farming system, respectively. The analysis of resource productivity on sheep farms under different farming systems has indicated one point in common i.e., the increase in flock size has significantly impacted the sheep production in a positive manner. It was revealed that an increase in acreage by 1 per cent keeping other inputs constant would increase paddy production by 0.46 per cent while similar increase in human labour, farm yard manure and fertilizers would increase the output in paddy production by 0.5, 0.1 and 0.9 per cent, respectively. The resource use efficiency analysis of sheep farming under all the 3 systems has amply demonstrated that there is ample scope to increase the flock size since any further increase in the flock size had the potential to further increase the income in sheep farming. However, efficiency of labour use can be further enhanced in the case of exclusive sheep rearing as well as sheep combined with agriculture. Any increase in veterinary expenditure on the whole didn’t indicate possibilities of further increase in the productivity. Results revealed that MVP/OC ratios for human labour (X2) and fertilizers (X4) were 2.24 and 6.13, respectively which imply that one more rupee of additional spending on human labour and fertilizers would add Rs. 2.24 and Rs. 6.13 to the gross income in paddy production. Technical efficiency was estimated using frontier production function. Rearing sheep alone as an individual enterprise was found to have the highest mean technical efficiency of 96 per cent followed by 94, 91.3 and 90 per cent in sheep + horticulture, paddy cultivation and sheep + agriculture farming systems, respectively indicating efficient managemental practices by the farmers. An attempt was also made to bring out the constraints faced by the shepherds in all the sheep based farming systems by employing Garrett’s ranking technique which revealed that shrinkage of grazing lands, poor credit facilities, disease incidence, high lamb mortality, limited availability of quality breeding stock etc., were the major constraints encountered.ThesisItem Open Access CLONING, EXPRESSION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PARAFLAGELLAR ROD GENE OF TRYPANOSOMA EVANSI(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-01) SIVAJOTHI, S; CHENGALVA RAYULU, V(MAJOR); MALA KONDAIAH, P; SREENIVASULU, D; SRILATHA, ChABSTRACT : Present study was undertaken with an objective to isolate, clone, express and characterize the paraflagellar rod gene of Trypanosoma evansi. Local isolate of Trypanosoma evansi collected from naturally infected cow was multiplied in Wistar rats. Total RNA was extracted from DEAE-cellulose column chromatography purified trypanosomes by using Trizol LS reagent. Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized from the RNA of host cell free T. evansi parasites by reverse transcription using oligo dT primers. RT-PCR was standardized to amplify the cDNA by targeting 1800 bp unique for PFR 2 gene of T. evansi. Amplification of cDNA was confirmed on agarose gel electrophoresis. The concentration of PCR amplicon was found to be 40 ng/μl after extracting from the gel. The gel purified PCR product (PFR 2 gene of T. evansi) was cloned into pTZ57R/T vector system. Transformation of competent Escherichia coli DH5α cells with ligated PFR 2 gene T. evansi was successfully carried out in LB agar with X-Gal and IPTG. Developed recombinants were observed as white colonies and non-recombinants as blue colonies. Presence of inserts was confirmed initially by Colony-PCR and then by Plasmid-PCR. Nucleotide sequence of the PFR 2 gene of T. evansi S.V.V.U. isolate (Accession No. KT277497) of the present study revealed 100 % homology with T. evansi China isolate and 99% homology with T. evansi Izatnagar and Bikaner isolates. Variation in nucleotide mutations at 4 positions with T. evansi Izatnagar and 3 positions with T. evansi Bikaner isolates were observed. The amino acid mutations in the PFR 2 gene of T. evansi S.V.V.U. isolate displayed regularity at 4 positions when compared to T. evansi China, Izatnagar and Bikaner isolates. Tree topology based on the Neighbor-joining (NJ) method of phylogenetic analysis has showed a close homology with other Trypanosomatidae species sequences with 100% bootstrap values. Restriction digestion of insert DNA of PFR 2 gene as well as pET 32a vector was carried out with EcoR I and Hind III enzymes and subjected for ligation by using T4 DNA ligase. The recombinant