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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PREEMPTIVE ANALGESIC EFFECTS ON AMPUTATION OF HORN IN CATTLE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006-04) PENCHALAIAH, P; SURESH KUMAR, R.V(MAJOR); HARA GOPAL, V; SRILATH, ChABSTRACT: Twelve cattle undergoing amputation of horn procedures were randomly divided in to two groups. In group I animals surgery was performed following standard procedure and in group I1 meloxicam was administered at the dose rate of 0.2 mg per kilo gram body weight intravenously 30 minutes before anesthesia and surgery. Preemptive analgesic effects were evaluated by physiological, haematological, pulse oxymetric, and biochemical studies. Meloxicam did not alter rectal temperature and pulse rate values in the present study. Though the respiratory rates showed the significant rise in both the groups these were within the normal physiological range. Pulse oxymetric studies revealed no sigruficant changes in Sp02values in both the groups. Total erythrocyte values showed sigmficant reduction in group I whereas the changes were not sigruficant in meloxicam treated group. Both the groups showed leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and lymphocytopenia, more sigruficantly in group I compared to group 11. Haemoglobin and packed cell volume values were sigruficantly reduced in group I compared to group LI. Biochemical parameters like cortisol, C-reactive protein and glucose were sigruficantly increased in group I where as meloxicam treated animals showed non sigruficant fluctuations. In conclusion meloxicam a selective COX-2 Inhibitor could be used satisfactorily as a preemptive analgesic to reduce post operative pain in amputation of horn in cattle.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY IN BITCHES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2015-04) SIVA PRASAD, K; DEVI PRASAD, V(MAJOR); DHANA LAKSHMI, N; VEERA BRAMHAIAH, KABSTRACT: In the present study, the complications following ovariohysterectomy in twenty four adult post pubertal bitches belonging to different breeds for a period of one year were recorded and analyzed. The estrous, pregnant and animals with genital pathologies were excluded. By adopting standard operative procedure and meticulous postoperative care, usual complications like fatal haemorrhage, wound dehiscence etc were not at all observed. Change in body weight, behaviour, hormonal and biochemical parameters; specific complications in a period of one year were recorded. Increased food intake and obesity were observed in 20 out of 24 animals (83.33%). Up to 9 months following ovariohysterectomy, no change was recorded in the aggression of any of the dogs. After nine months the overall reactivity and aggression of the ovariohysterectomized bitches was found to be increased. The preoperative mean value of oestradiol 17 was found progressively and significantly (P<0.05) decreased from 3rd month to 12th month postoperatively. There were no changes in the concentrations of progesterone values. The preoperative mean values of serum cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase were found progressively and significantly (P<0.05) elevated from 3rd to 12th month postoperatively. These values were well within the physiological ranges. The preoperative mean values of serum calcium and phosphorus were progressively and significantly (P<0.05) elevated 3rd to 12th month postoperatively. Incidence of specific complications like ovarian remnant syndrome, stump granuloma, osteopenia and venereal granuloma was very low (i.e. @ 4.17 percent each; n= 24). The remnants of the ovarian bursa were resected surgically. The sections revealed ovarian follicles to a minor extent, fibrous tissue interspersed between the altered connective tissue elements. A stump granuloma was diagnosed by a palpable swelling in the caudal abdomen by Tran abdominal B mode ultrasonography and plain radiography. Exploratory surgery was performed and the stump granuloma was resected. Histopathology revealed severe inflammatory cell infiltration with glandular proliferation. Radiographs obtained randomly revealed osteopenia in only one animal, in which cortical thinning with decreased radio-opacity of the pelvic bones was observed. Urinary incontinence in two cases was successfully treated by following routine treatment for cystitis. A single case of vaginal granuloma was diagnosed three months after ovariohysterectomy. Microscopically, there were several oval or spherical cells with high rate of mitosis. Based on the above observations it can be recommended that, the owners must be advised to restrict the feeding to their pets and give them proper exercise in order to avoid weight gain. They must be informed that, their pet may become more reactive and aggressive and hence, appropriate measures should be taken to control them through training. Occasional blood profiles and routine abdominal ultrasonography may be indicated to avoid dangerous consequences. Further studies with longer experimental time and more animal materials were required in order to make firm conclusions in order to associate these findings with ovariohysterectomy.