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Open Access
NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF APBN1 GRASS AND EFFECT OF PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DECCANI SHEEP
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2005-06) JAGADISH, Ch; RAMANA REDDY, Y(MAJOR); NAGALAKSHMI, D; MAHENDER, M
ABSTRACT : Evaluation of the potential feeding value of APBN1, an improved variety of hybrid napier as the sole feed and in supplemented rations was carried out to develop a forage based feeding system for intensive rearing of sheep. APBN1 forage samples harvested at 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days of growth were subjected to chemical, in vitro and in sacco evaluation to determine the optimum stage of harvesting for maximization of forage utilization in terms of fodder yield and nutritional quality. The yield of green fodder, dry matter and crude protein (MT/ha/yr) of APBN1 forage harvested at 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days of growth was found to be 274.68, 47.35, 7.44; 291.34, 61.09, 9.08; 344.74, 76.39, 11.45; 368.45, 85.26, 11.36 and 387.95, 98.81 and 11.21, respectively. The leaf to stem ratio of APBN1 forage at 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days of growth was found to be 0.36, 0.46, 0.65, 0.95 and 1.36, respectively. The dry matter content of forage increased from 17.24 per cent at 30 days to 25.47 per cent at 60 days of growth. The CP and CF values were 15.72, 23.81; 14.86, 24.67; 14.35, 25.32; 13.68, 26.64 and 11.34 and 29.88 per cent, respectively on DM basis for the forage samples harvested at 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days of growth. Progressive increase in crude fibre level and gradual decline in crude protein content was observed with the advancement in maturity of forage. The NFE content (46.12 %) was highest at 45 days of growth. The IVDMD value was highest (57.87 %) at 30 days and lowest (51.40 %) at 60 days of growth, when the forage samples were incubated with sheep rumen liquor. The effective degradable dry matter (EDDM) as determined by nylon bag technique in fistulated rams was 55.80, 54.70, 53.50, 52.40 and 43.78 per cent at 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days of growth, respectively. The effective protein degradability (EPD) decreased from 38.30 per cent at 30 days to 33.17 per cent at 60 days of growth. The insoluble but degradable protein fraction „b‟ was highest (77.07 %) at 45 days of growth. Based on the biomass yield, leaf to stem ratio, chemical, in vitro and in sacco evaluation, the optimum stage of harvesting for APBN1 forage was found to be at 45 days of growth. When the forage harvested at 45 days alone was fed ad libitum in chopped form, the rams on an average consumed 50.74, 4.40 and 28.34 g/kg W0.75 of DM, DCP and TDN respectively. The average digestibility coefficients of 66.63, 68.52, 69.10, 58.82, 56.34 and 62.21 per cent were observed for DM, OM, CP, EE, CF and NFE, respectively and the DCP and TDN values as 8.68 and 56.38 per cent were observed for APBN1 forage in Deccani rams. The Deccani rams on an average retained 5.28 g nitrogen per day. Effect of supplementation through protein and energy sources to the APBN1 forage was studied in adult Deccani rams. There was a significant increase in DM intake (g/kg W0.75) of rams supplemented with concentrate premix containing GNC + maize (71.10), SFC + maize (69.82) and CSC + maize (66.71) in comparison to that of the rams fed APBN1 forage (51.62) as the sole feed. Irrespective of the protein source, supplementation has enhanced the nutrient digestibility of rations in rams with the resultant improvement in DCP content of the ration by 72.78% (GNC), 35.64% (CSC) and 34.95% (SFC) and TDN value of ration by 26.80% (GNC), 21.59% (CSC) and 13.66% (SFC) in comparison to DCP (8.68%) and TDN (56.38%) of the ration containing APBN1 forage alone. There was a marked improvement (P<0.05) in nitrogen utilization with the net nitrogen retention (g/d) in rams supplemented with GNC + maize (15.13), SFC + maize (12.16) and CSC + maize (10.71) when compared to that of rams fed APBN1 forage (5.28) as the sole feed. It is concluded that APBN1 forage at 45 days of growth with DCP (8.68%) and TDN (56.38%) can be utilized as a potential maintenance type (perennial) green fodder for feeding adult sheep. Supplementation, irrespective of protein source, improved the nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization of the rations containing APBN1 forage as the basal roughage and fulfilled the maintenance as well as growth requirements (70 g/d) of sheep. Supplementation through concentrate premix containing 125 g each of maize and GNC was found superior (P<0.05) in enhancing nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization of rams in comparison to other sources. Supplementation of critical nutrients to the basal roughage is a viable means of sustaining the optimum animal performance.