protein was sub-cloned into pET 32a and expressed in the BL21 (DE3) pLysS expression system. A high level of expression of recombinant protein of PFR 2 gene of T. evansi was noted following four hours of induction with 1 mM IPTG. Molecular weight of the Ni-NTA column chromatography purified recombinant protein of PFR 2 gene of T. evansi was found to be approximately 90 kDa after resolving by SDS-PAGE. PFR 2 gene of T. evansi S.V.V.U. isolate was further characterized by determination of its protein profile with SDS-PAGE analysis and western blotting against hyper immune serum. Indirect ELISA was optimized for detection of specific antibody titre against recombinant protein of PFR 2 gene of T. evansi. Based on the ELISA result, it is evident that PFR 2 gene products are eliciting very good immune response. However, further study is required to know the protective effect of the antibodies in laboratory animal models and to explore the PFR 2 gene of T. evansi as potential candidate for diagnostic and vaccine target against surra. Findings of the present study confirmed the existence of PFR 2 gene in Indian cattle isolate of T. evansi. Cloning, expression and characterization of PFR 2 gene of T. evansi of cattle isolate carried out in the present investigation is probably the first report in India.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ESTRUS SYNCHRONIZATION AND FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT PATTERN IN ONGOLE COWS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-07) VENKATA RAMANA, K; Sadasiva Rao, K(MAJOR); Chandrasekhar Reddy, K; Raghavender, K.B.P; Gopal Reddy, AABSTRACT: The present investigation was aimed to study the follicular dynamics, serum progesterone concentration during postpartum and effect of GnRH and PGF2α analogues to induce estrus in postpartum anoestrus lactating Ongole cows to reduce the service period. In the ultrasound monitoring of present study in thirteen cows, follicles measuring above 6 mm diameter and corpus luteum measuring 8-10 mm were detected by day 20-25 postpartum period In the present study, the first and second wave of the dominant follicle emerged on day 1.80 + 0.8 and 12.46 + 0.20 days. Where as in three wave cycles first, second and third waves emerged on 1.52 + 0.03, 9.60 + 0.40 and 15.14 + 1.13 days of the estrous cycle, respectively. The mean follicle diameter of the dominant follicles determined by ultrasonography of the ovaries. The first and second wave pattern revealed that 10.23 + 0.40 and 12.30 + 0.36 mm in the two wave cycle. It was observed in the present study that the first wave dominant follicle of three wave cycles attained a maximum size of 10.70+0.20 mm with a mean growth rate of 0.87+0.03 mm per day. In the second wave of the dominant follicle maximum size was 9.80+0.37 mm with growth rate of 0.77+0.06 per day and the third wave maximum diameter was 12.80+0.37 mm with a mean growth rate of 1.46+0.90 mm per day, which is significantly (P< 0.05) bigger and faster in growth rate than the first and second waves in the same estrous cycle. However, the growth rate of second wave and third wave were not significant (P<0.05). In the present study, in natural cycle, the corpus luteum grew to a mean value of maximum diameter of 15.93 + 0.37 and 17.8 + 0.37 mm on the day of 13.1+1.50, 14.6+0.56 and remained up to 14.6+ 1.50 and 15.9+0.45 days of the estrous cycle in two and three wave cycles, respectively. The wave emergence initiated by the GnRH administration was recorded in the recent study was 1.33+0.21 days and the dominant follicle grew to the maximum diameter of the 12.48 + 0.57 mm with a growth rate of 1.66 + 0.26 mm per day. In the present investigation about 22.85 per cent (16/70) of the postpartum lactating Ongole cows have shown estrus by day 60 out of seventy postpartum cows. The postpartum onset of behavioral estrus was highly variable and varied from 25 – 195 days with a mean value of 109.50 + 4.66. Estrus was exhibited by 32.50 and 62.50 per cent cows during the day and night time respectively. In the present study, estrus behaviour was classified as intense, normal and weak. Only 18.75 per cent of cows exhibited intense and 18.75 per cent cows exhibited weak estrus and the remaining (62.50 per cent) cows showed normal estrus. In the present study, the mean estrus duration recorded in Ongole cows was 18.23 + 4.20 hours and the mean estrous cycle length was 21.50+0.21 days. In the present study, 56.25, 57.14 and 100.00 per cent