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ThesisItem Open Access ANATOMICAL STUDIES ON HAIR OF INDIAN SPOTTED DEER (Axis axis), BLACKBUCK (Antelope cervicapra) AND ASIAN ELEPHANT (Elephas maximus)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-12) VINAYA SHEELA, S; PURUSHOTHAM, G(MAJOR); PRAMOD KUMAR, D; LAKSHMAN, MABSTRACT : The present study was undertaken on hair samples of Spotted deer, Black buck and Asian Elephant since they are considered as endangered species. Further the former two species are listed under Indian Wild life Act 1972. Six animals were selected from each species from Nehru Zoological park. Hair samples from six different regions viz., neck, back, lateral abdomen, forelimb, hind limb and tail were collected from each animal and processed for microscopic physical observations, cast technique for scale pattern and for SEM (scanning electron microscope) studies. Microscopic structure of hair of spotted deer and black buck comprised of cuticle, cortex and medulla from without inwards. Hairs of tail and back region of elephant had a cortex, cuticle and whereas all other regions lacked a typical medulla. Color variation was observed between the hairs of different species within an individual and also within an individual hair. Color of hairs collected from six different regions varied from colorless to blackish brown in spotted deer, colorless to dark brown in black buck and from light yellowish brown to dark brown in elephant. Tips of hair shafts in spotted deer were frayed in neck, abdominal and tail regions and were blunt in rest of the regions. In black buck hair tips were frayed in neck region, rounded in hind limb region whereas it was pointed in other regions. In elephant, hair tip was rounded in all regions except in the back and forelimb where hair tips were broken. The cuticle was a translucent colorless outer structure of hair shaft but light brown in hair of neck and back regions in spotted deer and in neck of black buck hair. In elephant hair it was colorless in all regions with light blackish brown margin. Smooth cuticular pattern throughout the length of hair was noticed in most of the regions of three species. Serrated cuticle was seen in the tip of forelimb hair in spotted deer, throughout the length of hair in tail region and mid shaft of forelimb in blackbuck. In back region of elephant it was wavy throughout the length. Cross sectional shape of hair shaft of spotted deer varied from oval to round. It was bean shaped in black buck but was rod shaped in the tip, oval, triangular or round near to base of the shaft in hair of tail region and round in the base of neck. Cross sections of hair in elephant were round. Cortex pattern was smooth throughout the length of hair in spotted deer whereas in black buck it was coarse in the tip and mid shaft of abdomen hair. It was coarse in the hair of all regions in elephant except for tip hairs of neck region. Cortical fusi were present in the proximal part of hair in tail region of spotted deer and back region of blackbuck. No ovoid bodies were observed in hair of spotted deer but were seen towards the base of the shaft of back, hind limb region hair in black buck and in the tip of the hair in abdomen and hind limb hair of elephant. Medulla was lattice type in spotted deer hair whereas it was non lattice type in black buck hair. Vacuolated medulla was evident towards base of the shaft in the hair of tail region in black buck. Medulla was absent in the tip and was tapered towards tip of the shaft in spotted deer and black buck hair. Medulla was not evident in the hair of elephant from all regions except in back and tail hair where multiple medulla was noticed. It was fragmentary or trace like towards tip of the shaft in spotted deer and black buck and its margins were scalloped in spotted deer. Scalloped, irregular and straight medullary margins were present in black buck hair. Wine glass shaped tapered medulla, fragmentary or widened towards base of the shaft were seen in spotted deer and black buck hair. Variation in pigment distribution was evident within individual hair of spotted deer and black buck. In former it was uniform, medial and random while in black buck it was uniform and banded and in elephant it was uniform. A significant difference of mean cortical thickness, medullary diameter, and medullary index of hair between spotted deer and blackbuck was noticed. Shaft diameter of three species differed significantly not only between species and different body regions but also within an individual hair. SEM studies revealed difference in scale pattern in the tip, mid shaft and base of an individual hair in spotted deer and black buck. Imbricate scale pattern with overlapped scales were present in the mid shaft and coronal type in the tip of the shaft. They were faint and distantly placed towards base of the shaft, but were compact in the