Open Access
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUFFALO SKULL (Bubalus bubalis)
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006-10) SANTHI LAKSHMI, M; Chandrasekhara Rao, T.S(MAJOR); Pramod Kumar, D; Raghavender, K.B.P; Girish Kumar, V
ABSTRACT : The present work was undertaken on 509 embryos and fetuses of Buffalo belonging to 112 age groups starting from 26 d to 310 d to study the prenatal development of facial and cranial bones and also the relationship of the developing skull with other structures of the head at different stages. Developmentally the bones of the buffalo skull were divisible into four groups i.e. Cartilaginous neurocranium, Membranous neurocranium, Membranous viscerocranium and Cartilaginous viscerocranium. The bones of the chondrocranium consisted of lower part of squamous occipital, exoccipital, basioccipital, petrous temporal, tympanic bulla, basisphenoid, presphenoid, ethmoid and turbinates. The frontal, parietal, interparietal and upper part of squamous occipital formed the desmocranium. The premaxilla, maxilla, palatine, pterygoid except its hamulus, malar, squamous temporal, tympanic ring, lacrimal, nasal, vomer and mandible except its condyle constituted membranous viscerocranium. The Meckel’s cartilage and its derivatives malleus and incus, mandibular condyle, Reichert’s cartilage and its derivatives including stapes, tympanohyoid, hyoid, styloid process of temporal and hamulus pterygoideus formed the cartilaginous viscerocranium. The chondrocranium was divisible into basal plate, prechordal part and paired otic and nasal capsules around sensory epithelia. The basal plate cartilage formed the basioccipital, exoccipital and lower part of the squamous occipital. The otic capsule formed petrous temporal bone and tympanic bulla. The prechordal part formed basisphenoid caudally and presphenoid cranially. The nasal capsule formed the ethmoid, turbinates, nasal septum and nasal cartilages. The bones of the cartilaginous neurocranium and cartilaginous viscerocranium were formed by endochondral ossification while intramembranous bone formation was seen in the bones of the membranous neurocranium and membranous viscerocranium. The bones of floor of the cranium except basioccipital were ossified from multiple centers. Most of the facial bones except mandible, vomer and hyoid as well as calvarial bones were ossified from single centers. Most of the chondrocranium was cartilaginous at 45 d. The ossification of skull first appeared in mandible, maxilla and malar at 45 d. Early ossification of lacrimal, squamous temporal and tympanic ring was evident at 49 d. The ossification of palatine was first observed at 53 d while premaxilla and vomer showed ossification at 56 d. The ossification of nasal bone was observed at 61 d. The ossification of desmocranium first appeared in frontal at 49 d. Parietal and interparietal bones showed ossification at 60 d and 64 d respectively. The ossification of chondrocranium first appeared in occipital and sphenoid at 62 d. The last bone of the skull to ossify was the dorsal turbinate. The maxillary sinus appeared first at 92 d among the sinuses of the skull. Five fontanelles in total i.e. unpaired anterior fontanelle, paired mastoid and sphenoidal fontanelles were observed. Wormian bones were observed at frontonasal junction in a few cases. The craniofacial index of skulls of 98 d to 310 d was ranged from 4.3: 1.8 to 13.7:13.5. The otic and optic vesicles were evident at 26 d. The enamel organs of premolars of upper jaw and incisors and premolars of lower jaw were evident at 62 d. The formation of choroid plexuses of ventricles was evident at 43 d while development of pituitary was observed at 41 d.