cows required one, two or more artificial inseminations per conception. The mean time required for conception after calving was recorded as 163.60+10.72 (75 -200) days. The serum progesterone concentration increased steadily from day 0 to 10 in cyclic cows and further increased in fertile cows from day 17 to 25 after breeding and there was a sharp decline in progesterone levels between day 17 to 25 (estrus). Among the postpartum anoestrus cows synchronized with GnRH + PGF2α + GnRH (Group A) and PGF2α at 12 days interval (Group B) the reproductive performance of group B was found to be better. The mean conception rate was recorded as 46.15+0.21, 54.54 + 0.36 and 67.00+0.26 in natural estrus , group A and group B, respectively. The conception rate in natural estrus was significantly (P<0.05) lesser than induced groups. The overall mean time interval from parturition to conception in natural postpartum lactating Ongole cows in control (group C) was 163.60+ 10.72 days with a range of 75-200. Where as the same in treatment groups was 84.95+3.79 with a range of 70-117 in group A and 89.40 + 3.89 with a range of 70-115 days in group B. The statistical analysis of the data revealed that the service period in treatment groups was significantly (P<0.01) shorter than control group (Group C). From this study, it may be concluded that, treatment of postpartum cows at day 60 with GnRH and PGF2α enhances the fertility significantly (P<0.01) and reduces the service period.ThesisItem Open Access ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING ACTIONS OF CADMIUM AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF PROTECTION BY GREEN TEA EXTRACT(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2014-05) SHIVAKUMAR, PABBATHI; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, G; ANJANEYULU, Y; RAMANA REDDY, Y; UDAYA KUMAR, MABSTRACT : An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the neuro-endocrine disrupting actions of cadmium and the effect of cadmium on the progeny that were born to cadmium exposed rats and to evaluate the protective role of green tea on neuro-endocrine disrupting actions of cadmium in Sprague dawley rats. Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 30 rats in each (male rats =12, female rats=18).Group 1 served as Sham control Group 2 treated with CdCl2, Group 3 treated with Green tea extract treatment and Group 4 Cd + green tea extract treatment. Blood was collected from all the groups at monthly intervals for analyzing sero-biochemistry (blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein and albumin, biomarkers of cardiovascular, hepatic and renal pathology, and hormonal profile (thyroid profile, sex hormones). The key enzymes concerned with metabolism were assayed. Immune status was studied at the end of 3rd month by phytohaemagglutinin assay. Rats were subjected to neuro-behavioural studies at the end (Elevated plus maze and Morris water maze). Epididymal sperm count in males and estrous cycle pattern in females were studied. At the end of 3 months, 12 rats (6 males and 6 females) from each group were sacrificed to collect various organs and endocrine glands and subjected them to biochemical, histological and electron microscopic studies. Cadmium concentration was estimated in all the treated groups in kidney, testes, liver and brain at the end of 3 months. In all the groups, twelve (12) females were mated at the end of three months with male rats belonging to respective groups/treatments and the treatment was continued till 17th day of gestation. 50% of the pregnant rats in the respective groups were sacrificed on day 19 to study skeletal and soft tissue developmental anomalies and the rest were allowed to normal delivery. The pups of F1 generation from all the groups were kept till weaning (post-natal day 21) and were subjected to sero biochemical, neurobehavioural studies andthyroid hormone profile were estimated. There were significant alterations in sero-biochemistry biomarkers of cardiovascular, hepatic and renal pathology and hormonal profile thyroid profile, group 2 as compared to group 1.Treatment group revealed significant improvement in all the parameters as compared to group 2, while the combination treatment group 4 was found better The histological studies in group 2 revealed marked changes in all the organs studied, while groups 4 revealed moderate changes and groups 1 and 3 revealed no pathologically significant changes. The electron microscopy of kidney, testis and