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON INTESTINAL INFARCTION IN BUFFALOE CALVES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1981) CHANDRA BABU, PANDLURU; RAMA KRISHNA, O(MAJOR); CHANDRAVATHY, Y.S; LAKSHMIPATHY, G.VThesisItem Open Access A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE USE OF KETAMINE AND THIOPENTAL AS INDUCTION AGENTS FOR ISOFLURANE INHALATION ANAESTHESIA IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-07) SRAVANTI, MADDIMADUGU; GIREESH KUMAR, V(MAJOR); RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P; PURUSHOTHAM, GABSTRACT : The present clinical study was carried out on 12 dogs between 1 year to 10 years of age presented for ovariohysterectomy and castration. These dogs were randomly divided into two groups comprising of six animals in each group. All the dogs were uniformly premedicated. In the six dogs of group-I, anaesthesia was induced by intravenous administration of Ketamine at the rate of 5 mg/kg body weight. In dogs of group II, Thiopental sodium was used as an intravenous anaesthetic induction agent at the dose of 10 mg/kg body weight as a 2.5 per cent solution. Immediately after induction, the dogs of two groups were intubated and anaesthesia was maintained with 1.5% to 2% inhalation of Isoflurane during the entire surgical procedure. The anaesthetic effects like induction of anaesthesia, duration of anaesthesia, recovery time and physiological parameters like temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate and Electrocardiograph (ECG) were studied before induction, during anaesthesia and after recovery from anaesthesia. Haematological parameters like TEC, TLC, Hb, PCV, DLC and biochemical parameters like AST, ALT, BUN and Serum Creatinine were recorded before induction, during anaesthesia and after recovery. The results of the present study indicated that there was a significant difference between the induction time of Ketamine and thiopentone. Thiopentone differed significantly when compared to the use of ketamne as the induction agent where the induction time ranged from 50 to 128 seconds (mean 89.66 ± 6.74). It was also observed that while Ketamine at 5 mg/kg body weight induced anaesthesia deep enough to allow intubation in only four out of the six dogs. In the other two dogs, an additional dose of 1 mg/kg body weight was necessitated. Thiopentone uniformly induced anaesthesia deep enough to allow intubation in all the six dogs at the dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight as a 2.5 per cent solution, The anaesthetic protocols studied produced satisfactory and safe deep surgical anaesthesia in both the groups of dogs. However, in the dogs of groups I, maintenance of anaesthesia necessitated a concentration of 2% isoflurane in oxygen. The concentration of isoflurane was increased from 1.5% to 2 % as soon as the dogs showed some sluggish response to pedal and tail clamp reflexes, while in the dogs of group II of the six dogs necessitated only 1.5% isoflurane. In all the dogs of the two groups, recovery from anaesthesia was found to be smooth and uneventful. The dogs of group II recovered earliest from anaesthesia when compared to the group I. As far as the physiological parameters were concerned, the results showed that in all the dogs of groups I and II, anaesthesia resulted in a significant drop in the rectal temperature during and after anaesthesia as compared to the before induction. Although the heart rates between the groups were found to be differ from each other, they were still well within the normal range and hence were considered in consequential. The results showed that Ketamine induction caused a significant reduction of the respiratory rate in the dogs of group I during the maintenance of anaesthesia. The respiratory rate returned to normal as the dogs recovered from anaesthesia. Since these parameters caused no complications and since they returned to normalcy soon, the changes were considered to be clinically acceptable. The recovery from anaesthesia in all the six dogs of group II was considered good. In the dogs of group I, good recovery in four dogs and fair recovery in two dogs was recorded. Haematological examination revealed that there were no significant differences in the various parameters like TEC, TLC, Hb, PCV, DLC in any of the two groups and the three intervals. This underscored the fact that all the anaesthetic protocols studied were safe and uneventful as far as these observations were concerned. The results of the present clinical study clearly revealed in all the dogs of the two groups that the various biochemical parameters studied, i.e., AST, ALT, BUN and Serum Creatinine remained within normal