Open Access
ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN CHICKEN POPULATIONS USING GENOME MARKERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006-06) RAJKUMAR, ULLENGALA; NIYAL AHMED, (MAJOR); SHEKHAR, C. MANDE; VENKTRAMAIAH, A; RAJASHEKHAR REDDY, A
ABSTRACT: A total of 155 birds representing eight populations, two layer strains of White Leghorn (WLH-IWD and WLH-IWF). two dual-purpose breeds (Dahlem Red and Rhode Island Red), a commercial layer (Babcock), a commercial broiler (Vencobb), a native breed (Aseel) and Non-descript (Desi) chicken were genotyped with twenty (mono, di and tri nucleotide repeats) microsatellite markers to assess the genetic diversity, genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships. All the microsatellite loci utilized for the analysis were polymorphic with a reasonable informativeness ranging from moderate to high. The total number of alleles obtained across all the populations was 285 with a size range from 76 for MCWO51 to 256 for MCWOOS locus. The total number of alleles per locus ranged from 7 at MCW001 to 26 at MCWOOS with an overall mean of 14.25 alleles per locus. The mean number of alleles across the loci and among the populations ranged from 3.50 (ADL158) to 8.63 (ADL176 and MCWOOS) and 4.70 (WLH-IWD) to 6.75 (Non-descript). The mean effective number of alleles am-ng the loci and the populations varied between 1.96 for ADL158 and 4.4 1 for ADL267 and 2.69 in Dahlem Red and 4.15 in Non-descript. A total of 103 alleles were unique to population/strain in various chicken populations. The frequency of most of these alleles was very less. Only 30 per cent of the alleles had frequency of more than 10 per cent. The mean Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) values ranged from 0.39 for ADL158 to 0.71 for MCWOOS and ADL267 across the loci and 0.55 (Dahlem Red) to 0.71 (Non-descript) among the populations. The expected heterozygosity estimates ranged from 0.63 (Dahlem Red) to 0.77 (Non-descript) with an overall mean of 0.68. The observed heterozygosity estimates were the highest in Babcock (0.73) and the least in Dahlem Red (0.55) among the populations studied. The overall mean inbreeding coefficients (FIs) varied between -0.05 (Babcock) and 0.16 (Rhode lsland Red). Babcock, a commercial layer had negative Fls value (-0.05) indicating high genetic variation and outbreeding effects. The genetic distance was least between WLH-IWD and WLH-IWF (0.30) and highest between Dahlem Red and Babcock (0.80). The WLH-IWD and WLH-IWF strains were closer with maximum genetic identity index of 0.75 among all the populations and Dahlem Red and Babcock were wider apart with least identity index value of 0.45 indicating their high genetic divergence. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the eight populations were grouped in to two main clusters, one cluster representing Dahlem Red and Rhode Island Red, the pure breeds and the other cluster representing the remaining six populations/strains (two commercial, two synthetic strains and two native chickens). The second group was divided into three sub clusters i.e., Aseel and Non-descript; Babcock and Vencobb; WLH-IWD and WLH-IWF. All the loci departed from the equilibrium frequency in at least two of the eight populations studied. It may be concluded that the chicken populations studied were in the state of mild to moderate inbreeding except commercial birds. A planned breeding is suggested for purebreds to revive their genetic potential. High genetic diversity exists in Non-descript birds, which can be tapped to improve the birds suitable for backyard poultry.
Open Access
CYTOGENETIC STUDIES ON DECCANI SHEEP
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2005-08) GNANA PRAKASH, M; NARASIMHA RAO, G(MAJOR); RAMESH GUPTA, B; VENKATRAMAIAH, A; NARASA REDDY, G.V
ABSTRACT: A study was carribd out on 30 Deccani sheep for cytogenetic characterization. The modal diploid chmosome number was found to be 54 (2~54X, Y). The first three pairs of the autosomes were sub-metacentric and the remaining 23 pairs of autosomes wac acrocentric. The X-chromosome was the longest acrocentric, while Y-chromosome was the smallest biarmed chromosome. Sex of the animal had a nonsignificant influence on the morphomeh-ic measurements of all the &omosomes, whik the diffmcts among the chromosomes wae significant for most of thc mwphomctric measurements. The mean relative kngth of autosomes varied from 1.78 _+ 0.006 to 9.35 + 0.022 per cent. The Xchromosome contributed 5.05 4 0.006 per cent to the total genome, while the Y-chromosomc formed 1.70 + 0.007 per cent of the total genome. The means for the cum ratio, centromeric index and morphological index of the sub-metacentric autosomes 1, 2 and 3 varied from I. 17 to 1.20, 0.55 to 0.55 and 9-40 to 1 1.57, respectively. The G-banding pattern of the chromosomes obtained in the present study more or less matched with the standard karyotypes. All the autosomes revealed centromeric C-bands. The Xthromosomc did not reveal any centromeric C-bands, while the Y- chromosome did not stain differently from its arms. The nucloolar organizer regions were detected on chromosomes 1.2.3.4 and 25. The cytogenetic studies on Deccani sheep revealed similarities with other breeds of sheep.