thyroid revealed marked alterations in architecture in group 2, while groups 4 revealed better architecture. There were no significant alteration in the TEM samples of the offspring and there were no skeletal abnormalities in the offspring as evidenced by skeletal staining. The results of the study revealed neuro-endocrine disrupting actions of cadmium and protctive role of green tea in cadmium toxicity. Further studies are warranted to know in detail on the endocrine disrupting actions of cadmium and protective role of green tea at various concentrations.ThesisItem Open Access INTERACTION STUDIES ON GYMNEMA SYLVESTRE WITH GLIMEPIRIDE AND INSULIN IN EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES MELLITUS IN RATS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-12) Srikanth, M.K; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); BHARAVI, K; MADHAVA RAO, T; KONDAL REDDY, K; ANAND KUMAR, AABSTRACT: An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the interaction of Gymnema sylvestre extract with insulin and glimepiride in diabetic Sprague dawley rats. Rats were randomly divided into 7 groups of 6 rats in each and blood glucose was estimated to ascertain group differences, if any. Group 1 was kept as normal control. Remaining 6 groups were induced diabetes by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin @ 40 mg/kg body weight. After 72 h, rats with blood glucose value of >200 mg/dl were included in the study (n=6). Treatment protocols were initiated 48 hrs post-confirmation of diabetes and continued for 2 months. Group 1: non-diabetic control, group 2: streptozotocin (40 mg/Kg i/p single dose)-induced diabetic (DM) control, group 3: Insulin treatment (4 U/kg b. wt. subcutaneously once daily), group 4: glimepiride treatment (4 mg/kg b. wt. orally once daily), group 5: Gymnema sylvestre methanolic leaf extract treatment ( 400 mg/kg b.wt. orally once daily), group 6: Insulin + Gymnema sylvestre methanolic leaf extract treatment (once daily) and group 7: glimepiride + Gymnema sylvestre methanolic leaf extract treatment (once daily). Blood glucose, body weights, sero-biochemical parameters, antioxidant profile in liver, kidney, brain and testis, ATPases, glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activity and glycogen in liver, electron microscopy and histopathology of various tissues were studied at different time intervals. Also, pharmacokinetic interaction of glimepiride with Gymnema sylvestre extract was assessed. There were significant alterations in blood glucose, body weights and other biochemical parameters in diabetic control group 2 as compared to group 1. All the treated groups revealed significant improvement in all the parameters as compared to group 2, while the combination treatment in groups 6 and 7 was found better as compared to single agent-treated groups 3, 4 and 5. The histological studies revealed marked changes in group 2 in all the organs studied, while groups 3 to 5 revealed moderate changes and groups 6 and 7 revealed either minor changes or no pathologically significant changes. Group 1 was devoid of any histological alterations. The electron microscopy of kidney, pancreas and aorta revealed marked alterations in group 2, while groups 6 and 7 revealed better architecture. The pharmacokinetic study revealed the values of T1/2 (h), Ka (h-1), Ke (h-1) and Tmax (h) of glimepiride were siginificantly varied in Gymnema sylevestre pre-treated rats compared to normal rats administered with glimperide In conclusion, the study revealed that addition of Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract to insulin and glimepiride had positive pharmacodynamic interaction in improving the patho-biochemical alterations due to streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats, which was evident from greater improvement in sero-biochemical and organ parameters in the groups that were treated using a combination of Gymnema sylvestre with either insulin or glimepiride as compared to individual agent-treated groups. Important pharmacokinetic parameters did not vary significantly when glimepiride was used in combination with Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECTS OF DIETARY INCLUSION OF KARANJ (Pongamia glabra) CAKE IN CHICKEN(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-03) KRISHNA, DAIDA; RAVINDER REDDY, V(MAJOR); CHINNI PREETHAM, V; SRINIVASA RAO, D; RAJU, M.V.L.N.ABSTRACT: In order to find out the feasibility of feeding karanj (Pongamia