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ThesisItem Open Access A CLINICAL STUDY ON SURGICAL TREATMENT OF FEMORAL AND TIBIAL FRACTURES IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-11) MADHAVI, N; GIREESH KUMAR, V(MAJOR); RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P; PRAMOD KUMAR, DABSTRACT : The present clinical study was conducted on 26 dogs comprising of 18 dogs with femur fractures and 8 dogs with tibial fractures presented for treatment at Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex Bhoiguda and Campus Veterinary Hospital, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. Among 18 dogs with femur fractures, 12 were males and 6 were females. Among 8 dogs with tibial fractures 5 were males and 3 were females. The results showed that Out of 18 dogs with femur fractures, 9 (50.00%) were in the age group of 0-6 months, 5 (27.78%) were in the age group of 6-12 months, 2 (11.11%) were in the age group of 12-18 months and 2 (11.11%) were more than 2 year of age. Out of 8 dogs with tibial fractures 4 (50.00%) were in the age group of 0-6 months, 2 (25.00%) were in the age group of 6-12 months and 2 (25.00%) were in the age group of 12-18 months. The causes of femoral and tibial fractures in 26 dogs were found to be automobile accident in 14 (53.85%) dogs, fall from a height in 9 (34.60%) dogs, dog bite in 1 (3.85%) dog and stamping by its owner in 2 (7.70%) dogs. Among 18 dogs studied for femur fractures, 8 (44.44%) dogs were mongrels, 3 (16.66%) were German shepherd, 2 (11.11%) were Spitz, 1 (5.56%) was Great Dane, 1 (5.56%) was Dalmatian, 1 (5.56%) was Rott Weiler, 1 (5.56%) was Dachshund and 1 (5.56%) was pug. Among 8 dogs studied for tibial fractures, 5 (62.50%) were mongrels, 1 (12.50%) was German shepherd and 2 (25.00%) were Spitz. Mediolateral and anteroposterior radiographs of femur and tibia were taken to diagnose the type of femoral and tibial fractures. The type and the site of the fracture on the femur and tibia were noted from the radiographs. Postoperative (check x-ray) was taken immediately after surgical reduction of fracture. Post reduction radiographs were taken on day 15, 30, 45, and 60, whenever possible, to evaluate the healing process. The 26 dogs that formed part of the present study were subjected to different surgical procedures depending on the fracture configuration and site of fracture. Out of 18 dogs with femur fracture, Intramedullary pinning was performed in 10 dogs with transverse diaphyseal fractures and transverse distal metaphyseal fractures of femur and Intramedullary pinning combined with cerclage wiring was performed in 3 dogs with oblique diaphyseal fracture of femur. 2 dogs with transverse diaphyseal fractures were repaired by stack Intramedullary pin fixation while cross pinning was employed in the treatment of supracondylar fracture of femur in 3 dogs. Out of 8 dogs with tibial fractures, closed reduction with external coaptation was used for reduction of simple, transverse, stable diaphyseal fracture in 2 dogs Intramedullary pinning was performed in 2 dogs with transverse diaphyseal fracture, Intramedullary pinning combined with cerclage wiring as adopted in 2 dogs with oblique fracture and stack pinning procedure was employed for reduction of oblique fractures of proximal tibia in 2 dogs. The present study elucidated that Intramedullary pinning resulted in good fracture healing in 7 dogs Out of the 10 dogs with transverse diaphyseal fractures and transverse distal metaphyseal fractures of femur. This pointed to the suitability of Intramedullary pin fixation in the treatment of transverse diaphyseal fractures and transverse distal metaphyseal fractures of femur. Malunion in one dog with transverse diaphyseal fracture of femur and migration of Intramedullary pin in 2 dogs with transverse distal metaphyseal fractures of femur were observed. All the 3 dogs oblique diaphyseal fracture of femur combined with cerclage wiring recovered well. The two dogs with transverse diaphyseal fracture of femur operated by stack pin fixation started bearing weight on the operated limb from 3rd postoperative day. Both the dogs recovered uneventfully. All the 3 dogs with supracondylar fractures of femur were repaired by cross pinning procedure. Among the 3 dogs, the two dogs were active and started bearing weight on the operated limb from the next day of operation. In one dog although one of the cross pins migrated downward distally from its position in the cortex by 3 weeks after surgery, the fracture alignment was maintained well and the second pin was firmly holding the