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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PREEMPTIVE ANALGESIC EFFECTS ON AMPUTATION OF HORN IN CATTLE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006-04) PENCHALAIAH, P; SURESH KUMAR, R.V(MAJOR); HARA GOPAL, V; SRILATH, ChABSTRACT: Twelve cattle undergoing amputation of horn procedures were randomly divided in to two groups. In group I animals surgery was performed following standard procedure and in group I1 meloxicam was administered at the dose rate of 0.2 mg per kilo gram body weight intravenously 30 minutes before anesthesia and surgery. Preemptive analgesic effects were evaluated by physiological, haematological, pulse oxymetric, and biochemical studies. Meloxicam did not alter rectal temperature and pulse rate values in the present study. Though the respiratory rates showed the significant rise in both the groups these were within the normal physiological range. Pulse oxymetric studies revealed no sigruficant changes in Sp02values in both the groups. Total erythrocyte values showed sigmficant reduction in group I whereas the changes were not sigruficant in meloxicam treated group. Both the groups showed leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and lymphocytopenia, more sigruficantly in group I compared to group 11. Haemoglobin and packed cell volume values were sigruficantly reduced in group I compared to group LI. Biochemical parameters like cortisol, C-reactive protein and glucose were sigruficantly increased in group I where as meloxicam treated animals showed non sigruficant fluctuations. In conclusion meloxicam a selective COX-2 Inhibitor could be used satisfactorily as a preemptive analgesic to reduce post operative pain in amputation of horn in cattle.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE URETHRAL HEALING USING BIOCASINGS WITH AND WITHOUT URETHROSTOMY IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1999-07) SREENU, MAKKENA; VENKATESWARA RAO, N(MAJOR); HARAGOPAL, V; SESHAGIRI RAO, A; CHANDRASEKHARA RAO, T.SABSTRACT: Ninety six mongrel dogs were randomly divided into 2 groups of 48 animals of urethrotomy and urzthrostomy. Each group was further divided into four sub groups depending on the technique ci reconstruction. -4111 cm incision was created on urethra prescrotally in dl the animals. The urethral incision was left unsutured/ sutured to carp== cavernosum penis in control animals keeping catheter in situ. Gelatm fibrin and amnion were wrapped around the urethrotomy / urethrostomy sites. The urethral healing was evaluated by clinical, haematologicd biochemical, radiological, gross and histopathological studies. Ventral urethral incision caudal to ospenis was found to be u effective model for the evaluation of biocasings for urethral healing. Introduction of catheter pre-operatively and lateral retraction of retracror penis muscle helped in location of urethra and application of biocasings on to operated site; Suturing of muscles and the biocasings helped in securing the casings in positiod at the urethral incision. Processed gelatin, fibrin and amnion provided adequate strength to wrap around the operated site; Premedication of the dogs before injection of thiopentone sochum facilitated easy intravenous injection of anaesthetic with minimal restraint and potentiated the effect. Intermittent doses of thiopentone sodium produced adequate anaesthesia and muscle relaxation to perform surgery. Haemorrhage from the operative site was less in urethrostomy group when compared to urethrotomy group. Act of micturition was painful in the initial post operative days in all the dogs. Scrota1 oedema and subcutaneous ecchymosis were not a common observation. The rectal temperature, pulse and respiratory values showed significant increase during initial post-operative days in all dogs. Significant variation was noticed among the control sub groups and gelatin, amnion and fibrin in both the groups. Urine analysis revealed non-significant variation in pH value and specific gravity in both the groups. Non-significant variation in blood urea nitrogen levels were observed among control ; gelatin, fibrin, and amnion treated animals of both groups. A significant increase in serum creatinine values were observed in all the dogs. Inorganic phosphorus values showed an initial raise. A sigruficant decrease was noticed in total protein values of control and treated groups, which was more in control and gelatin treated animals. Total erythrocyte values, packed cell volume and haemoglobin values exhibited sigmficant decrease upto 5th post-operative day and 3rd post-operative day in urethrotomy and urethrostomy groups respectively. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate showed hghly significant increase upto seventh post operative day in gelatin group only. Total leucocyte counts were elevated significantly upto 5th post operative day in urethrotomy group and upto 7th post-operative day In urethrostomy group. Positive contrast urethrography using 15% barium sulphate provided good visualisation ofY urethra. Early urethrograms of urethrotomy group showed no leakage at the operative site; whereas urethrostomy group showed potential leakage of contrast media into periurethral space. In the later stages, control and gelatin wrapped urethra showed mucosal irregularities and stricture formation. The fibrin and amnion wrapped animals showed patent urethral lumen in urethrotomy group. The control and gelatin treated animals of urethrostomy group showed fistulation and mucosal irregularities, while fibrin and gelatin treated animals showed widening of the urethral lumen at the operative site. Grossly, all the dogs showed swelling, congestion, and edema at the operative site in early post operative days. As time advanced, these changes were not seen. Thick to filamentous adhesions at the operated site with the surrounding tissues were seen in all the dogs. Microscopically all the sections showed inflammatory reaction in the early post-operative days. The inflammatory reaction was severe in control and gelatin wrapped animals compared to fibrin and amnion treated group animals. Urethrotomy group showed stenosis of urethral lumen whereas urethrostomy group showed widening of urethral lumen at operated site. EpitheliaLization was complete by 14 to 30 days in both the groups. Based on the above observations made it is concluded that urethrotomy incision covered with fibrin and amnion proved to be better compared to control and gelatin treated groups. Urethrostomy groups had post-operative complications like leakage, fistula formation, and mucosal abnormalities. However these complications can be lessened by use of fibrin and amnion as evidenced by the result of the present study.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON INTESTINAL INFARCTION IN BUFFALOE CALVES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1981) CHANDRA BABU, PANDLURU; RAMA KRISHNA, O(MAJOR); CHANDRAVATHY, Y.S; LAKSHMIPATHY, G.VThesisItem Open Access A CLINICAL STUDY ON THE DISEASES OF ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ENDOSCOPY IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-07) RAVIRAJ VINAYAK, SURYAWANSHI; RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P(MAJOR); GIREESH KUMAR, V; PURUSHOTHAM, G; SHANTHI LAKSHMI, MABSTRACT: The present study was undertaken in 42 cases out of the 120 clinical cases of dogs presented with diseases of esophagus and stomach with the history of persistent vomiting or regurgitation. A total of 120 dogs were presented with the chief complaint of recurrent vomiting or regurgitation. Out of the total of 120 cases selected for closer examination, 78 dogs (65%) responded to routine medical treatment with antiemetics, antibiotics and fluid therapy and hence, they were excluded from the purview of the present clinical study. The remaining 42 dogs (35%), which continued to vomit or regurgitate for more than one week and showed signs consistent with the primary diseases of the esophagus and stomach formed the patient material for the present clinical study. All the 42 clinical cases of dogs underwent routine physical, clinical, haematological and biochemical examinations as well as plain and contrast radiographic, Ultrasonographic and endoscopic assessment to rule out the concurrent diseases prior to the consideration in the present study. The results of the present study revealed that out of the total 42 cases selected for the present study, 31dogs (73.81%) had diseases of the esophagus while the rest (11dogs; 26.19%) had diseases of the stomach. During the present study, megaesophagus was diagnosed in 18 (42.86%) dogs, reflux esophagitis in 2 dogs (4.76%), vascular ring anomalies in 2 dogs (4.76%), esophageal diverticula and esophageal nodule in one dog each (2.38% each), esophageal foreign bodies in 5 dogs (11.90%), esophageal erosion or ulcers in 2 dogs (4.76%), chronic gastritis in 3 dogs (7.14%), gastric foreign bodies in 4 dogs (9.52% ), gastric erosion/ ulcer in 2 dogs (4.76%) and gastric dilatation and Volvulus in 2 dogs (4.76%). The results also showed that the occurrences of these diseases were seen in dogs ranging from two and a half months to thirteen years of age. No sex wise occurrence of the esophageal or stomach diseases was reported. All the dogs afflicted with the various diseases exhibited similar symptoms like emaciation, shrunken abdomen, chronic weight loss, prominent rib cage, regurgitation, vomiting or both. In the present clinical study, 18 clinical cases of megaesophagus were recorded. The disease was encountered in Labrador (2 dogs), Golden Retriever (2 Dogs), German Shepherd (5 Dogs), Doberman (2 Dogs), Mongrel (3 Dogs), Pomeranian (2 Dogs), Cocker Spaniel (1 Dog) and Boxer (1 Dog) breeds of dogs. The mean age of