elephant hair. Margins of the scales were smooth to slightly rippled in mid shaft region and towards the base of the shaft in spotted deer whereas it was smooth in black buck and rippled in elephant hair. Trough on surface of hair was an important feature of blackbuck hair that made it easy to differentiate from that of spotted deer hair. Number of scales per 100 μm length of hair was more at the tip in spotted deer (21.55-22.50) and blackbuck (18.05-20.52). In general scale width was more in the base of the shaft and diameter of mid shaft was more than base. Imbricate scale cast pattern was seen in hairs of spotted deer and black buck towards mid shaft and base. Hair tip showed coronal pattern in spotted deer and black buck. Scale cast imprints were not amenable in shaft of elephant hair which indicates adherence of scales to the shaft surface.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF IRRADIATION ON QUALITY ATTRIBUTES AND SHELF LIFE OF CHICKEN EMULSION(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-12) RAVI, T; SHASHI KUMAR, M(MAJOR); SUDHAKAR REDDY, K; KRISHNAIAH, N; MUTHUKUMAR, MABSTRACT: A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of irradiation on shelf life of chicken meat emulsion stored at refrigerated temperature under vacuum package with addition of natural and chemical antioxidants. The overall mean pH of control samples were significantly lower than irradiated samples. The pH decreased with increased storage period. The overall mean 2-TBARS of control groups recorded significantly higher 2-TBARS when compared to treatment groups. Among treatment group, T2 recorded significantly lower 2-TBARS. The mean 2-TBARS values on day 35 were significantly higher than other storage days. The control group had significantly higher total plate counts, psychrotropic counts and lactobacillus counts than treatment group. No significant difference was noticed among treatment group in total plate counts, psychrotropic counts and Lactobacillus counts. A significant increase in all the bacterial counts was observed with increase in storage length. The mean E.coli and Salmonella counts (cfu/g) showed a gradual increase from day 1 to day 35 in control while no colonies could be detected in irradiated groups. The overall mean scores of control samples for appearance and colour, flavor, juiciness, texture and overall acceptability were significantly lower than treated samples. No significant difference in the sensory attributes was observed among the irradiated samples. The scores were lower on day 35 when compared to other days of storage. Thus, the present study indicated the promising potential of irradiation as a safe and efficient preservation method.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF VIABILITY OF CO-ENCAPSULATED LACTOBACILLUS HELVETICUS 194 AND BIFIDOBACTERIUM BIFIDUM 231 PROBIOTICS IN ICE CREAM AND KULFI DURING STORAGE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-12) SAHITYARANI MADHU; KONDAL REDDY, K(MAJOR); SUDHAKAR REDDY, K; MADHAVA RAO, T; NARASAIAH, KABSTRACT: A study was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementation of co-encapsulated probiotic organisms (Lactobacillus helveticus 194 and Bifidobacterium bifidum 231) along with prebiotics (3% FOS) using 2% sodium alginate as encapsulating material in ice cream and kulfi on viability of probiotics, physico chemical and sensory properties of ice cream and kulfi during storage. The ice cream and kulfi samples were packaged in polystyrene cups aseptically and were stored at freezing temperature -20⁰C. They were analysed for pH, titratable acidity, meltdown rate, viscosity, viability and sensory analysis on initial, 15th, 30th, 45th, 60th, 75th and 90th day of frozen storage. The mean pH values of both probiotic ice cream and probiotic kulfi decreased from initial day to 90 days of frozen storage whereas the mean titratable acidity values, mean meltdown rate values increased from initial day to 90 days of frozen storage. The v mean viscosity values of probiotic ice cream showed increasing trend from initial day to 90 days of frozen storage. The results showed that the encapsulation of probiotic organisms offered protection during freezing process in manufacture of ice cream. The viable counts (log10cfu/g) of Lactobacillus helveticus 194 and Bifidobacterium bifidum 231 in its non encapsulated state in ice cream were 8.16 and 8.23 log10cfu/g for L. helveticus 194 and B. bifidum 231 on initial day and decreased to 6.06 and 6.33 log10cfu/g by 90 days storage at -20⁰C. When probiotic bacteria is encapsulated, the viable cell counts at the end of storage period were 7.96 and 8.06 log 10 cfu/g, respectively. Kulfi incorporated with encapsulated probiotics showed significantly (P<0.05) higher mean probiotic counts than kulfi incorporated with non encapsulated cells of the same strain. The mean probiotic counts of encapsulated