segments. The dog showed gradual improvement in weight bearing after pin removal and returned to function of the limb by 4 weeks after surgery. Among the 8 dogs with tibial fractures, 2 dogs with transverse diaphyseal fracture were treated by closed reduction with external coaptation, 2 dogs with transverse diaphyseal fracture were treated by Intramedullary pinning, 2 dogs with oblique diaphyseal fracture were treated by Intramedullary pinning combined with cerclage wire and 2 dogs with short oblique fracture of proximal tibia were treated by stack pinning. All the dogs started bearing weight on the affected leg from the 3rd day after treatment. In the two dogs treated by closed reduction with external coaptation, the cast was removed when the dogs showed clinical bone union and full weight bearing on the affected leg. In the remaining 6 dogs, the pins were removed after confirming the clinical bone union. Recovery was uneventful in all the 8 dogs. The complications encountered during the present study included migration of Intramedullary pins in 2 cases which responded well to the treatment by application of Schroeder Thomas Splint, migration of one of the cross pins at 21 days of surgery in one dog which recovered with satisfactory bone healing and malunion in one dog with migration of Intramedullary pin recovered uneventfully after removal of the pin.ThesisItem Open Access CADMIUM (Cd) INDUCED TOXICITY IN BROILER CHICKEN AND IT’S AMELIORATION(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-10) NIVEDITHA, M; ANJANEYULU, Y(MAJOR); MADHURI, D; GOPALA REDDY, AABSTRACT : The present study was designed to study the cadmium toxicity in broiler chicken and to evaluate the efficacy of ascorbic acid to counteract the damage caused by cadmium. Seventy five, day – old Vencob male broiler chicks were divided into five groups consisting of 15 chicks each. Group I served as control, which was devoid of cadmium (Cd) as well as ascorbic acid (AA) group II fed with Cd @ 50 ppm, group III was fed with AA @ 300 ppm, group IV was fed with Cd @ 50 ppm and AA @ 300 ppm, while group V was fed with Cd @ 50 ppm for 1-28 days followed by AA @ 300 ppm. Weekly body weights and feed consumption were recorded in each group. The body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion efficiency at the end of the experimental period were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in Cd supplemented group (group II) while group IV and V showed significant improvement in these parameters, when compared with group II. Five birds from each group were randomly sacrificed on 14th, 28th and 42nd days. Blood and serum were collected from each bird separately for haematological and biochemical estimations. A detailed necropsy was conducted on each of five birds and tissue samples from liver, kidney, bursa of Fabricius spleen, intestine, heart, lung, muscle and brain were collected in formal saline for histopathology. Haematological studies showed that overall mean values of Hb, PCV and TEC were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in group II as compared with other groups. Group I and III did not show any significant difference. The treatment groups (group IV and V) showed significant increase in haematological parameters as compared to group II. The biochemical analysis showed a significant (P<0.05) elevation in total protein, globulin, ALP, ALT, BUN, Creatinine levels in group II and significant (P<0.05) reduction in albumin levels was seen. Whereas these values in group I and III remained normal. The treatment group (group IV and V) showed significant (P<0.05) improvement in all these parameters. The gross pathological changes in group II birds showed streaks of haemorrhages and rounded borders in liver, enlarged kidney with petechial haemorrhages, splenomegaly, mild congestion of bursa of Fabricius, focal echymotic haemorrhages in breast muscles and thigh muscles, and mild congestion in intestines. The treatment groups (group IV and V) showed mild lesions compared to group II. The remaining groups (I & III) did not reveal any gross lesions of pathological significance. The histopathological examination of group II revealed varying degrees of degenerative changes, in various organs. Liver sections showed moderate congestion of central vein, dilation of sinusoidal spaces. Focal areas of lymphoid aggregates, congestion and inter tubular haemorrhages were observed in kidney. Spleen showed depletion of germinal centers. Bursa of Fabricius showed depletion of lymphoid follicles with cystic spaces in follicular epithelium. Moderate interfibrillar haemorrhages