limits. Hence, this also conclusively proved that the two anaesthetic protocols studied were safe and did not result in any damage to the heart, liver and kidneys during the anaesthetic period. Electrocardiographic studies in the dogs of both the groups revealed no abnormalities in the sizes of P, QRS or T- waves, no changes in the cardiac axes and no arrhythmias of any kind in any dog of any of the groups. From the results of the present study, it was concluded that both the anaesthetic protocols produced satisfactory deep surgical anaesthesia in dogs. While 2.5% thiopentone was found to have produced sufficiently deep anaesthetic induction to allow intubation at the uniform dose of 10 mg/kg, Ketamine was found to be effective at 5 mg/kg in 4 dogs and two dogs required 6 mg/kg i/v. When anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone sodium @ 10 mg/kg body weight, the dogs could be maintained at 1.5% isoflurane inhalation in oxygen. When anaesthesia was induced with Ketamine (5 to 6mg/kg, i/v), maintenance of anaesthesia was best done with 2% Isofluorane. Both the anaesthetic protocols studied in the present study resulted in minimal, clinically insignificant changes in the various physiological, biochemical and electrocardiographic parameters.ThesisItem Open Access A CLINICAL STUDY OF LONG BONE FRACTURES IN SHEEP AND GOATS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-05) VIJAY KUMAR, MORA; RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P(MAJOR); BHARATHI, S; SANTHI LAKSHMI, MABSTRACT: The present study was carried out on 45 clinical cases of long bone fractures in sheep (7) and goats (38) of either sex aged between 2 months to 7 years, referred for treatment to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Campus Veterinary Hospital, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. Routine clinical examination followed by radiography was used for diagnosis. Out of the 45 cases that were taken up for study, 15 animals (9 metacarpal, 4 metatarsals and one each of radius-ulna and tibia fractures) were treated by application of Plaster of Paris cast. Post-operative radiographic examination showed good alignment and apposition of the fracture fragments in all the cases treated with application of POP cast. Minimal complications were encountered, i.e., transient disuse atrophy in one case. 13 cases (8 were metacarpal fractures followed by 2 metatarsals, 2 cases of radius-ulna and 1 tibia), were treated by application of, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) splints and bandage was used to externally immobilize fractures in 13 cases (8 metacarpal, 2 metatarsals, 2 radius-ulna and 1 tibial fracture). PVC splints and bandage application resulted in satisfactory alignment and fracture healing in 9 cases while in 4 cases the alignment was not exact but satisfactory fracture healing occurred with callus formation and mild periosteal reaction in most of the cases, inspite of inexact alignment. Mild pressure sores and muscle contracture occurred in one goat, but these symptoms resolved once the goat started using the limb, following removal of the PVC splints. Modified Thomas splints were constructed with aluminum rods of 8 mm diameter to suit individual animals. These splints were used to treat 5 animals (4 tibial fractures and 1 femur fracture). Good alignment with satisfactory fracture healing followed in 4 animals, while in one case, mal union was noticed by the second week of application. However, even this animal could use the limb satisfactorily. Free-form External Skeletal Fixation (ESF) was used in 10 cases (2 sheep and 8 goats) with open fractures. ESF was applied to immobilize 4 metatarsal, 3 tibial, 2 metacarpal and one radius-ulna fractures. The ESF assembly was constructed using an aluminum rod and epoxy compound (M-seal) to act as a connecting bar, to economize. Results showed that the ESF was easy to use, economic in cost and served the purpose of immobilizing open fractures well. Post operative clinical and radiographic evaluation showed good fracture healing with good endosteal and minimal periosteal callus formation. ESF allowed early weight bearing and prevented associated muscle atrophy. In one animal with open fracture of tibia, slight outward deviation was observed. However, this animal had satisfactory weight bearing and pain free locomotion during the post-operative period. No evidence of infection, discharge or swelling was seen in any animal. At the time of removal of the ESF, the proximal pin was found to be loose in all the animals. However, this did not cause any hindrance to fracture healing. The two cases with fracture of the femur, healed well and recovered uneventfully following internal fixation with intramedullary pinning in one case and intramedullary pinning combined with full Cerclage wiring in the other. The Steinman pins were removed on the 45th and 48th post-operative day following good fracture healing and