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Open Access
NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF APBN1 GRASS AND EFFECT OF PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DECCANI SHEEP
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2005-06) JAGADISH, Ch; RAMANA REDDY, Y(MAJOR); NAGALAKSHMI, D; MAHENDER, M
ABSTRACT : Evaluation of the potential feeding value of APBN1, an improved variety of hybrid napier as the sole feed and in supplemented rations was carried out to develop a forage based feeding system for intensive rearing of sheep. APBN1 forage samples harvested at 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days of growth were subjected to chemical, in vitro and in sacco evaluation to determine the optimum stage of harvesting for maximization of forage utilization in terms of fodder yield and nutritional quality. The yield of green fodder, dry matter and crude protein (MT/ha/yr) of APBN1 forage harvested at 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days of growth was found to be 274.68, 47.35, 7.44; 291.34, 61.09, 9.08; 344.74, 76.39, 11.45; 368.45, 85.26, 11.36 and 387.95, 98.81 and 11.21, respectively. The leaf to stem ratio of APBN1 forage at 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days of growth was found to be 0.36, 0.46, 0.65, 0.95 and 1.36, respectively. The dry matter content of forage increased from 17.24 per cent at 30 days to 25.47 per cent at 60 days of growth. The CP and CF values were 15.72, 23.81; 14.86, 24.67; 14.35, 25.32; 13.68, 26.64 and 11.34 and 29.88 per cent, respectively on DM basis for the forage samples harvested at 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days of growth. Progressive increase in crude fibre level and gradual decline in crude protein content was observed with the advancement in maturity of forage. The NFE content (46.12 %) was highest at 45 days of growth. The IVDMD value was highest (57.87 %) at 30 days and lowest (51.40 %) at 60 days of growth, when the forage samples were incubated with sheep rumen liquor. The effective degradable dry matter (EDDM) as determined by nylon bag technique in fistulated rams was 55.80, 54.70, 53.50, 52.40 and 43.78 per cent at 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days of growth, respectively. The effective protein degradability (EPD) decreased from 38.30 per cent at 30 days to 33.17 per cent at 60 days of growth. The insoluble but degradable protein fraction „b‟ was highest (77.07 %) at 45 days of growth. Based on the biomass yield, leaf to stem ratio, chemical, in vitro and in sacco evaluation, the optimum stage of harvesting for APBN1 forage was found to be at 45 days of growth. When the forage harvested at 45 days alone was fed ad libitum in chopped form, the rams on an average consumed 50.74, 4.40 and 28.34 g/kg W0.75 of DM, DCP and TDN respectively. The average digestibility coefficients of 66.63, 68.52, 69.10, 58.82, 56.34 and 62.21 per cent were observed for DM, OM, CP, EE, CF and NFE, respectively and the DCP and TDN values as 8.68 and 56.38 per cent were observed for APBN1 forage in Deccani rams. The Deccani rams on an average retained 5.28 g nitrogen per day. Effect of supplementation through protein and energy sources to the APBN1 forage was studied in adult Deccani rams. There was a significant increase in DM intake (g/kg W0.75) of rams supplemented with concentrate premix containing GNC + maize (71.10), SFC + maize (69.82) and CSC + maize (66.71) in comparison to that of the rams fed APBN1 forage (51.62) as the sole feed. Irrespective of the protein source, supplementation has enhanced the nutrient digestibility of rations in rams with the resultant improvement in DCP content of the ration by 72.78% (GNC), 35.64% (CSC) and 34.95% (SFC) and TDN value of ration by 26.80% (GNC), 21.59% (CSC) and 13.66% (SFC) in comparison to DCP (8.68%) and TDN (56.38%) of the ration containing APBN1 forage alone. There was a marked improvement (P<0.05) in nitrogen utilization with the net nitrogen retention (g/d) in rams supplemented with GNC + maize (15.13), SFC + maize (12.16) and CSC + maize (10.71) when compared to that of rams fed APBN1 forage (5.28) as the sole feed. It is concluded that APBN1 forage at 45 days of growth with DCP (8.68%) and TDN (56.38%) can be utilized as a potential maintenance type (perennial) green fodder for feeding adult sheep. Supplementation, irrespective of protein source, improved the nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization of the rations containing APBN1 forage as the basal roughage and fulfilled the maintenance as well as growth requirements (70 g/d) of sheep. Supplementation through concentrate premix containing 125 g each of maize and GNC was found superior (P<0.05) in enhancing nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization of rams in comparison to other sources. Supplementation of critical nutrients to the basal roughage is a viable means of sustaining the optimum animal performance.