were observed in the sections of heart. Intestine sections showed mild haemorrhages in the sub mucosal region. Lung sections showed mild congestion. Brain showed moderately congested cerebral vessels. The treatment groups showed mild lesions in various organs, which can be attributed to the protective effect of AA. From the present study it can be concluded that AA when supplemented to a diet containing Cd @ 50 ppm level is moderately effective in alleviating the toxic affects of cadmiumThesisItem Open Access CLINICO THERAPEUTIC STUDIES OF OTITIS IN CANINES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-10) LAKSHMI, KORSAPATI; Tirumala Rao, D.S(MAJOR); Ameer Hamza, P; Sadasiva Rao, KABSTRACT : The present study was undertaken to find out the prevalence of otitis in relation to age, breed, and sex , to study the clinical signs, cultural examination of ear sample along with in vitro drug sensitivity and a therapeutic trial using topical and oral preparations.. The dogs presented at veterinary hospital, Bhoiguda and campus hospital , Rajendranagar, with the history of ear problems were examined for infection. Out of 14,400 dogs , 2500 dogs were affected with otitis which was observed to be 5.76 percent. A total of 48 dogs with otitis were studied, the condition was common in 3-6 years of age (33.3% ) followed by 6 months to 2years (27%) , 6-12 years (20.8%) and less than 6 months of age (18.7%). The results revealed that majority of cases of otitis were noticed in German shepherd followed by Mongrels, Pomeranians ,Labradors, Daschunds, Spitzs and pug, Of the 48 dogs, 30 (62.5%) were males and rest 18 (37.5%) were females. The various clinical signs of otitis were aural pruritus , ear pain, foul odour ear discharge, head tilt, erythema of pinna, alopacia ,scaling, and crusting of pinna , swelling at the base of the ear canal. Otoscopic examination of the affected ear of 48 dogs revealed erythema of ear canal, and exudates that were yellowish purulent, brownish and black thick discharge. Out of 48 dogs examined 28 had unilateral infection and 20 had bilateral infection. Conformation of ear played a major role in otitis .Of the 48 dogs, 22 (45.8%) had dropped/ pendulous, 14 ( 29.1%) had semi erect and 12 (25%) had erect ears. The result of the cultural examination of discharges resulted in isolation of bacteria viz Staphylococcus aureus in 36 cases, Streptococcus spp in 24 cases ,Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 14 cases, E.coli in 8 cases and Proteus spp in 3 cases.Apart from bacteria fungal isolates like Malassezia pachydermatitis (12) cases and Aspergillus spp ( 8 )cases were identified. The antibiotic sensitivity test showed highest sensitivity towards Ciprofloxacian ,followed by Ofloxacin, Gentamycin, Enrofloxacin, Chloramphenicol, cephotaxime, Amoxycillin\Clavulanic acid and Tetracycline in that order. The invitro disc diffusion test using antifungal discs showed the highest sensitivity towards Ketoconazole, followed by Clotrimazole, Amphotericin- B and Nystatin. The therapeutic response to antibiotics topical and oral viz Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin revealed highest efficacy in that order towards Ciprofloxacin followed by Ofloxacin, Similarly therapeutic response of antifungals topical and oral Ketoconazole as well as Clotrimazole, indicated Ketoconazole was more efficacious .ThesisItem Open Access ARSENIC (As) INDUCED TOXICITY AND ITS AMELIORATION IN BROILER CHICKEN(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-10) PADMAJA, BHYRU; MADHURI, D(MAJOR); ANAND KUMAR, A; DHANA LAKSHMI, KABSTRACT: Arsenic is a heavy metal available abundantly in the air as an industrial pollutant and resulting oxidative stress in livestock as well as in poultry. The present study was designed to study the arsenic induced toxicity and its . amelioration in broiler chicken. A total of 75 sexed male broiler chicks of day old age belonging to Vencobb strain were randomly divided into five groups consisting of fifteen chicks in each group. Group I was maintained on basal diet and group II on arsenic @ 100 ppm in feed for 6 weeks. Group Ill was maintained on Emblica officinalis @ 500 ppm for 6 weeks. Group IV was given with arsenic @ 100 ppm along with Emblica officinalis @ 500 ppm for 6 weeks. Group V was given arsenic @ 100 ppm containing diet for the first 4 weeks and subsequently treated with Emblica officmalis @ 500 ppm for the remaining 2 weeks. Individual body weight gain, feed consumption and FCR were recorded in each group at weekly intervals. Five birds from each group were sacrificed at