glabra vent) cake to broiler chicken, different chemical detoxification methods were tried at laboratory scale. Based on karanjin content, cost effectiveness and adoptability, alkali (2% NaOH, w/w), alkali & acid (1% NaOH, w/w & 1% HCl w/v) and alcoholic (3% IPA, w/v) treatment of solvent extracted karanj cake (SKC) were selected for bulk processing and bioassay in broilers. Such SKC and processed karanj cakes were incorporated in broiler diets at graded levels to evaluate the body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, nutrient retention (dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, total ash), immune response (CMI to PHA-P; HI to ND vaccine), serum biochemical (protein, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase activity) and carcass characteristics (ready to cook yield and weights of liver, gizzard, giblet, pancrease, abdominal fat, kidney, spleen, thymus and bursa), histopathological changes (liver, intestine, kidney), if any, and returns over feed cost per kg weight gain and gain/loss over control diet. The SKC, NaOH treated SKC, NaOH and HCl treated SKC and IPA treated SKC contained 914, 933, 927 and 924g/kg dry matter; 56, 42, 47 and 47g/kg ether extract, 33, 58, 46 and 40 g/kg total ash, 23, 13, 15 and 16 g/kg calcium, 5.2, 6.8, 8.9 and 5.0g/kg total phosphorus, 58.0, 54.1, 54.8 and 54.8 g/kg crude fiber respectively. The SKC and processed SKC in order contained 299, 290, 292 and 311 g/kg CP and 17.2, 16.9, 16.9 and 18.3 g/kg lysine and 2.1, 2.2, 2.1, 2.3 g/kg methionine on dry matter basis. The SKC, NaOH treated SKC, NaOH & HCl treated SKC and IPA treated SKC contained 0.17, 0.10, 0.08 and 0% karanjin, 1.33, 1.50, 1.66 and 1.55% total tannins, 1.33, 1.63, 1.80 and 2.27 phytate and trypsin inhibitors 10.67, 10.39, 9.82 and 7.64 TIU/mg, respectively. In experiment 1 Karanj cake was included in diet on isocaloric and isonitrogenous basis at graded (30, 60 & 90 g/kg) levels and fed to a total of 390 day-old commercial broiler chickens from day 1 to 42days of age. The data revealed that, inclusion of IPA treated karanj cake at 3% maintained similar body weight gain compared to the soybean meal control group. At 6 and 9%, the IPA treated cake improved the performance compared to the SKC fed group, which was intermediate to the control and the karanj cake groups. Processing of karanj cake with NaOH or NaOH & HCl yielded marginal improvement in body weight of chicken. Feed conversion ratio with IPA treated SKC was comparable to control even at 6% inclusion level. Liver, gizzard and giblet weight was higher in the SKC fed groups than the control. Immune response parameters were not affected; dry matter and ether extract digestibility decreased at 9% of SKC, while NaOH or IPA treatment significantly improved the parameters, while concentration of serum protein or cholesterol were not affected due to treatments. Economics of feeding of karanj cake based diets indicated that IPA treatment increased returns over feed cost than that of SKC diet. Experiment 2 was undertaken to evaluate the response of broilers fed SKC and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) treated SKC each at 6% with or without supplementation of protease (4000 U/kg) or phytase (400 U/kg) or liver tonic (0.1%) in diet, in a 3 x 4 factorial manner. The soybean meal based control diet was also fed with or without supplementation of the additives. The experiment was conducted with a total of 360 day-old broiler chickens. Each experimental diet was fed adlibitum to 6 replicates of 5 birds each from day old to 42 days of age. The body weight gain in the control, 6% SKC and 6% IPA treated SKC were not affected with supplementation of protease, phytase or liver tonic. The higher body weight gain was recorded in control followed by 6% IPA and 6% SKC with supplementation of enzymes (or) liver tonic. However, feed conversion ratio was low in control followed by 6% IPA treated SKC and 6% SKC fed groups. The carcass parameters (ready to cook yield, pancreas and abdominal fat) were not influenced. The relative weight of giblet was higher in the SKC fed compared with IPA or control groups. Immune responses, concentration of protein and activity of alkaline phosphatase were not influenced, while serum cholesterol was significantly (P<0.05) affected but no specific trend could be attributed. Experiment 3 was conducted in White Leghorn Layer chicken by using detoxified karanj cakes. The results revealed that, the percent hen day