Lactobacillus helveticus 194 and Bifidobacterium bifidum 231 were 7.96 and 8.06 respectively on 90th day of frozen storage of probiotic kulfi. The addition of probiotic cultures either in encapsulated and non encapsulated states did not significantly affect colour and appearance, flavour and taste, body and texture and overall acceptability of ice cream and kulfi over a storage period of 90 days at -20⁰C. The scanning electron microscopy of alginate microcapsule showed capsules size ranging from 28-96μm and shape was nearly spherical. From this study, it may be concluded that microencapsulation helps to enhance the survival of probiotic bacteria in ice cream and kulfi during frozen storage. The addition of encapsulated and non encapsulated probiotics had no significant effect on the sensory properties of ice cream and kulfiThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC ASPECTS OF CERTAIN COMMON DERMATOSES IN DOGS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO CANINE ATOPIC DERMATITIS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-12) JYOTHI, JATAVATH; Satish Kumar, K(MAJOR); Nagaraj, P; Chandrashekhar Reddy, K; Madhava Rao, TABSTRACT : The present study was carried out in a total of 214 dogs that were presented with the history and signs of skin and coat abnormalities. These cases when subjected to thorough clinical examination and skin samples analysis, mange, atopy, malasseziosis, hypothyroidism, pyoderma, dermatophytosis and mixed infection associated dermatoses was recorded in 23.83 per cent, 21.50 per cent, 15.89 per cent, 12.62 per cent, 10.75 per cent, 8.41 per cent and 7.00 per cent dogs, respectively. The breed wise prevalence of mange was highest in GSD and lowest in Saint Bernard and that of canine atopic dermatitis was the highest in Dalmatian and lowest in Pug. Similarly, GSD and Doberman and Golden retriever; Labrador and Cocker spaniel, Golden retriever and Daschund; Spitz and Mongrel; GSD and Spitz and Doberman; GSD and Golden retriever were recorded as highest and lowest prevalence for malasseziosis, hypothyroidism, pyoderma, dermatophytosis and mixed infestation, respectively. Dermatoses associated with mange, atopic dermatitis, malasseziosis, hypothyroidism, Pyoderma, Dermatophytosis and mixed infestation were 31.37 per cent, 52.17 per cent, 26.47 per cent, 29.62 per cent, 39.13 per cent, 50.00 per cent and 46.67 per cent, respectively among the dogs between 1-3 years. Whereas, the prevalence of the same among 3-7 years and above 7 years were 52.94 and 15.68, 26.09 and 21.74, 44.12 and 29.41, 33.33 and 37.03, 21.74 and 39.13, 27.78 and 22.22 and 33.33 and 20.00 per cent, respectively. The prevalence of dermatoses in relation to gender of affected dogs revealed a highest rate in males (mange, pyoderma, dermatophytosis) in contrast to females (malasseziosis, atopic dermatitis, hypothyroidism and mixed infestation). All the cases included in the present study that were suspected for certain common dermatoses revealed similar manifestations such as pruritus, alopecia, erythema, papules, pustules, excoriations, scabs, crusts, scales and change in pigmentation. Few were also presented with rat tail appearance (hypothyroidism), urticaria, severe erythema of face, interdigits, otitis externa (atopy), greasy and offensive body odour (malasseziosis, pyoderma). Some of these cases were also presented with mixed ectoparasites like ticks, lice and fleas. Out of a total of 214 dermatoses dogs, 51 cases revealed positive for mites particularly Sarcoptes scabiei and Demodex canis. Tape impressions revealed blue colored footprint shaped yeast organisms that confirmed the diagnosis for malasseziosis. Ringworm infection suspected sample revealed positive for Trichophyton spp and Microsporum spp. Glass impression smears that were stained with gram’s stain were found positive for Staphylococcus spp thus, confirming pyoderma. Few of the cases suspected for fungal dermatosis showed a fluorescent apple green coloured areas where the lesions were present confirming Microsporum spp. Whereas, 27/214 dogs revealed significantly (P<0.05) elevated levels of serum cholesterol and triglycerides along with low thyroid profile, thus confirming the hypothyroid associated dermatosis. Following intradermal injection of various allergens, 38 dogs were found sensitive for cockroach male, followed by Parthenium, cockroach female, common dust, Aspergillus fumigatus, dust mites and Trichoderma, respectively which was manifested as an erythematous swelling similar to a bee sting with a sharp ridge at the peripheral margin within 15 minutes. The severity was recorded as +, ++, +++ and ++++ if the area was within 3 cm, 3-4 cm, 4-4.5 cm and more than 4.5cm. Scanning electron microscopy revealed Sarcoptes scabiei, Demodex canis, Malassezia pachydermatis and Trichophyton spp. Based on intra dermal allergic skin test, dogs of various breed, age and