Open Access
PRIMARY RUMINAL DYSFUNCTION IN GOATS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO LACTIC ACIDOSIS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2005-03) VIVEK RAMRAO, KASARALIKAR; ALAHA SINGARI, N(MAJOR); PRASANNA KUMAR, S; HAFEEZ, Md.; NALINIKUMARI; ESHWAR PRASAD, P
ABSTRACT: The study was undertaken to find out the incidence of ruminal acidosis in goats in and around Bidar (Karnataka) during the period from January 2000 to December 2003 and to evolve an effective therapeutic regimen for the condition. The overall incidence of ruminal acidosis in goats was 9.67 per cent. It was more in the goats of 2-3 years of age (48.77%) with a higher frequency in females (90.70%) and maximum occurrence in the month of October. In the experimental study, acidosis was induced by administration of crushed rice @ 40 g/kg body weight. These goats were randomly divided into three groups. Group I was kept as untreated control and conventional and improved therapy was given at 24 hours post induction (PI) to Group II and III respectively. Clinical signs suggestive of acute ruminal acidosis like distended abdomen, profound dullness, grinding of teeth, regurgitation through nostrils and recumbency were observed with death of two in untreated control group. Gradual disappearance of clinical signs was noticed in treated groups and normalcy was resumed in 4 to 6 days after treatment (AT). Significant (P < 0.01) increase in heart rate was observed persisting up to 192 hours PI in untreated control group and normalcy was restored 48 hours earlier with improved therapy. Elevated haemogram and leucogram in untreated control group was suggestive of significant haemoconcentration whereas, in treated groups normal levels were noted at 36 hours AT. There was complete ruminal atony consequent to the induction of acidosis with reappearance of normal contractions at 84 and 120 hours AT with improved (G-III) and conventional therapy (G-II) respectively. Milky green, sour and watery rumen fluid at 12 hours PI with absence of protozoal concentration, iodophilic activity, total protozoal count and signi-ficant increase (P < 0.01) in methylene blue reduction time, sedimentation activity time, decrease in pH and reduced glucose fermentation activity was observed at 24 hours PI. These changes persisted in untreated control group up to 168 to 192 hours whereas; normalcy was restored in treated groups between 60 to 168 hours AT, which was 24 to 72 hours earlier with improved therapeutic regimen. Investigation on blood biochemical parameters revealed significant (P < 0.01) increase in glucose, lactic acid, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate amino-transferase and sodium and decrease in potassium. Goats treated with improved therapy showed early return (24 to 48 hours) of normal values in all biochemical parameters compared to conventional therapy. Higher efficacy of the improved therapeutic regimen established in experimental study was re-evaluated in the clinical cases of acidosis brought to the hospitals. The observations in the clinical cases showed similar trends of change in clinico-haematological, rumen fluid characters and biochemical parameters as that of experimental study. All these parameters showed early return to normalcy in the group receiving improved therapy (Group V) compared to conventional therapy (Group IV). As improved therapy was found to be more effective in experimental (83.33%) and clinical study (94.12%) over conventional therapy, the improved therapeutic regimen consisting of isotonic sodium bicarbonate and thiamine by parenteral route and chloramphenicol, magnesium hydroxide and cud transplant PO used in present study is proposed as the preferred treatment protocol for the treatment of ruminal acidosis in goats.