Open Access
GENETIC AND PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF MAHABUBNAGAR GOATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-11) EKAMBARAM, B; RAMESH GUPTA, B(MAJOR); Gnana Prakash, M; Sudhakar, K; Ravinder Reddy, V
ABSTRACT : The present study was conducted for genetic and phenotypic characterization of Mahabubnagar goats by utilizing data on 1590 goats reared in the field conditions, spread over Mahabubnagar, Nalgonda and Ranga Reddy districts and goats maintained at Livestock Research Station, Mahabubnagar during the year 2006-07. The mean family size, literacy rate, land holding, flock size and annual income of the farmers surveyed were 5.57, 62.67, 3.91 ± 0.64 acres, 43.49 ± 1.70 and Rs. 17,840, respectively. Goat farmers adopted stationary type of rearing (94.67%) with 7 to 8 hours of grazing on community and waste lands (36%) and forest and waste lands (20%). The survey revealed that 94.67 % of farmers provided housing during night time with 60% and 40% of farmers providing closed and open type of houses, respectively. Majority of the shelters provided had kutcha type of floor (81.76%) and thatched roof (52.70%). The nature of house varied from separate house (63.51%) to part of residence (34.49%). The common practice of feeding was grazing as observed in 72% of farmers surveyed, while only 27.33% farmers supplemented their animals during lean seasons. Most farmers maintained a sex ratio of 1:21-30 and followed flock mating without any heat detection practice and buck rotation. Majority of the farmers practiced deworming (70.67%) but not de-ticking (93.33%) and vaccination (81.33%). Disposal of sick animals was made through sales (87.33%), self consumption (5.33%) or other ways (7.33%). Dead animals were mostly disposed off in open places (32.67%) or buried (29.33%). Goat farmers realized income mainly through sale of live animals (52%), rather than from milk and manure. Majority of the farmers marketed their animals at 4 to 6 months age (71.33%) in the village itself (52.67%) based mostly on butcher’s discretion (65.33%). Most farmers (89.33%) felt that goat rearing was remunerative but opined that marketing was exploited by the middlemen. The predominant coat colour was an admixture of two colours (63.5%) consisting of black and white, brown and white and black and brown. Pendulous ears, beard and wattles were noticed in 91.57, 85.97 and 34.34 per cent of goats. Horned condition was observed in 96.04% of goats having medium sized horns (63.46%) with straight (56.91%) and curved (43.09%) orientation. The least-squares analysis revealed significant effects of division, age and sex on body weights and measurements at one or the other ages studied. The least-squares means were higher in males than in females and increased with age. The overall least-square means for the body weight, height at withers, chest girth, paunch girth, hip width, body length, face length, ear length and tail length were 32.22 ± 0.02 kg, 75.8±0.56, 73.8±40.57, 74.60±0.75, 13.16±0.24, 63.66±0.70, 21.95±0.34, 15.29± 0.17 and 16.90±0.30 cm respectively in 2-teeth males; 27.51±0.27 kg, 71.48±0.30, 70.68±0.34, 72.17±0.42, 13.34±0.13, 61.04±0.31, 20.61±0.14, 15.02±011 and 16.82±0.16 cm respectively in 2-teeth females. While the means in the same order were 47.71±0.63 kg, 83.27±0.58, 84.78±059, 86.24±0.67, 15.51±0.21, 72.43±0.69, 24.10±0.26, 16.44±0.23 and 17.92±0.31 cm respectively in 8-teeth males and 38.16±0.23 kg, 77.289±0.18, 79.02±0.19, 80.88±0.28, 14.78±0.09, 67.51±0.22, 22.16±0.10, 15.60±0.09 and 17.47±0.11 cm respectively in 8-teeth females. Phenotypic correlations between biometrical measurements and body weights were positive and significant and were moderate to high in magnitude. The step-down multiple linear regression equations developed to predict the body weights indicated that height, chest girth and paunch girth contributed significantly with R2 values ranging from 39 to 86 percent. The effect of division was highly significant on age at first mating, age at first kidding, kidding interval and litter size with the overall least-squares means of 304.87±0.19, 455.65±0.19, 254.92±0.25 days and 1.89±0.02, respectively. The overall incidence of multiple births was 69.92 percent. Out of multiple births, twins (51.45%), triplets (15.95%), quadruplets (2.29%) and hexaplets (0.23%) were noticed. The overall means for pre-slaughter weight, empty body weight and hot carcass were 24.36±1.01, 18.29±1.09 and 10.1±0.60 kg respectively, while dressing percentages on pre-slaughter weight and empty body weight were 44.60±0.95 and 59.74±1.08 respectively. The overall means of whole sale cuts of the hot carcass were 3.75±0.28 (leg), 1.06±0.04 (loin), 0.97±0.04 (rack), 2.89±0.28 (neck and shoulder) and 2.2±0.12 (breast and fore shank) kg respectively. The