sex that were presented with erythema, pruritus and alopecia and diagnosed for canine atopic dermatitis were proportionately divided into 3 groups such as Group I, II and III with 15 in each and subjected for therapeutic trail. All the 15 dogs of Group I showed clinical improvement from day 7 with complete clinical recovery within 20 days of treatment. and the same among GII dogs started from day 10 with complete recovery among all the affected cases by day 30. Whereas, clinical improvement among group III dogs was gradual and slow from day 15 with complete clinical recovery by the end of therapeutic period (day 30) among only 11 cases. Among all the dogs of Group I, following therapy with topical tacrolimus spray twice daily, apart from clinical improvement from day 7, a significant improvement in hypersensitive reaction towards all the allergens was also noticed on day 10. Similarly among group II cases that received oral tacrolimus, twice daily, along with clinical improvement from day 7, a non significant improvement in hypersensitive reaction against intra dermal allergic skin test was noticed on day 10. However, a significantly (P<0.05) decreased hypersensitive zone was recorded on day 20. Whereas, improvement in group III cases was non-significant on day 20 but significantly different on day 30. However, there was a significant difference (P< 0.05) with respect to these parameters between group I, group II and III dogs, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND IMMUNE RESPONSE IN BUFFALO CALVES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-11) PARASHU RAMULU, S; NAGALAKSHMI, D(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, D; KISHAN KUMAR, MABSTRACT: The present study was conducted with an aim to study effect of zinc (Zn) supplementation on nutrient utilization, growth performance and immune response in buffalo calves. The experiment was conducted in two phases i.e., in vitro and in vivo study in buffalo calves. During first phase graded doses (0 to 160 ppm) of zinc as ZnSO4.7H2O was supplemented to sorghum stover based complete diet and screened for in vitro DM digestibility and in vitro gas production technique. The in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) and cellulose (IVCD) digestibilities increased gradually from 80 to 140 ppm, highest (P<0.01) digestibilities were observed at 140 ppm and further no improvement was observed at 160 ppm of Zn supplementation. Similarly, mean gas volume, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) content in Zn supplemented diets were higher (P<0.01) compared to BD and increased (P<0.01) up to 140 ppm Zn concentration in a dose dependent manner and then decreased at 160 ppm. The above in vitro attributes at 140 ppm were comparable with that of 80, 100 and 120 ppm Zn addition. Based on these observations, 80 and 140 ppm Zn supplementation was selected for in vivo experimentation in buffalo calves. During second phase, eighteen buffalo calves with an average body weight of 125±2.5 kg were randomly allotted to 3 groups in a completely randomized design. The dietary treatments were viz., Basal diet (BD; 29.72 ppm Zn from feed ingredients), BD supplemented with 80 and 140 ppm Zn as ZnSO4.7H2O (22 % Zn). Calves were fed the respective diets at 3 per cent of body weight to meet the nutrient requirements (NRC, 2001) of dairy cattle except Zn throughout 120 days of feeding trial. A digestibility trial of 7 days was carried out after 60 days of feeding trial. Blood was collected at 60, 90 and 120 days of feeding trial to determine the serum mineral status and at 90 d for haematological and serum biochemical constituents. Further, for estimating antioxidant enzyme activity in haemolysate, again blood was collected after 110 days of feeding trial. The humoral immune response against Brucella abortus and chicken RBC was assessed by administering suitable doses of these antigens on 95th d with a booster dose after 15 days and response was measured by standard tube agglutination test (STAT), Enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) and direct haemagglutination test (DHA) respectively in serum collected at 8, 15, 22 and 29 d post sensitization. At the end of experiment, cell mediated immune (CMI) response was determined by in vivo delayed type hyper sensitivity (DTH) reaction against phytohaemagglutinin-P (PHA-P). No effect of Zn supplementation was observed on DM, organic matter, crude protein, nitrogen free extract, neutral detergent fibre and hemicellulose digestibilities while digestibilities of crude fibre (P<0.05), ether extract (P<0.01), acid detergent fibre (P<0.01) and cellulose (P<0.01) increased with either 80 or 140 ppm Zn supplementation. Cellulose digestibility was highest with 80 ppm (62.17 %) compared to 140 ppm Zn supplementation (57.28 %) and lowest in unsupplemented calves (53.73 %). No effect of Zn supplementation (80 