fortnightly intervals. Blood, serum and tissue samples were collected. Biomarkers of hepatic damage, protein profile in serum, TBARS, GSH in liver and kidney were estimated. The histopathological studies of various vital organs were carried out at the end of 2nd4, tha nd 6" week. HI titre in serum and PHA index were estimated at the end of 4" and 6" week to evaluate the immune status of birds. The arsenic treated group resulted in significant (Pe0.05) reduction in body weight gain, feed consumption and increase in FCR. Haematological studies revealed that overall mean values of PCV, Hb and TEC were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in group II in comparison to other groups. The biochemical assays showed significant (Pe0.05) reduction in total protein, albumin, globulin while significant (P<0.05) increase in A/G ratio, GGT, Creatinine and BUN. Studies on oxidative stress revealed significant (Pc0.05) increase of TBARS (Liver and Kidney) and significant (Pc0.05) decrease of GSH (Liver and Kidney) in the group II. lmmunological assays in group II revealed significant (P<0.05) increase in HI titre and significant (Pc0.05) reduction in PHA index in comparison to other groups (1, Ill, IV and V). Incorporating herb in the treatment groups (IV and V) showed marked improvement in all the above parameters in comparison to arsenic toxic control group. Clinically, birds in group II and V from 3d week onwards showed reduced feed consumption, weight gain while the birds in other groups were normal. Grossly, mild haemorrhages with rounded borders and pale discoloration of liver with mild swelling and haemorrbages in kidney was noticed. Reduction in size and mild congestion was observed in bursa of Fabncius and spleen. Few haemorrhages with mild congestion of heart in the earlier stages and later similar lesions with increased severity were obsewed. Group V also revealed similar types of lesions upto 4 weeks and mild lesions at later stages. No lesions of pathological significance were observed in other groups. The histopathological changes in liver revealed dilatation of sinusoidal spaces, congestion and bileduct hyperplasia with infiltration of mononuclear cells. Kidney sections showed mild to moderate intertubular haemorrhages with degenerative changes in few tubules. Mild to moderate depletion of lymphocytes with interfollicular fibrosis and haemorrhages was observed in sections of bursa of Fabricus. Spleen sections showed mild depletion of germinal centers with marked congestion of trabecular arteries. Mild disruption of cardiac fibres with moderate interfibrillar haemorrhages was observed in heart sections. The treatment groups (IV and V) revealed similar lesions but are of mild in nature. It can be concluded that arsenic @ 100 ppm in feed for 6 weeks caused a significant toxicity in broiler chicken and addition of antioxidant Emblica officinalis was efficient in ameliorating the oxidative damage induced by arsenic.ThesisItem Open Access DERMAL TOXICITY EVALUATION OF Jatropha curcas IN RATS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-10) VANITHA, KAMMILI; VENKATESWARLU, U(MAJOR); RAVI KUMAR, P; SRILATHA, ChABSTRACT: Jutropha curcas is a multipurpose tree of significant economic importance because of its several potential industrial and medicinal uses. The seed oil of J. curcas can be used as a diesel substitute. All parts of J. curcas are widely used in traditional medicine. However, seeds were reported to be toxic when given orally or applied externally. Most of its preparations have to be applied topically on the skin to achieve therapeutic benefits. Hence the present study was carried out with the aim of evaluating dermal toxicity and systemic toxicity of J, curcas leaves following topical application in rats. Aqueous leaf extract of J curcas was applied topically over the shaved area on the back @ 200, 400 and 800 mgkg b.W. for a period of 18 days to three groups of rats each consisting of 12 rats of either sex in equal proportion. Control group rats were applied with distilled water. Local toxicity of J. curcas leaves was assessed through gross and histopathological changes in the skin. Systemic toxicity resulting from dermal absorption of the extract was evaluated by monitoring the serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, .BUN, creatinine, glucose, total protein and albumin and haematological parameters like PCV, Hb, TEC and TLC on day 14 and day 28. All the animals were observed daily to detect signs of toxicity if any. Histopathological examination of vital organs was carried out at the end of 28 days study period. Results indicated that leaf extract exhibited local toxicity as well as systemic toxicity in liver, kidney, heart and brain. However, at the tested doses, the extract produced only mild toxicity without much sex difference in systemic toxicity. Local toxicity on the skin was slightly more severe in female rats.