Open Access
GENETIC STUDIES ON ECONOMIC TRAITS OF ONGOLE CATTLE
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2003-08) VINOO, R; Narasimha rao, G(MAJOR)
ABSTRACT: A study was undertaken to know the extent of genetic and phenotypic variation present in the growth, production and reproduction characters, number of days for change of coat colour and age till survival of Ongole cattle in four farms in Andhra Pradesh, covering the period 1978 – 2002. An attempt was also made to predict the body weight based on body measurements. The draught ability of Ongole cattle under thermal stress conditions was evaluated and sire evaluation by different methods based on 305-day lactation milk yield was studied. The effects of farm, period of birth, season of birth and sex on body weights and measurements at different ages and age at first calving and the effects of farm, period of calving, season of calving, sex and parity on other production and reproduction traits were studied by subjecting the data to least squares analysis. The genetic parameters were estimated after adjusting the data for the effects of farm, period and season. The overall least squares mean body weights at birth, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months were 26.08 + 0.26, 46.70 + 0.96, 72.92 + 0.95, 112.38 + 1.39, 137.77 + 3.37, 164.34 + 3.01, 222.68 + 3.93 and 271.78 + 4.81 kg, respectively. The calves born in Lam farm had the highest body weights at all the ages studied. The body weights at birth, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months were significantly affected by the farms. Period of birth had significant influence on the body weights of Ongoles at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months of age. Season of birth significantly influenced the body weight at 6 months age only, whereas the effect of sex was significant on the body weights of Ongoles at all ages studied. The overall means of height at withers at birth, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months were 70.90 + 0.89, 84.02 + 0.62, 90.48 + 0.52, 102.64 + 0.54, 107.14 + 1.43, 123.77 + 0.71, 122.29 + 0.77 and 129.11 + 0.68 cm, respectively. The overall means of chest girth at birth, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months were 70.80 + 0.76, 83.74 + 0.64, 93.58 + 0.56, 106.89 + 0.59, 115.98 + 1.81, 124.14 + 0.89, 137.72 + 0.95 and 148.32 + 0.99 cm, respectively and the overall means for body length at these ages were 60.58 + 0.81, 72.54 + 0.55, 82.74 + 0.70, 96.89 + 0.61, 105.21 + 1.94, 109.06 + 0.85, 119.08 + 0.85 and 127.42 + 0.94 cm, respectively. The effect of farm was significant on height at withers in all ages studied, except at 12 months, whereas it was significant on chest girth and body length at all the ages studied. The period of birth had significant influence on height at withers at all ages studied except at one and 12 months of age, whereas it had significant effect on chest girth from one to 24 months of age and on body length at all ages studied. The season of birth had significant influence on height at withers only at birth, whereas it had significant influence on body length at 3, 6, 18 and 24 months of age. The sex effects were significant on height at withers in all ages studied except at 12 months, whereas they were significant on chest girth in all age groups except at nine months of age and on body length at 9 and 18 months of age only. The R2 values of the step-down multiple regression equations fitted for predicting the body weights at birth, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 months of age based on the height at withers, chest girth and body length at the same ages were 65.96, 53.13, 82.48, 67.82, 87.75 and 82.05 per cent, respectively. The overall least squares mean total lactation milk yield and 305-day lactation milk yields were 712.27 + 23.14 and 707.77 + 22.16 kg, respectively. The farm, period of calving and parity significantly influenced these traits, whereas season of calving had no significant influence. The overall least squares mean lactation length was 237.71 + 5.78 days. Lactation length was significantly affected by farm and period of calving while season of calving and parity had no significant effect. The overall average peak yield was 3.84 + 0.13 kg. The effects of farm, period of calving and parity exerted significant influence, whereas the season of calving did not influence the peak yield. The overall mean days to reach peak yield was 42.28 + 3.08 days and only the effect of farm exerted significant influence on this trait. The overall mean milk yield per day of lactation and milk yield per day of calving interval were 3.02 + 0.05 and 1.48 + 0.06 kg, respectively. The farm, period of calving and parity significantly affected these traits, while the effect of season was not significant. The overall mean fat and SNF were 4.89 + 0.09 and 8.44 + 0.01 per cent, respectively. The effects of period and season of calving studied at Lam farm were significant on fat percentage but not on SNF percentage. The overall least squares mean age at first calving was 52.95 + 2.21 months. The effects of farm and period of birth were significant