preslaughter weight and dressing percentage were correlated positively and significantly with the all wholesale cuts. The coefficients of correlations of preslaughter weight with the other carcass traits were high, ranging from 0.66 to 0.94. The period of birth had significant effect on the body weights at all the ages studied, whereas the season of birth had no effect at any of these ages. Sex of kids had significant influence on body weights at almost all the ages studied with males out weighing the females. The mean body weights ranged from 8.37 to 9.03 kg at weaning and from 16.97 to 18.81 kg at 12 months age. The type of birth had significant effect on body weights of Mahabubnagar goats at all ages studied. The heritability estimates of body weights at birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months age were 0.08±0.07, 0.06±0.09, 0.10±0.10, 0.21±0.13 and 0.20±0.12, respectively. The genetic correlations among the body weights were highly positive and ranged from 0.88 to 0.98 while the phenotypic correlations were positive, significant and varied between 0.11 to 0.46. Cytogenetic characterization revealed diploid chromosome number to be 60, XY with 29 pairs of acrocentric autosomes and an acrocentric X-chromosome. The relative length of chromosomes ranged from 1.68±0.04 to 5.22±0.07 percent for the autosomes. The X-chromosome was the longest with a relative length of 5.86 percent. Sex of the goat had a significant influence on the relative length of some of autosomes. In the present study it was observed that majority of the phenotypic characteristics, and production and reproduction performance of the Mahabubnagar goats was closer to those of some of the established Indian breeds of goats such as Sangamneri, Kanni Adu, Osmanabadi, Marwari, Zalawadi etc. The chromosome profiles of Mahabubnagar goats were also similar to those of some of the Indian goat breeds. Therefore, the Mahabubnagar goats may be recognized as a distinct breed in the name of Mahabunagari goats of Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh.
Open Access
PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE AND IMMUNOCOMPETENCE OF COLOUR LAYER BIRDS WITH 25% NATIVE INHERITANCE UNDER BACKYARD AND DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF MANAGEMENT
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-11) CHINNI PREETAM, VELUPULA; QUDRATULLAH, S(MAJOR); RAVINDER REDDY, V; RAJASHEKHAR REDDY, A; RAMAKOTI REDDY, M; NAGALAKSHMI, D
ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to evaluate the growth and production performance, economics of rearing and immune competence of 4-breed backcross layer type coloured female birds with 25% native inheritance, developed at Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University. Five hundred day-old chicks were reared up to 6 weeks of age under intensive system at the Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad and the data on parameters of economic importance like body weight, feed consumption, FCR, livability and carcass yields, besides immunological parameters were collected. At 7 weeks of age, four hundred female birds were selected and distributed into 5 treatment groups having 4 replicates of 20 birds each with similar body weights. The first group was fed grower mash ad lib. and reared under intensive system to serve as control (T1), while T2 and T3 groups were offered 20 and 40% of ad lib. feed, respectively and maintained under semi intensive system. The remaining two treatment groups were reared under extensive system (scavenging), T4 at farm and T5 in an adopted village of the Krishi Vigana Kendra (KVK), Central Research Institute on Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), Hyderabad. All parameters of economic importance during grower and layer phases were studied. Males were introduced at 40 weeks of age to study the treatments effect on fertility and hatchability. Economics were worked out for the cost of rearing the test birds up to pullet age and to determine profits during laying phase from 20 – 60 weeks of age. Another experiment was conducted separately to evaluate the immune competence of 4-breed backcross layer bird together with the parent stocks involved in its genesis. The results of chick phase indicated that the mean 6-week body weight of 4-breed backcross layer type birds with 25% native inheritance was 266.9 g, while cumulative feed intake was 863.7 g with an FCR of 3.33. The mean livability was 99.6 %. The dressed, eviscerated and ready to cook yields were 80.2, 68.7 and 67.7%, respectively. During growth phase (7-20 weeks of age), ad lib. fed birds (control) recorded significantly (P < 0.05) the highest body weight (1361.6 g) than 40% ad lib fed birds (1083.7 g), while significantly the least weight was recorded in rest