and 140 ppm) was observed on plane of nutrition and nutritive value of diets. The calves grew linearly with an average daily gain of 582.9, 546.9 and 525.6 g on 0, 80 and 140 ppm Zn supplementation and corresponding average daily dry matter intake were 3.97, 3.90 and 3.71 kg, respectively. Supplementation of Zn had no effect on fortnightly body weight, dry matter intake, nutrient intake and efficiency of nutrient utilization. Similarly, Zn supplementation at either 80 or 140 ppm had no influence on haematological constituents analysed viz., haemoglobin, total erythrocyte and leucocytes count, packed cell volume, MCV, lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes. Alkaline phosphatase activity and globulin concentration in serum increased (P<0.05) with Zn supplementation, but no effect of dose of Zn supplementation was observed. While serum total protein, albumin, cholesterol, glucose and albumin:globulin ratio were not affected by Zn supplementation. Lipid peroxidation (μmol MDA/mg Hb) was higher (P≤0.05) in calves fed BD (3.46) and its levels reduced with Zn supplementation and lowest level was observed with 140 ppm Zn supplementation (2.36). The antioxidant enzyme activities such as glutathione peroxidase (μmole NADPH oxidized/g Hb/min) and glutathione reductase (μmol/mg Hb) activities were higher (P<0.01) in 140 ppm supplemented calves (35.34, 10.80, respectively) while RBC catalse activity (mmol/mg Hb) was higher (P<0.05) in 80 ppm supplemented calves (1.90) compared to those fed BD (1.19). Humoral immune response against Brucella abortus was higher (P<0.05) in Zn supplemented calves (8, 15, 22 and 29 d post sensitization) and highest response was observed with 140 ppm Zn supplementation. The HA titers against chicken RBC did not vary significantly with variation in dietary Zn supplementation. The DTH response against PHA-P was maximum at 24 h post inoculation and maximum response was observed with 140 ppm Zn supplementation and lowest in those fed BD. The study indicated that Zn supplied through practical feed ingredients in diet (29.72 ppm Zn) was sufficient for buffalo calves with an average daily gain of 500 g, while ether extract and fibre digestibility enhanced with 80 ppm Zn supplementation. Further higher Zn concentration i.e., 140 ppm Zn was required for higher antioxidant activities and immune responses in buffalo calves.ThesisItem Open Access IN VITRO EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT LACTIC ACID BACTERIAL STRAINS FOR THEIR PROBIOTIC CHARACTERISTICS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-11) SRINU, B; MADHAVA RAO, T(MAJOR); SHASHI KUMAR, M; KONDAL REDDY, KABSTRACT : Identifying probiotic characteristics of bacterial strains by in vitro studies forms basis for selection of functional probiotics for commercial use. The objective of study was to collect different cultures and screen to study their functional probiotic characteristics such as acid tolerance, bile tolerance, antibacterial activity, antibiotic sensitivity, temperature tolerance and acidifying activity. Among the eighteen Lactic acid bacterial strains studied, 15 showed good survivability at high bile salt concentration (0.3 to 2 % oxgall) and good growth at a pH of 1.5 to 3.5. These probiotic species showed good survival abilities in acidic pH 2.0 to 3.5 except Lactobacillus delbruckii bulgaricus 281, Bifidobacterium bifidum 232 and Bifidobacterium bifidum 235, which did not grow at pH 2.0. Lactobacillus fermentum 141 and Pediococcus acidolactici 252 was able to grow even at pH 1.5 also. All the 18 lactic acid bacterial strains showed a count (CFU/ml) in the range of 0.23x107 to 2.7x107 at pH 2.0 except Lactobacillus delbruckii bulgaricus 281, Bifidobacterium bifidum 232 and Bifidobacterium bifidum 235, which did not form detectable CFU/ml, whereas Lactobacillus helviticus 194 showed highest count of 2.7x107 CFU/ml at pH 2.0. Among all the Lactobacillus spp. Lactobacillus paraplantarum 321 and Lactobacillus paracasei 22 showed maximum growth at 0.3% oxgall concentrations similarly Bifidobacterium bifidum 233 and Bifidobacterium bifidum 236 showed maximum growth when compared to other bifidobacterial strains. Among eighteen Lactic acid bacterial strains Lactobacillus casei 17, Pediococcus acidolactici 252 (except Clindamycin), Lactobacillus delbruckii bulgaricus 281 (except for Nitrofurantoin, Clindamycin and Cefpodoxime) and Lactobacillus helviticus 194 (except for Gentamycin, Nitrofurantoin and Streptomycin) were resistant to all the antibiotics tested. Bifidobacterium bifidum 231 (except for Streptomycin and Kanamycin) and Bifidobacterium bifidum 236 (except Norfloxicin) showed resistance to all antibiotics tested. All these Lactic acid bacterial strains were screened for in vitro inhibition of pathogenic microorganisms namely Proteus vulgaris, E.coli ATCC, E.coli 448, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsialla pneumoneae, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella para-B, Staphylococci aureus. All the eighteen strains showed good antibacterial activity against the tested pathogenic bacteria. The strains of Lactobacillus paraplantarum 321, Pedicocci acidolactici 252 and Lactobacillus bulgaricus 281 inhibited the growth of all pathogenic bacteria. Bifidobacterium bifidum 232 and Bifidobacterium bifidum 233 (except Bacillus cereus and Salmonella typhimurium) also inhibited the growth of all pathogens tested. All the eighteen Lactic acid bacterial strains showed growth at all the tested temperatures (15oC, 40oC, and 45oC) except Bifidobacterium bifidum 229, Lactobacillus fermentum 141 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus 18 which have shown growth only at the temperatures of 15oC and 40oC, except at 45oC Among twelve Lactobacillus spp. Lactobacillus helviticus 194 has shown the highest acidifying activity, whereas Lactobacillus casei 17 shown lowest acidifying activity. Similarly Bifidobacterium bifidum 231 shown highest acidifying activity, whereas Bifidobacterium bifidum 236 shown lowest acidification values when compared with the other Bifidobacterial strains. The present study identified functional probiotics for future in vivo studies to commercialize probiotic strains of lactic acid bacteria to promote public health.ThesisItem Open Access TOXICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF IMIDACLOPRID AND ITS AMELIORATION WITH VITAMIN-C IN MALE RATS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-09) SOUJANYA, S; LAKSHMAN, M(MAJOR); ANAND KUMAR, A; GOPALA REDDY, AABSTRACT : The present experiment was aimed to study the toxico-pathological effects of imidacloprid in male rats. Total of 48 male Sprague dawley rats were procured and divided into four groups consisting of 12 in each. The group 1 served as control, group 2 (imidacloprid toxic control at the rate of 80 mg/kg b. wt /day), group 3 was provided with vitamin C at the rate of 10 mg/kg b. wt/day, group 4 was fed with both imidacloprid at the rate of 80 mg/kg b. wt /day and vitamin C at the rate of 10 mg/kg b. wt/day. This experiment was carried out for 4 weeks. Average body weight gains were recorded at weekly intervals. A day before sacrifice the blood and serum samples were collected from six rats in each group. Tissue samples of liver, kidney, testes, brain were collected from six rats in each group on the day of sacrifice i.e. on 14th and 28th day for histological and ultrastructural studies. Liver and kidney tissues were also collected and stored at -200C for estimation of GSH. A significant (P < 0.05) decrease in body weight gains was recorded in group 2. Haematological observations revealed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in TEC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC except TLC in group 2. The biochemical assays showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in serum creatinine, ALT and AST, and decrease in total protein in group 2. The tissue biochemical profile revealed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in GSH concentration in liver and kidney in group 2. A mild to moderate improvement in all the parameters were observed in group 4 in comparison with group 2 throughout experimental period. Grossly group 2 animals revealed atrophied kidney, abscess and congestion of liver whereas group 4 animals revealed only congestion of liver. Histopathologically, group 2 sections of kidney revealed cystic dilatation of tubules, shrunken glomeruli, vacuolation, presence of haemorrhages and cystic spaces in between tubules. Liver sections showed marked dilation, congestion of central vein, portal vein and sinusoidal spaces. A notable observation was made in hepatocytes like vacuolation/ fatty change and degeneration. Testes revealed vacuolation of semniferous tubules, detachment of germinal cells from basement membrane, increased interstitial spaces, disrupted basement membrane, presence of few leydig cells, severe congestion in interstitial spaces and tunica albuginea. Sections of brain tissue revealed degeneration of purkinje cells, shrunken neurons, vacuolation around neurons, chromatolysis, matrix vacuolation and marked congestion. Group 4 kidney sections showed mild peri glomerular congestion, moderate inter tubular haemorrhages and liver revealed moderate congestion, dilatation of central vein and portal vein and degeneration of hepatocytes. Testes revealed only mild degenerative changes in semniferous tubules whereas brain tissues showed mild congestion and degeneration of purkinje cells. Ultrastructurally, group 2 kidney has evidenced degeneration of tubular epithelium with loose inter cellular junctions, disrupted nucleus, margination of chromatin material (apoptosis), varied size and shape of mitochondria and vacuoles in cytoplasm. Liver section showed swollen