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2014 - 20202
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Author: BHARGAVI, MATLI × Start date: 2008 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY IN DOGS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-02) BHARGAVI, MATLI; VAIKUNTA RAO, V (MAJOR); LAKSHMI RANI, N; SRINIVASA RAO, G; SUBRAMANYAM, K.V.
    The aim of the present study was to identify the survival and prognostic findings in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy, to quantify the cardiac dysfunction in dilated cardiomyopathy with M- mode and doppler echocardiographic examination and to study the efficacy of therapy adopted in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy. Among 262 dogs presented with clinical signs of cardiac disease, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) was diagnosed in 26dogs.The present study revealed high occurrence of DCM in Labrador Retriever (76.92 per cent) followed by German Shepherd (11.54 per cent), Cocker Spaniel (3.85 per cent), Doberman Pinscher (3.85 per cent) and Rottweiler (3.85 per cent). Dogs in the age group of 4-8 years (61.54 per cent) had high occurrence of DCM followed by above 8 years (34.61 per cent) and below 4 years (3.85 per cent). Occurrence was more common in males (76.92 per cent) than females (23.08 per cent). The prominent clinical signs noticed in dogs with DCM were exercise intolerance, inappetence, lethargy, cough, weight loss, abdominal distension, laboured breathing, pedal edema and syncope. The physical examination findings in dogs with DCM included tachycardia, dyspnoea, ascites, pale mucous membranes, systolic murmur, crackles and gallop rhythm. Haematological studies in DCM dogs revealed decreased haemoglobin, packed cell volume and total erythrocyte count, while leukogram showed significant neutrophilic leukocytosis. Serum biochemical profile showed elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), decreased levels of serum potassium and normal levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, serum creatinine and serum sodium in dogs with DCM. Qualitative estimation of cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) was found to be negative in all the dogs with DCM. NT-proBNP levels showed significant elevation in dogs with DCM. The prominent electrocardiographic findings noticed in dogs with DCM were low voltage QRS complexes, tall R wave, atrial premature complexes, ventricular premature complexes, sinus tachycardia, prolonged QRS complexes, ventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation and second degree atrioventricular block. The vertebral heart score and cardiothoracic ratio were significantly increased in dogs with DCM. The predominant thoracic radiographic findings in DCM dogs were cardiomegaly, pulmonary edema, left atrial enlargement, pleural effusion and pericardial effusion. Two dimensional echocardiography in dogs with DCM showed significant elevation of left atrium dimensions and LA/Ao; whereas aorta dimensions were significantly decreased. M-mode echocardiography revealed significant increase in LVIDd, LVIDs, EDV, ESV and EPSS in dogs with DCM, when compared with apparently healthy dogs. There was significant reduction in the values of LVPWd, LVPWs, IVSd and IVSs in DCM dogs, highly significant decrease in left ventricular contractility indices (FS and EF) were observed in dogs with DCM, when compared to apparently healthy dogs. Pulsed wave Doppler and continuous wave Doppler echocardiographic findings revealed mitral valve regurgitation in ten dogs with DCM. Color flow Doppler echocardiography depicted turbulent blood flow indicating mitral valve regurgitation in ten dogs with DCM. Tissue Doppler imaging in DCM dogs showed decreased systolic velocity, early diastolic velocity, late diastolic velocity and significant increase of Em:Am with normal isovolumic relaxation time and isovolumic contraction time. The unfavourable prognostic indicators identified in dogs with DCM were: signalment of dogs aged above 8 years; clinical signs of weight loss, open mouth breathing, orthopnoea, syncope; tachycardia and ascites on physical examination; high serum creatinine on serum biochemical profile; atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia on electrocardiogram; pulmonary edema and pleural effusion on thoracic radiography; fractional shortening below 10 percent and ejection fraction below 25 percent on M-mode echocardiography and restrictive transmitral flow pattern on pulsed wave Doppler echocardiography. Dogs with DCM were randomly allotted to two different treatment groups (Group-I and Group-II) and kept under treatment for a period of ninty (90) days. Group- I dogs were treated with pimobendan, enalapril, furosemide and cardiostrength. Group- II dogs were treated with pimobendan, hawthorn extract, enalapril, furosemide and cardiostrength. A noticeable improvement in clinical signs, electrocardiographic findings, thoracic radiographic findings, left ventricular dimensions and left ventricular contractility indices was observed in the two treatment groups after ninty days of treatment when compared to the pre-treatment values. There was no significant difference noticed in the left ventricular dimensions and the left ventricular contractility indices in between the treatment groups. However, the combination of hawthorn with the conventional treatment reduced the dose rate of the conventional drugs to half of their original dose and prolonged survival time was recorded when compared to the dogs treated with conventional therapy alone.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CLINICO-DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON PARVOVIRAL ENTERITIS IN DOGS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2014-12) BHARGAVI, MATLI; SHOBHAMANI, B(MAJOR); NALINI KUMARI, K; SRILATHA, Ch