of the treatments, 938.28 g in 20% ad lib group, and 901.6 & 866.6 g under scavenging on farm and in farmers back yard, respectively. The feed intake was significantly (P<0.05) the highest in control (94.0 g) followed by 40% and 20% ad lib groups (21.9 and 35.2 g/bird/d, respectively) with the corresponding FCR of 3.32 and 4.28. The livability was 93.8, 87.5 and 90% in control, 20 and 40% ad lib. groups, respectively. The age at first egg (AFE) was significantly (P< 0.05) better with ad lib. fed group (146.5 d) followed by scavenging groups (176.4 and 171.5 d in T4 and T5, respectively) and 40 and 20% ad lib. groups (188 and 184.5 d, respectively), all values being significantly (P< 0.05) inferior to control. Thus AFE increased with decreasing feed intake and was better under intensive system than semi intensive or scavenger system. Similar trend was observed for age at 50% production. The mean percent hen day production over 10 laying periods of 28 d each differed significantly (P<0.05) from each other, with the best being recorded in ad lib. group (54.1%) and the least in 20 and 40% ad lib groups. Scavenging in farmers’ backyard gave 35.8% hen day production, whereas at farm it was 32.5%. The mean feed intake was significantly higher in ad lib group (94.0 g/b/d) followed by 40% ad lib (45.5 g/b/d) and 70% ad lib (26.7 g/b/d) groups, all values being significantly different from each other. The FCR was significantly better (2.14 and 2.29) with ad lib and 20% ad lib feeding than 40% ad lib feeding (3.09). The mean egg weights ranged between 50.4 and 53.9 g. The egg quality parameters like Haugh Unit score, albumen Index, shell percent and shell thickness were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by treatment groups, but did not show any specific trend. Yolk index was not influenced, while yolk colour was significantly (P< 0.05) better under both the scavenging systems. Overall livability was significantly better with intensive system (**) and least with scavenging system, especially at farmers backyard, where half of the mortality was due to predators. Fertility ranged between 88.4 and 94.9 %, while the hatchability ranged between 80.9 and 88.9% and 90. 9 and 93.8 % for total eggs set and fertile eggs set, respectively. At 8 weeks of age, humoral immune response to SRBC and ND vaccine were 8.3 and 6.8 log2 titers, respectively, while CMI response to PHA-P was 0.46. During 20 weeks of age, significant differences (P>0.05) were observed in treatment groups for immune response to ND vaccine, which was high to medium (10.1 to 9.3) in all groups maintained at farm, the highest being in control group (10.1) and the values for scavenging at farmers backyard were constantly low at 20 weeks (8.1) and 40 weeks (6.1) of age, but were above protective levels. There were no significant differences in SRBC titers at 20 and 40 weeks of age and CMI response to PHA-P indicating system of management did not effect the immune response to SRBC and PHA-P. The results of the immunity trial on back cross and its parent stock indicated that the immune response to SRBC, PHA-P and ND vaccine were high in NDN bird, whereas the immunity of 4-breed back cross was comparable with all other genotypes. The mass of spleen and bursa was directly proportional to immune competence in chickens. Significant differences were observed in lymphoid organ weight. The relative spleen weight of 4-breed back cross was similar to that of all other genotypes, except DR and 2-breed cross. The relative weight of bursa in 4-breed back cross bird was similar to that of WLH, DR, 3BC and 4BC. (INDICATE THE FULL FORM OF THESE GENOTYPES) MENTION ECONOMICS ALSO
Open Access
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF FEEDINC; SHEANUT CAKE (VITELLARIA PARADOXA) BASED COMPLETE DIETS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GRADED MURRAH BUFFALOES
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-11) KISHAN KUMAR, M; SUDHAKAR, K(MAJOR); MAHENDER, M; RAMESH GUPTA, B; VIROJI RAO, S.C
ABSTRACT: Two complete diets were formulated using palm press fibre (20% & 15%) and chopped jowar straw (20% & 25%) as roughage source and sheanut cake (18.5% & 28%) along with locally available concentrate ingredients with roughage concentrate ratio of 4050 and processed into mash (R 11 ) and (R 111). These two diets were compared with conventional ration (R I) containing chopped jowar straw. green jo~arfo dder and concentrate mixture fed separately to study their effect on nutrient digestibilit). quantit? and qualit! of milk. cost of production. eating and rumination behaviour in lactating graded Murrah buffaloes The same rations were also fed to growing graded Murrah buffalo c.nl\rs to >tud> the cfTcct of three ration\ on nutrient util~zat~on, growth rate. feed con\*er lactating