egg production ranged between 96.14 to 98.62% and was not affected significantly (P<0.05) either by the type of karanj cake or levels of inclusion indicating that there were no deleterious effects at low level of inclusion (upto 6%) in comparison to control. The feed consumption and feed conversion ratio in terms of feed intake and egg mass also remained within the normal range suggesting that there were no palatability problems, due to the inclusion of SKC. The egg quality and shell quality parameters observed in the study were well within the standard values and unaffected. Based on result of Experiment 1, it is concluded that, 3% IPA treated SKC could be safely incorporated in broiler chicken diet. Based on Experiment 2 results, it can be concluded that, supplementation of enzymes / liver tonic could not alleviate the toxic effects of solvent extracted karanj cake or Isopropyl alcohol treated karanj cake at 6% level in the diet. Experiment 3 results, suggest that SKC can be incorporated up to 6% in layer diets. The SKC treated with either NaOH, NaOH & HCl or Ca(OH)2 had no extra beneficial effect. The data suggest that commercial layer birds can utilize the treated or untreated SKC better than broilers.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CHARACTERIZATION AND PERFORMANCE OF VIZIANAGARAM SHEEP OF NORTH COASTAL ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-04) GANGARAJU, GOLLAMOORI; SARJAN RAO, K(MAJOR); JAGADEESWARA RAO, S; RAGHUNANDAN, T; GNANA PRAKASH, MABSTRACT: A study was undertaken on the a) distribution of local Vizianagaram sheep b) biometric and morphological characters of the breed c) productive and reproductive performance of the breed and d) managemental practices being followed by farmers of Vizianagaram breeding tract in north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh comprising of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts. Based on nlultistage stratified random sampling technique, the study was carried out in 7 mandals each from every district and from each mandal 7 villages were selected. From each village 2-3 sheep farmers maintained local Vizianagaram sheep with an average flock size of 60-75 were selected for the study resulted in a sample size of 775. 1244 and 153 Vizianagaram sheep from Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts. The data recorded from farmers flocks were compared with the data of LRS, Garividi. The chest girth, body length and keight at withers (cm) were 35.2w0.33, 29.46M.37 and 40.3M.32 for ram lambs of below 1 year and 73.0W0.71. 60.91*0.82 and 68.84*0.62 for rams of 10-12 months. respectively. Significant (PThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON SUBCLINICAL FORMS OF CERTAIN PRODUCTION DISEASES IN CROSSBRED COWS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-11) AMBICA, G; TIRUMALA RAO, D.S(MAJOR); AMEER HAMZA, P; RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P; GOPALA REDDY, AABSTRACT: The present clinical investigation was undertaken to study the incidence, clinical and haemato biochemical findings, therapy and therapeutic efficacy of certain drugs and to evolve a suitable comprehensive therapeutic regimen in cows with subclinical forms of certain production diseases viz., hypocalcaemia, ketosis, hypophosphataemia and hypomagnesaemia. Out of 280 recently parturated (from day zero to two months post calving) cows presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Campus Hospital, Rajendranagar; Dairy experimental station, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar and surrounding peri urban areas with the history of reduced feed intake and decreased milk yield during a study period of 14 months, 106 (37.86 per cent) were suffering from one or more than one of the above said subclinical production diseases. On detailed clinical examination, urine analysis and serum biochemistry, it was observed that 24 cows were positive for subclinical hypocalcaemia (group - I), 38 for subclinical ketosis (group - II), 8 for subclinical hypophosphataemia (group - Ill) and 5 for subclinical hypomagnesaemia (group - IV), which accounted the incidence of 22.64, 35.85, 7.55 and 4.72 per cent, respectively. The incidence of more than one of the above said deficiencies (mixed deficiencies, group - V) was recorded in 31 cows which accounted for 29.24 per cent, out of that the incidence of subclinical hypocalcaemia along with 'ketosis; subclinical hypocalcaemia along with ketosis and hypomagnesaernia; subclinical hypocalcaemia along with hypophosphataemia; and subclinical hypocalcaemia along with hypomagnesaemia was observed in 17, 4, 7 and 3 cows, respectively with a corresponding incidence of 16.04%, 3.77%. 