pain free limb usage by the animals. The complications encountered in the animals of the present study were considered minimal and transient to be of any significance.ThesisItem Open Access A CLINICAL STUDY ON TREATMENT OF LONG BONE FRACTURES USING EXTERNAL SKELETAL FIXATION IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-02) VARGHESE SAMUEL MATHAI; RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P(MAJOR); GIREESH KUMAR, V; PURUSHOTHAM, GABSTRACT : The present clinical study was undertaken in 12 dogs presented with long bone fractures for treatment at Campus Veterinary Hospital, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad and Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Bhoiguda, Secunderabad during the year 2010-2011. Routine clinical examination followed by radiography was used for diagnosis. Out of the 12 dogs studied, 3 dogs had open fractures and the remaining 9 dogs had closed fractures. Two of the 3 open fractures were seen in radius-ulna and the third case involved tibia. Out of the 9 cases of closed fractures, 8 were simple transverse fractures and one comminuted fracture. These 12 dogs were randomly assigned to groups I and II, irrespective of the age, sex or breed. The first group was treated with Type 1a linear external skeletal fixator and the second group with free-form external skeletal fixator. Only fractures of femur, tibia-fibula, humerus and radius-ulna were included in the present study. Group I dogs were treated with Type 1a stainless steel linear external skeletal fixator. Dogs in group II were treated with Free-form external skeletal fixator using epoxy compound as the connecting bar. Inj. Ceftriaxone sodium was administered at a rate of 20mg/kg body weight as intravenous injection for the first ten days postoperatively. Inj. Meloxicam was administered preoperatively for pain relief at the dose rate of 0.2 mg per kg intramuscularly and continued postoperatively for 4 days once a day. The limb was bandaged with modified Robert Jones bandage with an inner layer of bandage between the fixator and the skin in both the group of dogs. The inner layer was replaced every alternate day until the pin tracts had stopped discharging. The suture lines as well as the pin entry points were cleaned with normal saline and Povidone-iodine was infused through the pin tracts during the entire post operative period. Clinical evaluation was routinely carried out at periodical intervals for swelling, exudation, weight bearing and stability of the implant in all the dogs of the two groups. Post-operative radiographs were obtained immediately after surgery and at the end of 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th week for evaluation of the fracture healing. From the results of the present clinical study it was concluded that both the types of external skeletal fixation were useful in treatment of long bone fractures in dogs. However, the linear external skeletal fixator was considered more versatile since it allowed post-operative adjustment. The free-form external skeletal fixator did not allow any adjustment following its application. However, free-form external skeletal fixator facilitated its application even in those cases where the half pins could not be placed in a linear fashion. In addition, it was felt that the use of free-form external skeletal fixator in young, rapidly growing puppies needed further evaluation. Free-form external skeletal fixator was found to be relatively inexpensive and required lesser instrumentation.ThesisItem Open Access A clinical study on the effects of yohimbine, Doxapram and Nikethamide on Xylazine sedated Dogs(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-03) Syam Sundar, Muppalla; Raghavender, K.B.P(MAJOR); Gireesh Kumar, V; Pramod Kumar, DABSTRACT: The present clinical study was carried out on 24 clinical cases of dogs either sex and different age groups presented for minor surgical manipulations, or for other reasons that required chemical restraint The dogs were randomly divided into four groups of six animals each All the dogs were uniformly premedicated. In the six dogs of group I, deep sedation using xylazine was induced by intravenous injection of xylazine at the dose rate of 2mg/kg body weight, to complete the minor surgical procedures. Immediately after completion of the minor surgical or the relevant clinical procedure, yohimbine was intravenously injected at the dose rate of 0.25 mg/kg body weight to reverse the xylazine sedation and to enable the dog to be awakened from xylazine sedation. In the six dogs of group II, following xylazine induced deep sedation and completion of the minor surgical procedure, reversal of xylazine sedation was attempted by intravenous injection of doxapram at the dose rate of 2mg/kg body weight. In the six dogs of group III, an attempt was made to reverse the xylazine sedation by intravenous injection of nikethamide at the dose rate of 44 mg/kg body weight. In