buffaloes were comparable mony the rations R I. RII and R Ill. The J;gestibilit> coefficients of dq matter. organic matter, crude protein. and ether estract and nitrogen free estract were significantly (P< 0.01) higher. where as crude fibre and NDF (P K 11 (474.00 g) and R 1 (11 5.67 g). The DM1 per kg weight gain was non significant in dicth K 111 (8.50) and K 11 (9.15) uhen compared to R 1 (9.61). The cost of feed per Lg weight gain \\as comparable among three dict. The buffalo calves on diet 111 recorded higher growth rate and consumed less feed pcr kg gain resulting in superior FCR than other two diets (R I and R 11). Rumcn liquor pH decreased (P<0.01). where as ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total volatile fat5 acids (TVFA) concentration increased (PC 0.01) in complete diets (R II and R 111) when compared with conventional diet (R I). Time of sampling had a significant (P 0.01) effect on NHJ-N and TVFA concentrations. which peaked at 3 h post feeding irrespective of experimental rations. Eating and rumination hchaviour indicated that eating time. rumination time. rumination period and chewing time were significantl? (P4.01) higher. wherc as resting time uas loser on conventional diet (K I ) u hen ccrmparcd \r it11 coniplcte dicts (K II and R Ill) in b~thla ctating buffaloes and calves rumination tirnc. I'he pcrccnt elf time spent for rumination and chelving time were significantly (P
Open Access
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS PRODUCTIVE AND IMMUNOCOMPETENCE TRAITS IN WHITE LEGHORNS UNDER LONG TERM SELECTION
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-11) Jaya Laxmi, P; RAMESH GUPTA, B(MAJOR); SHARMA, R.P; Chatterjee, R.N; Ravinder Reddy, V
ABSTRACT: A study was conducted on three strains of White Leghorns viz., IWH, IWI and IWK and a control population. Significant strain differences were observed for all the traits studied viz., age at first egg, body weights at 4, 6, 10, 16, 20, 40, 52 and 64 weeks of age, egg production up to 40, 64 and 72 weeks of age. Egg production up to 64 and 72 weeks of age was highest in IWI (207.388+1.244 and 235.23+4.08 respectively). Egg production up to 40, 64 and 72 weeks of age was lowest in the control population. Egg weight was found to be highest (49.07+0.15, 54.23+0.17, 55.56+0.18 and 58.36+0.18 g respectively) in IWK strain at 28, 40, 52 and 64 weeks of age. The heritability value estimated from sire+dam component of variance indicated that the age at first egg and egg production were low to moderately heritable while body weights and egg weights at various ages were moderate to highly heritable. The genetic and phenotypic correlation of age at first egg with early body weights up to 20 weeks was mostly negative. The genetic and phenotypic correlations between part periods and annual egg production were mostly positive and high. Egg production up to 40 weeks and egg weight at 28 and 40 weeks has a consistently negative genetic and phenotypic association in all the populations studied. The genetic and phenotypic correlation of egg weight at 28 weeks of age with egg weight at 40, 52 and 64 weeks of age was mostly positive with varying magnitudes. Diallel analysis of the purebred and strain cross data revealed that the GCA, SCA and reciprocal effects were all significant for age at first egg and body weight at 20 weeks while only the GCA and SCA effects were significant for body weight at 40 weeks. The variances due to GCA and reciprocal effects were significant for egg production up to 40 weeks while, for egg production up to 64 weeks of age SCA and reciprocal variances were significant. The combining ability analysis on egg weight revealed that the variances due to both GCA and SCA were significant for egg weight at all the ages studied. Estimation of heterosis revealed significantly favorable heterosis for body weight at 20 weeks, egg production up to 64 weeks and egg weight at 64 weeks in most of the crosses. Significant differences in antibody titer against SRBC and NDV were observed among the three strains and control population. The heritabilities of antibody titers against SRBC, NDV and cell mediated immunity to PHA-P injection varied from 0.227+0.084 to 0.716+0.115, 0.003+ 0.676 to 0.982+ 0.394 and 0.084+0.513 to 0.672+0.588 respectively. The phenotypic correlation of antibody titers against SRBC with egg production up to 64 and 72 weeks of age was negative in three of the four populations studied. The phenotypic correlation with antibody titer against NDV was mostly positive. The phenotypic correlation of antibody titer against NDV and cell mediated response to PHA-P with age at first egg was positive in all the strains. The correlation of antibody titer against NDV and cell mediated response to PHA-P with egg production was mostly positive.