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC STUDIES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CERTAIN BROILER RABBIT BREEDS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-10) ANITHA, K; GNANA PRAKASH, M(MAJOR); RAMESH GUPTA, B; RAJASHEKAR REDDY, AABSTRACT : The present study was conducted on New Zealand White (NZW), Grey Giant (GG), Soviet Chinchilla (SC), Flemish Giant (FG), Californian White (CW) purebreds and two synthetics - APAU Fawn (FN) and APAU Black (BL) bunnies born during November 2006 and July 2007 in the “Rabbit Production for Meat” scheme, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad. Bunnies were reared under cage and deep litter system. The overall least-squares mean litter size at birth and weaning and litter weight at birth and weaning were 6.18 ± 0.28 and 3.75 ± 0.23 bunnies and 305.16 ± 13.75 and 1190.93 ± 56.92 g, respectively. Winter proved to be the favorable season of birth for litter traits. The overall least-squares mean body weights were 50.00 ± 0.59, 104.52 ± 1.89, 175.10 ± 3.28, 239.50 ± 6.11 and 354.07 ± 9.19 g at birth, 1 2, 3 and 4 weeks age, respectively. In general, BL bunnies and those born in rainy season recorded significantly higher pre-weaning body weights. Mean body weights from birth to 3 weeks of age declined as the LSB increased. The overall mean body weights at 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 weeks of age were 551.89 ± 16.84, 684.30 ± 19.68, 856.37 ± 23.33, 1018.79 ± 28.83, 1207.18 ± 31.98 and 1352.84 ± 37.93 g, respectively. The FG rabbits have recorded significantly higher weights up to 8 weeks age. Post weaning body weights of bunnies born in winter were higher. The litter size classes 1-3 and 4-6 recorded higher body weights. The overall least square mean ADGs during 5-6, 7-8, 9-10, 11-12, 13-14 and 15-16 weeks were 17.55 ± 1.04, 9.06 ± 0.73, 10.91 ± 0.80, 10.46 ± 0.94, 14.47 ± 0.90 and 10.98 ± 1.0 g, respectively. Genetic group, rearing system and season had significant influence. The overall least-squares mean lactation milk yield was 1116.21± 98.28 g. Does kindled during February and those with a LWB of >250 g. recorded significantly higher milk yield. The mean daily milk yield ranged from 61.2 ± 2.1 to 73.3 ± 2.1. The effect of genetic group and season of birth was significant on feed intake and feed efficiency but not on weight gain. The overall least-squares means for pre-slaughter weight, dressed weight, dressing percentage, forecut, midcut, hindcut, head and feet, pelt, edible offals, inedible offals and length of caecum were 1451.14 ± 63.04 g, 695.33 ± 39.18 g, 46.69 ± 0.86, 245.73 ± 12.14 g, 174.41 ± 12.95 g, 275.19 ± 14.81 g, 193.79 ± 6.33 g, 141.11 ± 8.93 g, 57.44 ± 2.81g, 303.19 ± 11.47 g and 43.38 ± 0.85 cm, respectively. Length of caecum was significantly lower in CW rabbits. Most carcass traits studied were significantly higher in males and in those born in winter season. Rearing system had a significant influence on the length of caecum only. The overall least-squares means for dry matter, total ash, protein, fat and cholesterol in rabbit meat were 24.3%, 1.3%, 20.3 g%, 4.1% and 0.1mg%, respectively. Heritability estimates for litter traits were beyond the normal range. Heritability estimates of the pre and post weaning body weights, post weaning ADGs and carcass traits that could be computed varied from 0.11 ± 0.69 to 0.98 ± 1.94. The genetic and phenotypic correlations ranged from -0.04 ± 1.75 to 0.98 ± 0.02 and 0.45 to 0.97 among post weaning body weights, -0.21 ± 0.33 to 0.54 ± 0.27 and -0.09 to 0.25 among post weaning ADGs, respectivelyThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF TRIVALENT INACTIVATED VACCINE FOR BLUETONGUE AT FARM LEVEL(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-10) SANDHYA, P; NARASIMHA REDDY, Y(MAJOR); DHANALAKSHMI, K; ANJANEYULU, YABSTRACT: The present study was taken up to evaluate the efficacy of trivalent (BTV-2, 9 and 15) BEI inactivated montanide adjuvanted bluetongue (BT) vaccine in farm sheep. Further attempts were also made to compare single dose and double dose regimens. Comparison was also made between monovalent and trivalent inactivated bluetongue vaccines. Three serotypes grown in vero cells were successfully inactivated by 0.1 M BEI + 