the dogs of group IV, the xylazine sedated dogs were allowed to recover on their own without resorting to any reversal agent. The anaesthetic effects like time taken for induction of Xylazine sedation, its duration and recovery time and physiological parameters like temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate and Electrocardiograph (ECG) were studied before sedation and during sedation and after drug induced reversal or after natural recovery from xylazine induced sedation. Hematological parameters like TEC, TLC, PCV, Hb, DLC and Biochemical parameters like AST, ALT, BUN and Serum Creatinine were recorded and compared before, during and after recovery from xylazine induced sedation. The results of the present clinical study revealed that the average time taken for induction of sedation following the intravenous administration of xylazine was 45±0.46 seconds, 45±0.46 seconds, 45±0.46 seconds, and 45±0.46 seconds in the dogs of the four groups respectively. The xylazine induced sedation was reversed in the dogs of groups I, II and III at the end of 15 minutes of sedation, by which time in all the dogs, the purpose of sedating the dogs was comfortably accomplished. The dogs of group IV were allowed to continue under sedation until their natural recovery. The duration of sedation in this group of dogs was found to be ranging from 30 to 35 minutes with a mean duration time of 32.2 ± 0.51 minutes. The results of the present study vividly showed that all the three reversal agents employed in the present study led to arousal from the xylazine induced sedation. In the dogs of group I with yohimbine hydrochloride as the reversal agent, the dogs were aroused from the xylazine sedation within in 23 to 45 seconds with an average of 33.6 ± 3.61 seconds. In the dogs of group II with doxapram as the reversal agent, the reversal time from xylazine sedation was found to be 27 to 62 seconds with an average of 45.2 ± 6.3 seconds. In the dogs of group III with nikethamide as the reversal agent, the reversal time was found to be ranging from 26 to 73 seconds with an average of 58.6 ± 9.02 seconds. On the contrary, the dogs of group IV took 44.8± 0.80 minutes, with a range of 44 to 52 minutes to recover naturally from xylazine sedation, without resorting to any reversal agent. The difference in the time intervals between the groups I, II and III, in comparison to group IV has undoubtedly proved that reversal of xylazine sedation was achieved by all the three drugs tested. The minor differences in the reversal times noticed among these three groups were considered inconsequential. It was conjectured that all the three reversal agents tested were effective in reversing the xylazine induced sedation in dogs. Following xylazine administration, the corneal reflex was intact but sluggish in all the dogs of the four groups. . Pedal and palpebral reflexes that were absent during the deepest parts of xylazine sedation, became brisk and intact immediately following reversal in the dogs of groups I, II and III, indicating that the reversal from xylazine sedation was complete. In the dogs of group IV, however, the reflexes returned gradually and were found to be brisk after the dogs recovered naturally from xylazine sedation. The quality of reversal in all dogs of the groups I, II and III were considered as excellent The naturally recovered dogs of the group IV also exhibited excellent recovery. As far as the physiological parameters were concerned the results showed that in all the dogs of the four groups xylazine sedation resulted in clinically insignificant changes in the rectal temperature and heart rates across the time intervals. The heart rates did not differ significantly either among the groups or among the intervals. The respiratory system, however, was observed to be uniformly depressed in all the dogs across the four groups during xylazine sedation, both in terms of reduced respiratory rate and depth of respirations. Following the reversal, however, in all the dogs of the three groups, i.e, group I, II and III, there was improvement in the rate and depth of respirations. The dogs of group IV where no reversal was employed, the respiratory rate and the depth of respirations returned back to near normalcy by the end of observation period, when the dogs recovered from xylazine induced sedation. Hematological examination revealed that there were no significant differences in the various parameters like TEC, TLC, Hb, DLC etc and the biochemical parameters like AST, ALT, BUN and Serum Creatinine remained within the normal limits in all the dogs of the four groups. This underscored the fact that all the xylazine sedation protocols, studies were safe and uneventful as far as these observations were concerned. Electrocardiographic studies in the dogs of all the four groups revealed no abnormalities in the sizes of P, QRS or T waves. No changes in the cardiac axis were recorded. No arrhythmias of any