Open Access
CLINICAL STUDIES ON EVALUATION OF BREEDING TECHNIQUES IN BITCHES
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-10) CHANDRA SHEKAR REDDY, K; SUBRAMANYAM NAIDU, K(MAJOR); SADASIVA RAO, K; RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P.; VAIKUNTA RAO, V
ABSTRACT : The exfoliative vaginal cytology, vaginoscopic examination of vaginal mucosa and endocrine profiles during different phases of estrus cycle in induced as well as in normal estrus cycle were recorded in the present study. Higher percentage of superficial cells (89.94 ± 0.64) and lower percentage of intermediate (7.30 ± 0.77) and parabasal cells (2.76 ± 0.30) were characteristic vaginal cytological changes in bitches during estrus. Vaginoscopic examination revealed that the vaginal mucus was creamy and paper white with angular shrinkage during estrus. The estrus was induced with Cabergoline (CABG) and Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG) in two groups of bitches. The progesterone, estrogen and LH levels were recorded before and after the treatment. Progesterone and estradiol levels were significantly lower before the treatment and progressively increased after the treatment. During late proestrus the serum progesterone levels increased progressively towards LH surge and during estrus, progesterone levels were significantly higher on each day of estrus. Significantly higher estradiol levels were noticed during proestrus and these levels were reduced at the time of LH surge. The LH concentration was recorded as 380.58 + 38.73 ng/ml at the time of LH surge. The LH surge was maintained for two days and thereafter significantly reduced during late estrus and early diestrus. The days taken for induction of estrus were 9.20 + 1.32 in Cabergoline followed by 13.83 + 2.65 in PMSG and 70.83 + 12.42 in Control group of bitches. The inter estrus interval in control group of bitches were longer than the Cabergoline and PMSG treated groups. The duration of proestrus was shorter in Cabergoline treated bitches than Control and PMSG group of bitches. There was no significant difference in the duration of estrus among Control, Cabergoline and PMSG groups of bitches. The therapeutic response to the treatment was 83.33 and 100 per cent in Cabergoline and PMSG treated bitches respectively. The conception rates were 66.66, 83.33 and 83.33 per cent in Control (mated based on vaginal cytology), Cabergoline (mated based on vaginoscopy) and PMSG groups (mated based on progesterone level), respectively. The litter size varied from 3.50 + 1.12 to 4.83 + 0.83 in three groups. Vomiting was observed as a side effect in Cabergoline treated group.
Open Access
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF TOXICITY CAUSED BY CADMIUM-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ITS COUNTERACTION BY CERTAIN HERBS AND HERBAL COMBINATIONS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-09) Bharavi, K; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, G; Rajasekhar Reddy, A; Rama Rao, S.V
ABSTRACT : A total of 225 male broiler chicks of day old age belonging to Vencobb strain were randomly divided into fifteen groups consisting of fifteen chicks in each group. Group 1 was maintained on basal diet and group 2 on cadmium @ 100 ppm as cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in feed for 42 days (6 wks). Groups 3 to 12 were given cadmium containing diet for the first 4 wks (28 days) and subsequently treated respectively with Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctum, Asparagus racemosus, Andrographis paniculata, Murraya kienigii, shilajit, Gymnema sylvestra, Allium sativum, Spirulina and ginseng each at 0.1% level in feed till the end of 6th wk, while groups 13 to 15 were given the combination of Spirulina + shilajit + G.sylevestre, W. somnifera + A.racemosus +A.paniculata and W.somnifera + M.koenigii+ A.sativum, respectively. In combinations, each herb was added at 0.05% level in feed for the remaining 2 weeks. The performance parameters were recorded at weekly intervals. Antioxidant defense profile, biomarkers of hepatic damage, renal damage, lipid profile, protein profile and HI titre in serum, and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) index were estimated at the end of 4th and 6th wk. Histopathological studies and estimation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutahtione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were done at the end of 6th wk. The cadmium treatment resulted in a significant (P<0.05) reduction in body weights, protein profile, GSH (6th week), haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titre and phytohaemagglutination (PHA) index (6th week), while feed conversion ration (FCR), total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, TBARS (6th week), SOD, catalase, alanine transaminase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were significantly (P<0.05) increased at the end of 4th week in groups 2 to 15 and all these parameters exhibited similar trend at the end of 6th week in group 2 that was maintained with out any treatment. Following the administration of herbs in test in groups 3 to 15, there was a marked improvement in all the above parameters as compared to those of cadmium control group 2 at the end of 6th week. Histological abnormalities were also recorded in the liver, kidney, spleen and bursa fabricius in cadmium control group 2, where as group 1 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology, while the treated groups revealed lesions of mild intensity or signs of regeneration. Thus, it is concluded that cadmium induces biological damage by means of oxidative stress and the herbs/herbal combinations in test offered better amelioration. The combinations of herbs found relatively superior as compared to the remaining groups in test