nuclei, mitochondrial changes (varied size and shape), disrupted chromatin and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ultra thin sections of testes showed swollen nuclei, increased perinuclear space, varied size and shape of mitochondria, complete disintegrated chromatin material and degeneration of spermatids. Brain section revealed disruption, margination of chromatin material (apoptotic nuclei) and vacuolar mitochondria. In group 4 animals kidney section revealed dilated inter tubular area, apoptotic nuclei and varied size and shape of mitochondria. Liver section showed swollen nuclei of hepatocytes. Testes section revealed margination of chromatin material, varied size and shape of mitochondria and degeneration of spermatids. Brain section revealed degeneration of neurons. The present study indicated that imidacloprid is a potential toxic agent that induced toxicity at varied levels and resulted in pathological changes in respective target organs viz., in testes, brain, liver and kidney. These changes were well supported by haemotological, serum and tissue biochemical alterations and ultrastructural changes. Vitamin C supplementation provided protective action and moderate improvement in all the above parameters.ThesisItem Open Access CHEMICAL AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT PULSE CHUNIES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-11) PARTHA SARATHI, SWAIN; SRINIVASA RAO, D(MAJOR); NAGALAKSHMI, D; MAHENDER, MABSTRACT: The present study was planned to evaluate the chemical composition and nutritive values of commonly available pulse chunies viz. Green gram, Black gram, Bengal gram and Red gram chunies available in the local markets of Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. The samples procured from the local markets. Samples were pooled and ground to minimise the sampling errors prior to, laboratory evaluation. The pulse chunies collected were analysed for their chemical composition, fibre fractions, and Dry Matter (DM) degradability by two in vitro techniques, different fractions of protein and carbohydrate by CNCP (Cornell’s Net Protein and Carbohydrate) system. The Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN) and Metabolisable Energy (ME) content of the samples were calculated as per the equations suggested by Krishnamoorthy et al. (2005) and Menke and Steingass (1988), respectively. The chemical composition of Green gram chuni was found to be CP-22.33, EE-2.43, CF-15.92, TA-8.50, NFE-47.02, AIA-3.17, Ca-0.83 and P-0.38% and the fibre fractions were found to be NDF-46.49, ADF-22.78, cellulose-17.41, hemicellulose-23.71, lignin-4.26 and silica 1.10 % on DM basis. In Black gram chuni the chemical composition was found to be CP-20.66, EE-2.16, CF-13.14, TA-11.69, NFE-48.89, AIA-6.78, Ca-0.71 and P-0.33% and the fibre fractions were NDF-35.03, ADF-17.45, cellulose-13.44, hemicelluloses-17.58, lignin-3.05 and silica 0.96 % on DM basis. In Bengal gram chuni the chemical composition was found to be CP-9.58, EE-1.80, CF-40.69, TA-5.03, NFE-42.57, AIA-0.66, Ca-1.05 and P-0.55% and the fibre fractions were NDF-50.56, ADF-41.67, cellulose-40.08, hemicelluloses-8.90, lignin-1.60 and silica 0.17% on DM basis. The chemical compositions in Red gram chuni was found to be CP-16.22, EE-2.20, CF-30.97, TA-4.03, NFE-46.61, AIA-0.23, Ca-0.72 and P-0.42% and fibre fractions were NDF-46.63, ADF-32.49, cellulose-29.99, hemicelluloses-14.14, lignin-2.50 and silica-0.07% on DM basis. The DM degradability (%) of the chunies studied by Modified Tilley and Terry method (1963) and Rusitec were 77.62 and 75.29 for Green gram chuni, 80.39 and 77.81 for Black gram chuni, 52.80 and 51.61 for Bengal gram chuni and 55.11 and 50.06 for Red gram chuni, respectively indicating Black gram chuni was found to have highest DM degradability at 24 h of incubation. In Rusitec, the Black gram chuni and Green gram chuni produced less amount of gas at 24 hr incubation as compared to that of Bengal gram and Red gram chunies. The effective DM degradabilities % was 56.8, 58.8, 35.5, and 39.4% for Green gram, Black gram, Bengal gram and Red gram chuni, respectively. The gas produced in in vitro gas production technique (IVGP) from these pulse chunies varied significantly for the incubations of 0-2, 2-4, 4-6, 8-12, 18-24, 24-36 hr and non significant variation was observed for 6-8, 12-18, 36-48 and 48-72 h of incubation. The gas production was initially maximum from Black gram chuni then dominated by green gram chuni. But after 18 h of incubation, gas production was higher in Bengal gram and Red gram chuni probably due to high fibre content of the samples. Considering the cumulative gas production in IVGP, significant difference (P<0.01) was observed in 0-2, 0-4, 0-6, 0-8, 0-12 and 0-18 hr of incubation and thereafter, the difference in gas production became non significant for 0-24, 0-36, 0-48 and 0-72 hrs of