6.60% and 2.83%, respectively. Each group was again subdivided into two subgroups viz., la, Ib; Ila, Ilb; Illa, Illb; IVa, IVb and Va, Vb to study and evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of oral and parenteral drugs. 10 apparently healthy postparturient cows (group - VI) were maintained as healthy control group. The clinical observations in cows suffering from subclinical form of production diseases revealed reduced feed intake and decreased milk yield. There was no significant difference in the values of temperature and pulse rate before and after treatment in all the groups, which indicated that subclinical form of production diseases had no significant effect. All the animals during the treatment regained the appetite and milk yield. Ruminal motility was increased significantly (Pe0.01) and urine analysis was normal in all the groups after the treatment. Group la and Ib cows were low in urinary and serum calcium levels. Animals belonging to group la has received Calup Gel @ 300 g orally OD for 3 days and Rumen-FS bolus @ 2 boli orally BID for 5 days and group Ib animals were administered Inj. 25% lntacal @ 450 ml iv OD for 3 days and Inj. Tribivet @ 10-1 5 rnl im OD for 3 days. Among haematological parameters the mean Hb level was increased significantly (Pc0.05)in group la, where as in group Ib mean Hb, TLC and granulocyte percent were increased significantly (Pc0.05). Among serum parameters increased mean serum calcium and magnesium were significant at 1% (Pc0.01) and increased phosphorus and total protein and decreased serum glucose and AST were signficant at 5% (Pc0.05) in group la, where as in group Ib increased calcium and decreased serum glucose. magnesium and AST were significant at 1% (Pc0.01) and increased total protein and albumin at 5% (Pc0.05). The comparative means of serum glucose, calcium, magnesium and AST of healthy, group la and Ib revealed that the treatment given to group Ib was more effective. Group Ila and Ilb animals were found positive for urinary ketones. Animals belonging to group Ila were administered Ketonil Gel orally @ 1 tube/day for 2 days, followed by half of the tube for next 2 days and Liq. €-Booster @ 200 ml orally BID for 2 days followed by 100ml BID for next 2 days, where as group Ilb cows were administered Inj. Wocktrose-25 @ 540 ml iv OD for 3 days, Inj. Ketocort @ 1Omg total dose im for 3 days and Inj. Tribivet @ 5 ml im for 3 days. Among haematological parameters the mean TLC was increased significantly at 1% (P<0.01) and mean Hb, monocytes, granulocytes percent, MCH and MCV were increased significantly at 5 OO/ (P~0.05i)n group Ila cows, while in group Ilb mean Hb, TLC, monocytes and granulocytes Oh were increased significantly at 1 % (PcO.01) and mean PCV, TEC, MCH and MCV were increased significantly at 5% (Pc0.05). Among serum parameters, significantly increased mean serum glucose, calcium, total protein and albumin and decreased AST levels at 5% (Pc0.05) in groups Ila, where as in group Ilb increased mean serum glucose and calcium and decreased AST were significant at 1% (P-=0.01) and increased serum total protein and albumin was at 5% (Pc0.05) level. Though there was an improvement in both the groups, the comparative means of serum glucose, calcium and AST of healthy, group Ila and Ilb revealed that the treatment given to group Ilb was more effective. Group llla and lllb cows were low in serum phosphorus. Cows belonging to group llla were administered Sodaphos powder @ 30-60 g orally OD for 5 days and Ferritas bolus @ 2 boli orally OD for 5 days. while group lllb animals were administered Inj. Urimin @ 10-15 ml im OD for 3 days and Inj. Ferritas @ 1 rnll 50 kg body weight im once. Among haematological parameters the mean Hb, PCV, TEC and MCV increased significantly (Pc0.05) in group Illa; and in group lllb mean Hb, PCV and TEC were increased significantly at 1% (Pc0.01) and mean lymphocytes, MCV and MCH were increased significantly at 5% (Pc0.05). Among serum parameters decreased serum glucose and ALP and increased calcium were significant at 1% (PcO.01) and increased phosphorus and magnesium and decreased AST at 5% (Pc0.05) in group llla and in group lllb decreased serum glucose, AST and ALP and increased calcium and phosphorus were significant at 1% (P