Open Access
STUDIES ON PESTICIDE AND METAL RESIDUES IN MARKET MEAT AND EFFECT OF COOKING METHODS ON PESTICIDE RESIDUES
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008) MUTHUKUMAR, M; SUDHAKAR REDDY, K(MAJOR); KONDAL REDDY, K; GOPALA REDDY, A; JAGDISHWAR REDDY, D; KONDAIAH, N
ABSTRACT : A study was conducted to estimate certain pesticides (DDT-Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane, HCH - Hexachloro cyclo hexane and Cyclodiene compounds - aldrin, α endosulfan, β endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate and heptachlor) and heavy metals (lead and cadmium) residues in muscle and organs of chicken (broiler), buffalo, goat, sheep and pig collected from Hyderabad city. The effect of cooking methods on endosulfan level in spiked buffalo meat samples were also studied. The residues of organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals were found in majority of the analysed muscle and organs samples of food animals. The contamination pattern of organochlorine pesticides residues in tissues among common food animal species were in the descending order of p,p’DDE, γ HCH, α endosulfan, p,p’DDT, aldrin, β endosulfan, δ HCH, β HCH, α HCH, p,p’DDD and endosulfan sulfate. However, the levels of contamination were quite low and well below the maximum residue level. Amongst various species of food animals, tissue samples of buffalo showed highest mean concentration for p,p’DDD, α ,β, γ and δ HCH and endosulfan sulfate residues, whereas pig samples showed highest residues level for p,p’DDE, p,p’DDT, α endosulfan and β endosulfan. Among tissues, muscle showed highest concentration of p,p’DDD, p,p’DDT, β HCH, aldrin, α endosulfan, β endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate, whereas liver showed highest mean concentration for γ HCH and δ HCH. The concentration of p,p’DDE and α HCH residues were highest in kidney samples. Pressure cooking of meat resulted in significant reduction in the residual level of endosulfan. In case of heavy metal residues, tissue samples of buffalo showed highest mean concentration for lead, whereas chicken samples showed highest residues level for cadmium. Among tissues, kidney showed highest concentrations of both lead and cadmium. From the study, it can be concluded that the contamination levels of pesticides and heavy metals residues in muscle and organs were well below the maximum residue level and present no threat to public health on the basis of current toxicological knowledge. Moreover, substantial reduction in pesticide level due to cooking, especially pressure cooking reduces the risk to meat consumer.
Open Access
GENETIC STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF JAPANESE QUAILS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-09) PUNYA KUMARI, B; RAMESH GUPTA, B(MAJOR); GNANA PRAKASH, M; RAJASEKHAR REDDY, A; SUDHAKAR REDDY, K
ABSTRACT : The present investigation was carried out on the Black (3237) and Brown (3376) Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) maintained at the Poultry Experimental Station (PES), Department of Poultry Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad under the selection for high 4-week body weight in generations 5, 6, 7 and 8 to study the influence of various genetic and non-genetic factors on body weights, average daily gains (ADG), age at first egg (AFE), egg production (EP), carcass traits and egg quality traits. The genetic parameters and response to selection were estimated for various traits. Selection indices were developed utilizing the genetic parameters estimated. The overall least squares means for body weights at day-old, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks of age were 9.75, 37.09, 77.55, 126.41 and 170.95 g, respectively. The effect of strains and generations was significant on body weights at all the ages, while the influence of sex was evident from 2 to 20 weeks of age. Hatch effect was significant on body weights upto 4-weeks age, but not beyond. The birds belonging to 7th generation were consistently weighed heaviest. Sexual dimorphism in favour of the females was evident by their higher body weights ranging from 1.29 to 45.14 g over the males, from 2 to 20 weeks of age, respectively. The overall least squares mean ADGs during 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 to 8, 9 to 12, 13 to 16 and 17 to 20 weeks of age were 3.91, 5.78, 6.98, 6.36, 2.73, 0.55, 