incubation. But irrespective of chemical compositions, all the chunies produced almost similar amount of gas at the end of 72 h of incubation. Green gram chuni containing maximum ME (Mcal/kg DM) of 2.58 than other samples which were 2.50, 2.26, and 2.26, respectively for Black gram, Bengal gram and Red gram chuni. The TDN content (%) was found to be highest in Green gram chuni (68.11) which differed significantly from Bengal gram (2.26) and red gram chunies (2.26). In vitro organic matter degradability (IVOMD) in mg was found in the range of 103.17 (Red gram chuni) to 118.64 (Green gram chuni) with a non-significant difference (P>0.05). Protein Fraction A (% CP) was highest in Red gram chuni (37.72) followed by Bengal gram chuni (19.60), Black gram chuni (19.13) and lowest in Green gram chuni (17.89). Green gram chuni (10.26) was higher than other chunies in protein fraction B1 (% CP) and Red gram chuni was the lowest (7.78). Black gram chuni (46.28) has shown significantly higher (P<0.01) levels of fraction B2 (% CP) than Red gram and Bengal gram chunies and Red gram chuni (30.94) was again reported to have the least. Green gram chuni (7.73) was containing the highest protein fraction B3 (% CP) Black gram chuni (4.08) was having the least. Protein fraction C (% CP) was highest in Bengal gram chuni (28.15) and Red gram chuni was having minimum (18.57). Thus Bengal gram chuni is the least available protein source with low CP and high Fraction C of protein. The carbohydrate fraction A (% CHO) studied by CNCP system was maximum in Bengal gram chuni which varied significantly (P<0.01) with Red gram (15.28) and Green gram chunies (19.74). The carbohydrate fraction B1 (% CHO) was highest in Black gram (24.99) chuni and minimum in Green gram chuni (11.78). Considering carbohydrate fraction B2 Green gram chuni was found to contain maximum and Black gram chuni was minimum with values of 60.92 and 45.48 % CHO, respectively. The fraction C (% CHO) varied in the range of 4.61 in Bengal gram chuni to 15.34 in Green gram chuni which signified Bengal gram chuni was a good carbohydrate source with highest available carbohydrate. It can be concluded from the above study that Black gram and Green gram chunies can be considered as good non conventional feed resources with high CP, ME, TDN and high DM degradabilities than Bengal gram and Red gram chunies for ruminant feeding.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF GnRH ON CONCEPTION RATE IN REPEAT BREEDER GRADED MURRAH BUFFALOES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-06) VENKAT RAO, B; CHANDRA SHEKAR REDDY, K(MAJOR); SADASIVA RAO, K; PURUSHOTHAM, GABSTRACT: The present investigation “Effect of GnRH on conception rate in repeat breeder graded Murrah buffaloes” was taken up on 86 repeat breeder buffaloes to study the incidence of repeat breeding and various aspects of estrous cycle. The efficacy of GnRH protocols (10μg or 2.5 ml, 20μg or 5.0 ml given 8 hours before AI and on day 12 post AI either once or twice in different treatment groups) for enhancement of fertility was studied in 70 repeat breeding graded Murrah buffaloes. The estrous cycle length in six treatment groups was 21.6±0.69, 20.1±0.43, 20.3±0.58, 21.5±0.34, 21.3±0.54, and 20.2±0.47. The estrus duration in six treatment groups were 23.8±0.36, 24.5±0.31, 23.4±0.48, 24.2±0.47, 23.6±0.40, and 24.3±0.30 and the estrus intensity were 13.2±0.36, 14.1±0.28, 13.7±0.21, 14.1±0.31, 13.1±0.31, 13.2±0.25 days in group 1, group 2, group 3,group 4, group 5, group 6, respectively. In control groups the length of estrous cycle, duration of estrus and intensity of estrus were 21.5±0.60 days, 22.2±0.36 hours and 12.9±0.18 points, respectively. Normal estrus pattern was observed in 87.20 per cent of repeat breeder buffaloes. The repeat breeder buffaloes were randomly divided into seven groups (each group consisting of 10 buffaloes). The repeat breeding buffaloes in group 1 and 2 were treated with 10 μg or 2.5 ml and 20 μg or 5 ml of GnRH (Buserlin) 8 hours before AI, respectively. In group 3 and 4 were treated with 10 μg or 2.5 ml and 20 μg or 5 ml of GnRH on day 12 post AI respectively. Group 5 were treated with 10 μg or 2.5 ml of GnRH (Buserlin) 8 hours before AI and on day 12 of post AI. Group 6 were treated with 20 μg or 5 ml of GnRH (Buserlin) 8 hours before AI and on day 12 of post AI. Group 7 were consisted of untreated control buffaloes. The conception rates of repeat breeding graded Murrah buffaloes in group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and control group were found to be 50.00, 60.00, 40.00, 40.00, 50.00, 60.00 and 30.00 per cent, respectively. It was concluded that all treatments significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the conception in repeat breeder buffaloes when compared to control buffaloes. The GnRH could be effectively used for higher conception rates in repeat breeding buffaloes.