while the effect of season of birth was not significant on age at first calving. The overall mean gestation period in the present study was 287.78 + 0.84 days and it was significantly affected by farm and period of calving but not by season of calving. The overall means for service period, dry period and calving interval were 270.19 + 11.81, 311.88 + 11.90 and 561.55 + 11.82 days, respectively. The effects of farm, period of calving and parity were significant, while the effect of seasons was not significant on these traits. The overall least squares mean number of inseminations per conception was 1.81 + 0.11. The farm and period of calving exerted significant influence on this trait but not the season of calving and parity. The overall mean number of days taken for change of coat colour was 315.13 + 12.53 days. The number of days for change of coat colour at Lam farm studied was significantly affected only by the period of birth but not by the season of birth and sex. The overall mean age till survival was 64.37 + 4.70 months. The effects of farm, period of birth and sex significantly influenced the age of animals at death but not season of birth. The heritability estimates for the body weights at birth, 3, 6, 12 and 18 months were 0.05 + 0.05, 0.05 + 0.05, 0.36 + 0.12, 0.40 + 0.33 and 0.02 + 0.25, respectively. Higher heritability estimates of body weights at 6 and 12 months of age could be relied upon for selecting the animals for faster growth. The heritability estimates for height at withers at birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months were 0.15 + 0.07, 0.18 + 0.08, 0.15 + 0.07, 0.41 + 0.03 and 0.27 + 0.30, respectively, while the estimate was negative for the measurement at 18 months of age. The heritability estimates for body length at birth, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 months were 0.18 + 0.08, 0.06 + 0.05, 0.20 + 0.09, 0.50 + 0.34, 0.69 + 0.37 and 0.96 + 0.40, respectively. The heritability estimates for chest girth were 0.25 + 0.10, 0.10 + 0.06, 0.23 + 0.09, 0.03 + 0.26 and 0.30 + 0.31 at birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age, respectively. The heritability for chest girth at 18 months of age was negative. The estimates of heritability of age at first calving, total lactation milk yield, 305- day lactation milk yield, lactation length, milk yield per day of lactation, milk yield per day of calving interval, gestation period, service period, dry period and calving interval were 0.95 + 0.24, 0.26 + 0.09, 0.24 + 0.08, 0.27 + 0.09, 0.12 + 0.06, 0.25 + 0.08, 0.24 + 0.08, 0.17 + 0.07, 0.22 + 0.08 and 0.18 + 0.07, respectively. Higher heritability estimate of age at first calving indicated that it could be reduced by selective breeding. The heritability estimates for number of inseminations per conception and number of days for change of coat colour were negative due to negative sire components of variance. The estimate of heritability for age till survival was 0.37 + 0.27. The genetic correlation among the body weights at different ages varied from 0.57 to 0.96 and those between the body weights and measurements ranged from –0.79 to 0.99 at birth and –0.24 to 0.98 at 12 months of age. The age at first calving was correlated negatively with all the traits studied except with dry period. The genetic correlations for the other production and reproduction traits studied, were positive among themselves except with gestation period and dry period. The phenotypic correlations between body weights and measurements were in general, positive. The phenotypic correlations among the production and reproduction traits studied were in general, lower in magnitude but similar in direction when compared to the genetic correlations. The draught ability of Ongole bulls was evaluated by overall draught ability and horse power generation methods. The overall draught ability of the bulls was measured in terms of carting and ploughing abilities. The overall means for per cent increase in respiration rate, pulse rate and rectal temperature were 55.84, 22.76 and 1.71, respectively in carting ability and 92.7, 30.38 and 2.07, respectively in ploughing ability. The overall per cent increase in the respiration rate, pulse rate and rectal temperature after work in horse power generation method were 101.36, 25.17 and 1.20, respectively and the overall mean for the speed, draught force and horse power generated were 1.59 meters per second, 28.19 kg and 0.57 horse power, respectively. The phenotypic correlations between the age, body weight and body measurements of the bulls included in draught ability studies were observed to be highly positive and significant. The bulls were ranked by overall draught ability and horse power generation methods and the rank correlation was negative and not significant. The sire indices obtained by simple daughter average index, dairy search index and adjusted least squares method for 305-day first lactation milk yield ranged from 341 to 668, 363 to 577 and 367 to 547 kg, respectively. Positive and highly significant rank correlation coefficients indicated that these three methods of sire evaluation could be used with equal efficiency.