0.34 and 0.30 g, respectively. Strain and hatch effect was significant on ADGs at all ages with an exception to that of 9 to 12 weeks of age, whereas generations exhibited significant influence on ADGs during the entire period of study. Sex of the chick affected this trait during 2 to 8 and 13 to 20 weeks of age. The highest ADGs of 6.86 and 7.10 g were obtained in males and females, respectively, during 3 weeks of age. . The overall least squares means for age at first egg and cumulative egg production up to 12, 16 and 20 weeks of age were 55.18 days, 19.80, 38.52 and 57.53 eggs, respectively. The effect of strains, generations and hatch were significant on AFE and egg production. The overall least squares means for pre-slaughter weight and weights of dressed, carcass, wings, neck, legs, thighs, drumsticks, breast and back were 221.61, 137.75 g 12.38, 5.91, 33.15, 19.63, 13.61, 55.08 and 29.84 g, respectively. Significant influence of strains, generations, sex and hatches was found on majority of the carcass traits studied. The Black Japanese quails exhibited higher means for almost all carcass traits than those of Browns. The chicks of 7th generation recorded highest means, while a majority of the carcass characters studied was higher in females than in males. The overall least squares mean dressing percentage was 62.22 and the wings, neck, legs, thighs, drumsticks, breast and back formed 9.01, 4.29, 24.21, 14.30, 9.94, 40.70 and 21.76 percent of dressed carcass respectively. The overall least squares means for egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, albumen weight, yolk weight, shape index, albumen index, yolk index and Haugh unit score were 13.71 g, 1.17 g, 0.21 mm, 7.80 g, 4.74 g, 79.23, 0.13, 0.45 and 58.27, respectively. The albumen, yolk and shell weights constituted 56.83, 34.61 and 8.56 percent of the egg weight, respectively. Almost all the egg quality traits were significantly influenced either by strains or generations. Medium to high heritability estimates within the normal range were obtained for the body weights from 1 to 4 weeks of age in Black and Brown Japanese quails by half-sib as well as full sib methods. The estimates based on sire component were higher than those based on dam component body weights at majority of the ages. . The heritabilities of ADGs estimated by half-sib method ranged from low to high, but, majority of estimates from 1 to 4 weeks of age were moderate, in magnitude, while the estimates based on full sib analysis varied from low to medium. The heritabilities of age at first egg (AFE) by half-sib method varied from moderate (0.27) to high (0.79) and by full sib method (sire + dam component) ranged from low (0.16) to high (0.39). The heritabilities of egg production by half-sib method varied from 0.46 to 0.68 in Black and 0.55 to 0.97 in Brown strains, while these estimates based on sire + dam component ranged from 0.32 to 0.39 and 0.21 to 0.34 in Black and Brown strains, respectively. Heritability estimates for various external and internal egg quality traits and quality indices in Black and Brown Japanese quails were mostly medium but ranged from low to moderate, respectively. The estimates of genetic, phenotypic and environmental correlations for body weights in Black and Brown Japanese quails in all four generations varied from moderate to high in magnitude, but positive in direction. The genetic and phenotypic correlations for ADGs were moderate to high and low to medium in magnitude, respectively. The genetic, phenotypic and environmental correlations among BW4, AFE, and EP varied from -0.59 to 1.00, -0.35 to 0.89 and -0.58 to 0.81 in Black Japanese quails and the correlations in the same order for Brown Japanese quails were -0.84 to 0.96, -0.51 to 0.81 and -0.37 to 0.50. The correlations on genetic, phenotypic and environmental scale among the various carcass traits and external, internal egg quality traits and quality indices exhibited considerable variation in magnitude and direction. The response to selection in body weight at 4-weeks age among the four generations 5 to 7 varied from 6.03 to 30.93 g in Black males; 6.84 to 14.24 g in Black females; 2.67 to 6.90 g in Brown males and 2.20 to 6.41 g in females. The cumulative response to selection in generations 5 to 8 was 53.31, 40.21, 18.85 and 15.05g in Black males, Black females, Brown males and Brown females. Out of seven selection indices constructed based on the genetic parameters obtained in the present study, the index I2 consisting of body weight at 4-weeks (BW4), age at first egg (AFE) and egg production upto 16 weeks of age (EP16) was found to be the best with RIH value of 35.50% in Black Japanese quails. This index was expected to fetch a desirable increase of 0.7399 g in BW4, decrease the AFE by 0.0056 days and increase 0.2656 eggs upto 16 weeks age per 1% increase in RIH value. In Brown Japanese quails, the index I3, with a moderate RIH value (25.11%) was expected to improve BW4 by 0.5153 g, EP20 by 0.5302 eggs and reduce AFE by 0.0455 days and considered to be satisfactory.

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