0.04% Formalin. Each dose of trivalent vaccine consisted of 106.0 TCID50 of each of BTV 2, 9 and 15 serotypes with montanide as adjuvant. Vaccinated sheep were monitored for antibody by AGID, c-ELISA and SNT. AGID detected antibody to BTV in six vaccinated sheep earliest on day 7 post vaccination (PV) while a maximum of 17 out of 19 animals were positive on day 28 PV. AGID did not detect antibody in two of the vaccinated animals during the experimental period. c-ELISA detected immune response to BTV in all the vaccinated sheep on day 7 PV. Serotype specific SN50 (log2) titers in vaccinates ranged from 2 – 6.78. Higher titers were noticed against BTV-2 and lower titers against BTV 9 and BTV 15. Two animals found negative by AGID were also negative by SNT. No significant difference was found in the immune response between the single dose group and double dose group indicating that booster vaccination may not have any beneficial effect. Among sheep vaccinated with monovalent inactivated BT vaccine (BTV 2 or 9 or 15), AGID detected immune response earliest on day 7 PV in BTV 2 vaccinated sheep and on day 14 PV in BTV 15 vaccinated sheep. AGID detected antibody in all the 6 animals given BTV 2 on day 28 PV while only 5 out of 6 animals seroconverted against BTV 15 on day 57 PV. However none of the animals responded against BTV 9. c-ELISA detected antibody to BTV in the BTV 2 and BTV 15 vaccinated groups. No antibody was detected in group given BTV 9. There was no difference in the c-ELISA response between single and double dose groups. Higher PI values in c-ELISA were noticed in the animals given trivalent vaccine compared to the titers in monovalent groups. Challenge studies were conducted in 3 groups of sheep given trivalent inactivated BT vaccine, with the blood positive for BTV 2 or BTV 9 or BTV 15 after 150 days of vaccination. All the 3 controls showed pyrexia and BTV could be demonstrated by RT-PCR. In vaccinated groups one animal from each group showed pyrexia and was positive for BTV RNA by RT-PCR. It is concluded that trivalent BEI inactivated BT vaccine was effective in eliciting good humoral immune response.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON BOVINE CUTANEOUS PAPILLOMATOSIS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO EFFICASY OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VACCINE AS AN IMMUNOSTIMULANT(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-10) SREENIVASA BHARATH, M.S; SRILATHA, Ch(MAJOR); ANJANEYULU, Y; CHANDRASEKHAR RAO, T.SABSTRACT: Bovine papillomatois is a transmissible viral disease of cattle, commonly seen in India. The warts can occw on head, neck, near eyes, back and any part of the body. Warts on the udder and teat predisposes for mastitis, where as warts on the neck reduces the draft power in bullocks and its ugly appearance reduces market value of the animals. By all these effects, disease causes loss to the farmers. So, the present study is taken up to know the incidence and to find out the efficacy of NDV-Lasota vaccine against Bovine papillomatosis, as a novel approach to treat the disease more economically and explore the mechanism of action of the NDV vaccine. The cases presented in the Chittor district, veterinary dispensary were the subject of study. Out of 30 cases, 8 animals were chosen for the study. Papilloma was commonly seen in the age group of 3-4yrs, in jersey cross and fiequently on udder and teat. Out of 9 cases selected, 8 were squamous papilloma and 1 was angiokeratotic acanthomatous papilloma. Grossly the lesions were cauliflower like growths with many fissures on the surface and pedunculated base. The angiokeratotic acanthomatous papilloma was circular, sessile, growths that bleed profusely after excision. Histopathologically sections revealed acanthosis, hyperkeratosis with proliferation of cells in the stratum basal. In angeokeratotic acanthomatous papilloma there was hyperkeratosis, acanthosis with many capillaries in the epidermis. On electron microscopic examination, in some nuclear membrane has disappeared, in other cells cytoplasmic vacuoles were present but nucleus didn't reveal any lesion. virus particles were observed in the stratum granulosum. In all the treated animals, warts started regressing on the 7" day, which was pronounced on the day 21 by change in color from gray to black and by presence of wrinkles and scabs on the surface. Histo pathological examination on 21"' day revealed degenerative changes in all the layers of epidermis with loss of architecture. In angeokeratotic acanthomatous papilloma with above-mentioned changes there was