kind wave recorded in any animals of any group. From the results of the present study the induction time for sedation with xylazine in dogs when administered intravenously at the rate of 2 mg/kg body weight was found to be 45±4.6 seconds in all the dogs across the groups. The sedative effects of xylazine can be effectively reversed by intravenous administration of either yohimbine hydrochloride at the rate of 0.25mg/kg or doxapram at the rate of 2mg/kg or nikethamide at the rate of 44mg/kg.The time taken for reversal using yohimbine hydrochloride was found to be 33.6±3.61seconds, for doxapram the reversal time was 45.2±6.3 seconds and for nikethamide, the reversal time was found to be 58.6±9.02seconds No explanation could be offered for the reason for reversal of xylazine sedation with either doxapram or nikethamide. Premedication with atropine and sedation with xylazine at the dose rate of 1 mg/kg IV and its reversal with the three drugs tested or with natural recovery resulted in minimal changes in the physiological, biochemical or electrocardigraphicgraphic parameters studied.ThesisItem Open Access A CLINICAL STUDY ON THE USE OF THIOPENTONE AND PROPOFOL AS INDUCTION AGENTS FOR ISOFLURANE ANAESTHESIA IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010) VENKAIAH, GALETI; CHANDRASEKHAR, E.L(Major)ABSTRACT: The present clinical study was carried out on 18 dogs between 1 year to 6 years of age presented for ovariohysterectomy. These dogs were randomly divided into three groups comprising of six animals in each group. All the dogs were uniformly premedicated. In the six dogs of group I, anaesthesia was induced by intravenous administration of Thiopental sodium at the rate of 10 mg/kg body weight as a 2.5 percent solution. In dogs of group II, Propofol was used as an intravenous anaesthetic induction agent at the dose of 3 to 4 mg/kg. In the six dogs of group III, Isoflurane was used as induction agent using a face mask at 4 to 5 % concentration in oxygen. Immediately after induction, the dogs of all the three groups were intubated and anaesthesia was maintained with 1.5% to 2% inhalation of Isoflurane during the entire surgical procedure. The anaesthetic effects like induction of anaesthesia, duration of anaesthesia and recovery time and physiological parameters like temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate and Electrocardiograph (ECG) were studied before induction, during anaesthesia and after recovery from anaesthesia. Haematological parameters like TEC, TLC, Hb, DLC and biochemical parameters like AST, ALT, BUN and Serum Creatinine were recorded before induction, during anaesthesia and after recovery. The results of the present study indicated that there was no significant difference between the induction time of thiopentone and propofol, while the two groups differed significantly when compared to the use of isoflurane as the induction agent, where the induction time ranged from 210 seconds to 300 seconds (mean 262 ± 14.42). It was also observed that while thiopentone uniformly induced anaesthesia deep enough to allow intubation in all the six dogs of group I, propofol at 3 mg/kg body weight induced anaesthesia deep enough to allow intubation in only four out of the six dogs. In the other two dogs, an additional dose of 1 mg/kg body weight was necessitated. Induction with Isofluorane was possible with inhalation of 4% to 5% in oxygen in the dogs of group III. Isofluorane induction was possible only in those dogs that had friendly and docile temperament. All the three anaesthetic protocols studied produced satisfactory and safe deep surgical anaesthesia in all the dogs. In all the dogs of the three groups, recovery from anaesthesia was found to be smooth and uneventful. The dogs of group III recovered earliest from anaesthesia when compared to the other groups. Between the dogs of groups I and II, the group II dogs recovered significantly earlier. As far as the physiological parameters were concerned, the results showed that in all the dogs of groups I and II, anaesthesia resulted in a significant drop in the rectal temperature during and after induction In comparison, in the dogs of group III, the drop in the rectal temperature was observed only after anaesthetic recovery. The heart rates did not differ either among the groups or among the intervals. The results however, showed that propofol induction caused a significant reduction of the respiratory rate in the dogs of group II during the maintenance of anaesthesia. The respiratory rate returned to normal as the dogs recovered from anaesthesia. Since these parameters did not result any clinical changes or complications and since they returned to normalcy soon, the changes were considered clinically irrelevant. The recovery from anaesthesia in all the six dogs of group III was considered excellent. In group I recovery was considered as good in all the dogs, while in the dogs of group II, excellent recovery in four