    ABSTRACT: Canine parvoviral enteritis is probably one of the most common infectious disorders of dogs through out the globe and the most prevalent virus responsible for high mortality (in the absence of therapy) in young pups with haemorrhagic gastroenteritis. The present study was undertaken to diagnose, to study the symptomatology, haematobiochemical alterations and to assess the therapeutic efficacy of different drug regimens in the treatment of paroviral enteritis in dogs. A total of 24 faecal samples were collected from dogs with symptoms suggestive of parvovirus infection and tested with Scan VetTM PARVO kit. Out of 24 faecal samples, 14 samples were positive for the CPV infection which were further confirmed by PCR. In the present study, the relative sensitivity and specificity of the kit with PCR were found to be 73.68 percent and 100 percent respectively. Overall prevalence of the disease was 58.33 percent. Pups upto 3 months age group (78.57 %) were highly susceptible than 3 to 6 months age group (30 %). Males (68.75 %) were reported with high prevalence when compared to females (37.5 %). Higher prevalence was recorded in Doberman (28.75 %) followed by Great dane, Labrador retriever, Mongrel, Dalmatian, German shepherd and Rottweiler. Culturing of positive faecal samples showed the presence of bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp., in different combinations. Detailed symptomatology (14 pups) recorded revealed dullness (100 %), anorexia (71.43 %), inappetence (28.57 %), whitish frothy vomiting and hematemesis (28.57 % each), yellowish and plain, watery type vomiting (21.43 % each), greenish foul smelling diarrhoea (21.43 %), bloody foul smelling diarrhoea (78.57 %), mild dehydration (50 %), moderate dehydration (35.71 %), severe dehydration (14.28 % ), fever (71.43 %), tachycardia (71.43 %), congested and pale conjunctival mucous membrane ( 28.57 % each) on the day of presentation. Haematolgy of CPV affected dogs (14) revealed significantly decreased mean values of haemoglobin (9.97+0.84 gm %), packed cell volume ((28.27+ 2.73 %), lymphocyte (13.27+1.17 %) and thrombocyte count (264714.43+ 37911.18 /cumm), while the mean neutrophil count (77.45+1.29 %) was significantly increased. However, upon detailed analysis, 57.14 percent were anaemic (5/14; 2.7- 8.1 gm/dl), 42.86 percent were leucopenic (6/14; 1800- 5200/cumm), 28.57 percent were neutropenic (4/14; 30- 40 %), 42.86 percent were lymphopenic (6/14; 9- 12 %) and 35.71 percent were thrombocytopenic (5/14; 63,000- 1,62,000 /cumm). While 28.57 percent and 42.86 percent of cases had leucocytosis (4/14; 19,000- 25,000) and neutrophilia (6/14; 80- 88 %) respectively. In the present study, serum biochemical profile of CPV affected pups (14) depicted significantly increased mean blood urea nitrogen (36.48+6.16 mg/dl) and significantly decreased mean serum potassium levels (3.59+0.14 mmol/l). However critical examination revealed elevated BUN in 50 percent of cases (7/14; 40.2- 89.83 mg/dl), hypoproteinemia in 21.43 percent of cases (3/14; 3.12- 4.17 gm/dl), hypoglycemia in 21.43 percent of cases (3/14; 40- 48 mg/dl), and hyperglycemia in 42.86 percent of cases (6/14; 133- 165 mg/dl). While electrolyte disturbances such as hypokalemia was evident in 35.71 percent of patients (5/14; 2.58- 3.13 mmol/l), hyponatremia in 7.14 percent (1/14; 120 mmol/l) and hypochloremia in 42.86 percent of cases (6/14; 97- 105 mmol/l). ECG studies revealed sinus tachycardia in 71.43 percent of cases, of which characteristic abnormalities were depicted in ECGs of 3 pups. (severe tachycardia- 420 bpm; ‘ST’ depression with small biphasic ‘T’ waves and ‘ST’ elevation with small ‘R’ waves). Antibiogram revealed highest sensitivity to amikacin (85.71 %) followed by other antibiotics such as cefepime, chloramphenicol, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, levofloxacin, ceftazidime and amoxycillin with clavulanic acid. 14 CPV positive dogs were divided randomly into 2 groups (Group- II and Group- III). Treatment regimen included: broad spectrum antibiotics (ceftriaxone with tazobactam @ 20 mg/kg body wt.,I/V for group- II and amikacin @ 10 mg/kg body wt., I/V for group- III) while antiemetic (Ondansetron @ 0.2 mg/kg body wt., I/V ), styptic ( ethamsylate @ 10 mg/kg body wt., I/V) and fluid therapy (RL , 5 % DNS, potassium chloride and hetastarch, I/V as required) were similar for both the groups. Two pups (one from both the treatment groups) died on second day of therapy. However, by 5th day of therapy, rest of the pups had significant clinical recovery with restored general activity, satisfactory appetite (except in one patient of group- II by 7th day of therapy), complete remission of emesis and diarrhoea, normal hydration status (with exception of one patient of group- III by 7th day of therapy), normal rectal temperature and normal heart rate. Haematobiochemical parameters with exception of haemoglobin, PCV and TEC reached normalcy in all the patients on 5th day of therapy. In the present study, irrespective of the treatment, recovery was good and comparatively earlier in the pups with early presentation, aged 3- 6 months and with less haematobiochemical alterations when compared to the other pups with late presentation, relatively younger age (<2months), and with severe haematobiochemical alterations