decrease in the number of capillaries. AgNOR count was not significantly different in the pre and post treatment tissue. In the post treatment tissues BAX antigen was demonstrated by IHC, in all the layers of epidermis on 2IS day where as in the pretreatment tissue the antigen could not be demonstrated in any layers. In an experimental study that was conducted in wistar albino rats, there was significant increase in the TLC and ALC on 7&, 14" and 14* day in NDV vaccine given group (group ID). There was a significant increase in hemagglutination titers of group I1 on 7* day compared to control , where as, there was no significant increase in the hemagglutination titers of group I11 compared to control So also the TPP, TA, TG concentration in the serum. DNFB test revealed increase in thickness of skin after 48hrs of secondary sensitization in group I11 only. On histopathological examination sections revealed infiltration of mononuclear cells in the dermis, which is characteristic of DTH. Bone marrow examination revealed significant increase in M: E ratio in Group I1 and Group 111. Histo pathological examination of spleen revealed generalized increase in the mononucleolar cell population with many primary and secondary follicles in group I1 and I11 compared to control. In the lymph node the lesions were increase in the mononucleolar cell population with many primary and secondary follicles in group I1 and 111 compared to control. The thymus showed delay in physiological atrophy with more cortex to medulla ratio in group I11 compared to control. Bone marrow examination of control showed generalized erythroid hyperplasia where as NDV group and Withania sornnifera groups showed generalized myeloid hyperplasia. To conclude that regression of papilloma was caused by immuno stimulatory effect of NDV-Lasota vaccine. Oncolytic preoperty of NDV is yet to be explored in the future.ThesisItem Open Access ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF UDDER TEAT IN BUFFALOES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-10) RAMBABU, KALAKA; SREENU, MAKKENA; SURESH KUMAR, R.V.; CHANDRA SEKHARA RAO, T.SABSTRACT: The present study was carried on clinical cases related to affections of udder and teats referred to TVCSC, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram. The cases were randomly selected following thcrough clinical examination .Ultrasonography was conducted by restraining the buffaloes in trevis to record normal and pathological condition of udder and teat disorders in buffaloes by using a 7.5MHz linear array transducer. Among the udder lesions highest incidence of udder oedema was recorded followed by mammitis, atrophy and fibrosis, abscess, haematoma and varicosity with an overall incidence of 4.2 % udder lesions . The incidence of teat lesions was 2.5 1% with a highest incidence of intralurninal obstructions followed by polythelia, oligothelia, teat lacerations /fistulas and intralurninal foreign bodies, allergic mastitis and papillomas /neoplasms , fused teats and pox lesions. Four methods viz., direct contact method , gel application. water bath method and stand off method were compared for ultrasonography of udder and teats . In direct contact method the application of the transducer on to teat or udder surface was easy but the shape of the teat was altered. Gel application method improved the contact of the transducer to record ultrasonographic images. The udder and teats were dipped in a water bath made of polyethelene bag/condom filled with water for ultrasonographic examination. Gel filled condom was used as standoff pad to examine the udder and teat ultrasonographically. Among all the methods water bath and gel application methods showed better visualization of udder and teat with almost all anatomical structures. The normal sonographic appearance of gland parenchyma , gland sinus, teat wall, teat sinus, teat canal and rosette of Furstenberg were recorded. Udder lesions like marnmitis, oedema. varicosity, haematoma, abscess, atrophy and fibrosis were recorded ultrasonographically. They appeared with different echogenecity. Sonographic diagnosis of teat lesions includes thelitis, intraluminal obstructions, intraluminal foreign bodies, trauma / fistula, teat stenosis, atresia and fibrosis. Ultrasonographic measurement of teat diameter, teat wall thickness, teat cistern diameter and teat canal length was done in lactating and non lactating buffaloes to know the functional status of the teat. To conclude ultrasonography could be used as non invasive diagnostic tool to identifii the lesions of udder and teats in buffaloes.