dogs and good recovery in two dogs was recorded. Haematological examination revealed that there were no significant differences in the various parameters like TEC, TLC, Hb, DLC etc in any of the three groups or the three intervals. This underscored the fact that all the anaesthetic protocols studied were safe and uneventful as far as these observations were concerned The results of the present clinical study clearly revealed in all the dogs of the three groups that the various biochemical parameters studied, i.e., AST, ALT, BUN and Serum Creatinine remained within normal limits. Hence, this also conclusively proved that the three anaesthetic protocols studied were safe and did not result in any damage to the heart, liver or kidneys during the anaesthetic period. Electrocardiographic studies in the dogs of all the three groups revealed no abnormalities in the sizes of P, QRS or T- waves, no changes in the cardiac axes and no arrhythmias of any kind in any dog of any of the groups. From the results of the present study, it was concluded that all the three anaesthetic protocols produced satisfactory deep surgical anaesthesia in dogs. While 2.5% thiopentone was found to have produced sufficiently deep anaesthetic induction to allow intubation at the uniform dose of 10 mg/kg, propofol was found to be effective at 3 mg/kg in 4 dogs, two dogs required 4mg/kg iv. Induction of anaesthesia with 4 to 5% isoflurane in oxygen and its maintenance with 2% is suitable in friendly dogs and leads to quicker recovery. When anaesthesia is induced with thiopentone sodium @ 10 mg/kg body weight, the dogs can be maintained at 1.5% isoflurane inhalation in oxygen. When anaesthesia is induced either with propofol (3 to 4 mg/kg, i/v) or with 4 to 5% Isofluorane in oxygen, maintenance of anaesthesia is best done with 2% Isofluorane. All the three anaesthetic protocols studied in the present study resulted in minimal, clinically insignificant changes in the various physiological, biochemical and electrocardiographic parameters.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF LOCKING COMPRESSION PLATE AND THE CONVENTIONAL LIMITED CONTACT DYNAMIC COMPRESSION PLATE FIXATION TECHNIQUES FOR FEMORAL FRACTURE REPAIR IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-01) MANOHAR, P; DHANA LAKSHMI, N(MAJOR); SURESH KUMAR, R .V.; CHANDRASEKAR RAO, T.SABSTRACT : Twelve dogs presented to the college hospital with unstable femoral diaphyseal fractures which were diagnosed by clinical signs, orthopaedic examination and survey radiography were taken as clinical material for the study. The breed, age, sex wise incidence, cause and type of fracture were studied. The dogs were equally divided into group I and II and the fractures were stabilized with selected indigenously made conventional Limited Contact-Dynamic Compression Plate (LC-DCP) along with normal DCP screws (Group I) and new Locking compression plate (LCP) along with locking screws (Group II) following standard AO/ASIF procedures. Selection of appropriate size of plate and screws according to age, body weight and type of fracture provided good fracture stability. In both the groups, no technical difficulties were observed while application of LC - DCP and LCP. The outcome of fracture stabilization and healing was evaluated with postoperative lameness grading, radiography and biochemical analysis. In both the groups, stabilization showed good clinical outcome with complete normal limb usage within seven weeks except in one case of group I where fixation failure with screw loosening and fragments separation was recorded by second week. In this case, the fracture was again stabilized with IMP and LC-DCP which was healed later. In group II, no implant failure or screw loosening was observed except in one case there was slight bending of plate without much disturbance to alignment. The overall average healing time in both the groups was 6-12 weeks. The fractures showed radiographically excellent postoperative healing of cortical union, absence of fracture lines with limited and also bridging callus. Statistical analysis revealed a highly significant difference (P < 0.01) in increase of serum alkaline phosphatase and calcium in group II when compared to group I whereas non significant difference was observed in phosphorus levels. Based on present study, it was concluded that both conventional LC-DCP and LCP were good for stabilization of unstable femoral fractures for early limb ambulance and excellent healing. However the application of LCP was found easier than LC-DCP with advantages like self tapping locking screws, less precontouring of plate and combi-hole for both fixed and angle fixation of screws. Although using LCP with locking screws was two times more expensive than using the LC-DCP with cortical screws, this LCP was more advantageous for offering excellent stabilization and early return to function in comminuted diaphyseal femoral fracture repair than LC-DCP.