Open Access
GENETIC STUDIES ON ECONOMIC TRAITS OF ONGOLE CATTLE
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2003-08) VINOO, R; NARASIMHA RAO, G(MAJOR)
ABSTRACT: A study was undertaken to know the extent of genetic and phenotypic variation present in the growth, production and reproduction characters, number of days for change of coat colour and age till survival of Ongole cattle in four farms in Andhra Pradesh, covering the period 1978 – 2002. An attempt was also made to predict the body weight based on body measurements. The draught ability of Ongole cattle under thermal stress conditions was evaluated and sire evaluation by different methods based on 305-day lactation milk yield was studied. The effects of farm, period of birth, season of birth and sex on body weights and measurements at different ages and age at first calving and the effects of farm, period of calving, season of calving, sex and parity on other production and reproduction traits were studied by subjecting the data to least squares analysis. The genetic parameters were estimated after adjusting the data for the effects of farm, period and season. The overall least squares mean body weights at birth, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months were 26.08 + 0.26, 46.70 + 0.96, 72.92 + 0.95, 112.38 + 1.39, 137.77 + 3.37, 164.34 + 3.01, 222.68 + 3.93 and 271.78 + 4.81 kg, respectively. The calves born in Lam farm had the highest body weights at all the ages studied. The body weights at birth, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months were significantly affected by the farms. Period of birth had significant influence on the body weights of Ongoles at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months of age. Season of birth significantly influenced the body weight at 6 months age only, whereas the effect of sex was significant on the body weights of Ongoles at all ages studied. The overall means of height at withers at birth, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months were 70.90 + 0.89, 84.02 + 0.62, 90.48 + 0.52, 102.64 + 0.54, 107.14 + 1.43, 123.77 + 0.71, 122.29 + 0.77 and 129.11 + 0.68 cm, respectively. The overall means of chest girth at birth, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months were 70.80 + 0.76, 83.74 + 0.64, 93.58 + 0.56, 106.89 + 0.59, 115.98 + 1.81, 124.14 + 0.89, 137.72 + 0.95 and 148.32 + 0.99 cm, respectively and the overall means for body length at these ages were 60.58 + 0.81, 72.54 + 0.55, 82.74 + 0.70, 96.89 + 0.61, 105.21 + 1.94, 109.06 + 0.85, 119.08 + 0.85 and 127.42 + 0.94 cm, respectively. The effect of farm was significant on height at withers in all ages studied, except at 12 months, whereas it was significant on chest girth and body length at all the ages studied. The period of birth had significant influence on height at withers at all ages studied except at one and 12 months of age, whereas it had significant effect on chest girth from one to 24 months of age and on body length at all ages studied. The season of birth had significant influence on height at withers only at birth, whereas it had significant influence on body length at 3, 6, 18 and 24 months of age. The sex effects were significant on height at withers in all ages studied except at 12 months, whereas they were significant on chest girth in all age groups except at nine months of age and on body length at 9 and 18 months of age only. The R2 values of the step-down multiple regression equations fitted for predicting the body weights at birth, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 months of age based on the height at withers, chest girth and body length at the same ages were 65.96, 53.13, 82.48, 67.82, 87.75 and 82.05 per cent, respectively. The overall least squares mean total lactation milk yield and 305-day lactation milk yields were 712.27 + 23.14 and 707.77 + 22.16 kg, respectively. The farm, period of calving and parity significantly influenced these traits, whereas season of calving had no significant influence. The overall least squares mean lactation length was 237.71 + 5.78 days. Lactation length was significantly affected by farm and period of calving while season of calving and parity had no significant effect. The overall average peak yield was 3.84 + 0.13 kg. The effects of farm, period of calving and parity exerted significant influence, whereas the season of calving did not influence the peak yield. The overall mean days to reach peak yield was 42.28 + 3.08 days and only the effect of farm exerted significant influence on this trait. The overall mean milk yield per day of lactation and milk yield per day of calving interval were 3.02 + 0.05 and 1.48 + 0.06 kg, respectively. The farm, period of calving and parity significantly affected these traits, while the effect of season was not significant. The overall mean fat and SNF were 4.89 + 0.09 and 8.44 + 0.01 per cent, respectively. The effects of period and season of calving studied at Lam farm were significant on fat percentage but not on SNF percentage. The overall least squares mean age at first calving was 52.95 + 2.21 months. The effects of farm and period of birth were significant while the effect of season of birth was not significant on age at first calving. The overall mean gestation period in the present study was 287.78 + 0.84 days and it was significantly affected by farm and period of calving but not by season of calving. The overall means for service period, dry period and calving interval were 270.19 + 11.81, 311.88 + 11.90 and 561.55 + 11.82 days, respectively. The effects of farm, period of calving and parity were significant, while the effect of seasons was not significant on these traits. The overall least squares mean number of inseminations per conception was 1.81 + 0.11. The farm and period of calving exerted significant influence on this trait but not the season of calving and parity. The overall mean number of days taken for change of coat colour was 315.13 + 12.53 days. The number of days for change of coat colour at Lam farm studied was significantly affected only by the period of birth but not by the season of birth and sex. The overall mean age till survival was 64.37 + 4.70 months. The effects of farm, period of birth and sex significantly influenced the age of animals at death but not season of birth. The heritability estimates for the body weights at birth, 3, 6, 12 and 18 months were 0.05 + 0.05, 0.05 + 0.05, 0.36 + 0.12, 0.40 + 0.33 and 0.02 + 0.25, respectively. Higher heritability estimates of body weights at 6 and 12 months of age could be relied upon for selecting the animals for faster growth. The heritability estimates for height at withers at birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months were 0.15 + 0.07, 0.18 + 0.08, 0.15 + 0.07, 0.41 + 0.03 and 0.27 + 0.30, respectively, while the estimate was negative for the measurement at 18 months of age. The heritability estimates for body length at birth, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 months were 0.18 + 0.08, 0.06 + 0.05, 0.20 + 0.09, 0.50 + 0.34, 0.69 + 0.37 and 0.96 + 0.40, respectively. The heritability estimates for chest girth were 0.25 + 0.10, 0.10 + 0.06, 0.23 + 0.09, 0.03 + 0.26 and 0.30 + 0.31 at birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age, respectively. The heritability for chest girth at 18 months of age was negative. The estimates of heritability of age at first calving, total lactation milk yield, 305- day lactation milk yield, lactation length, milk yield per day of lactation, milk yield per day of calving interval, gestation period, service period, dry period and calving interval were 0.95 + 0.24, 0.26 + 0.09, 0.24 + 0.08, 0.27 + 0.09, 0.12 + 0.06, 0.25 + 0.08, 0.24 + 0.08, 0.17 + 0.07, 0.22 + 0.08 and 0.18 + 0.07, respectively. Higher heritability estimate of age at first calving indicated that it could be reduced by selective breeding. The heritability estimates for number of inseminations per conception and number of days for change of coat colour were negative due to negative sire components of variance. The estimate of heritability for age till survival was 0.37 + 0.27. The genetic correlation among the body weights at different ages varied from 0.57 to 0.96 and those between the body weights and measurements ranged from –0.79 to 0.99 at birth and –0.24 to 0.98 at 12 months of age. The age at first calving was correlated negatively with all the traits studied except with dry period. The genetic correlations for the other production and reproduction traits studied, were positive among themselves except with gestation period and dry period. The phenotypic correlations between body weights and measurements were in general, positive. The phenotypic correlations among the production and reproduction traits studied were in general, lower in magnitude but similar in direction when compared to the genetic correlations. The draught ability of Ongole bulls was evaluated by overall draught ability and horse power generation methods. The overall draught ability of the bulls was measured in terms of carting and ploughing abilities. The overall means for per cent increase in respiration rate, pulse rate and rectal temperature were 55.84, 22.76 and 1.71, respectively in carting ability and 92.7, 30.38 and 2.07, respectively in ploughing ability. The overall per cent increase in the respiration rate, pulse rate and rectal temperature after work in horse power generation method were 101.36, 25.17 and 1.20, respectively and the overall mean for the speed, draught force and horse power generated were 1.59 meters per second, 28.19 kg and 0.57 horse power, respectively. The phenotypic correlations between the age, body weight and body measurements of the bulls included in draught ability studies were observed to be highly positive and significant. The bulls were ranked by overall draught ability and horse power generation methods and the rank correlation was negative and not significant. The sire indices obtained by simple daughter average index, dairy search index and adjusted least squares method for 305-day first lactation milk yield ranged from 341 to 668, 363 to 577 and 367 to 547 kg, respectively. Positive and highly significant rank correlation coefficients indicated that these three methods of sire evaluation could be used with equal efficiency.
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Studies On Certain Aspects Of Uterine Enviornment And Therapeutic Management Of Repeat Breeding Crossbred Cattle
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2002-06) Mouli Krishna, Kosaraju; Seshagiri Rao, A(MAJOR); Venugopal Naidu, K; Durga Prasad Rao, V; Haragopal, V
Open Access
Quality Of Milk And Milk Products Marketed In Hyderabad City With Special Reference ToPublic Health
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2001-06) Venkateswara Rao, L; Ranganadham, M(MAJOR); Rao, B.V.R; Laxminarayan, M; Seshagiri Rao, A; Satyanarayana, A

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