occurrence was found to be 6.25 ± 0.88 years. Out of these 18 dogs, 11were found to be males (61.12 %) and the rest were females (7 dogs; 38.88%). All these 18 dogs showed the signs of regurgitation of the food soon after food consumption. The haematological and biochemical studies showed that all the parameters studied were with in the normal range, except for haemoglobin. Ultrasonography did not reveal any sort of esophageal pathology. Radiographic features of megaesophagus in the seven dogs were air filled dilated esophagus and tracheoesophageal stripe sign. Esophagography clearly revealed generalized distention of esophagus in all the 18 dogs. While endoscopy revealed markedly dilated, flaccid esophagus and pooling of retained fluid, in the most dependent segment of the esophagus. The results of the present study indicated that among the three treatment regimens tested, Metoclopramide combined with feeding the dogs in an upright position from an elevated platform improved the esophageal function to the maximum extent. Post mortem examination of the seven dogs died or euthanized showed severe dilatation and thinning of the esophageal wall, while histopathological examination showed scanty muscle bundles, infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells with submucosal congestion and enlargement of submucosal glandular pattern with epithelial irregularity. Scanning electron microscopy revealed destruction of blood vessels, loss of normal architecture and direction of inner circular as well as outer longitudinal muscle fibers while, transmission electron microscopic examination showed complete loss of cellular architecture, mitochondrial destruction and complete loss of architecture of myoneuronal plate at the neuromuscular junction suggestive of neuromuscular disorder. Two clinical cases of dogs were tentatively diagnosed to be suffering from reflux esophagitis. Endoscopic examination characterized by mucosal erythema, haemorrhage, mucosal irregularity, erosion with thickened mucosal folds especially at the lower esophageal area confirmed reflux esophagitis. Endoscopic examination showed the evidence of reflux esophagitis in these two dogs. Both the dogs recovered uneventfully following the treatment adopted. Esophagoscopy of a nine year old male Pomeranian dog with sings of recurrent cough and retching revealed a lemon sized nodular growth appearing as broad based protuberance with nipple like orifice located just caudal to the base of the heart suggestive of Spirocerca lupi infestation. No surgical exploration was conducted as the dog was not available for further investigation. Plain radiography of five cases out of 42 cases (11.90%) revealed osseous foreign bodies in the esophagus of four dogs and radiolucent foreign bodies (socks) in an other dog. In three dogs, osseous foreign bodies located in the thoracic esophagus were pushed in to the stomach successfully by endoscope itself. In dog, osseous foreign bodies located in the post pharyngeal was retrieved by cheatle forceps under the endoscopic illumination. The dog with socks in the cervical esophagus vomited the socks out due to emetic effects of xylazine prior to endoscopic manoeuvre. All dogs recovered uneventfully. Barium swallow of the dogs revealed stricture of esophagus over the base of heart and cranial distention of esophagus suggestive of vascular ring anomalies. Despite of giving supportive therapy, both the dogs died. Necropsy revealed distention of esophagus cranial to the constructive vascular band confirmed vascular ring anomalies. Histopathological examination further confirmed presence of concurrent gastritis. Plain radiography of three year old female German shepherd dog with post prandial regurgitation, revealed saclike out pouching of cranial thoracic esophageal wall that rested on floor of sternum which was further confirmed by endoscopy. No treatment was initiated in this case on the owner was reluctant for surgery. The two dogs with vomiting of about three weeks duration that did not respond to routine medication were diagnosed to be suffering from esophageal erosions/ulcers, both by endoscopy and by positive contrast radiography. The dogs responded well to the treatment adopted. Gastroscopy of all three dogs revealed generalized congestion as well as petechial hemorrhagic spots on gastric mucosa with minor areas of mucosal erosions suggestive of chronic gastritis. Cytological examination of stomach fluid collected during endoscopy further confirmed chronic gastritis. No Helicobacter Like Organisms (HLO) was encountered. These three dogs responded well to the treatment protocol adopted i.e. combination of amoxicillin, clarithromycin, Metronidazole and ranitidine. In the present study, gastroscopy of two dogs revealed gastric ulcerative patches with marked thickening and irregular edges confirmed gastric erosion or ulcers. Both the dogs treated with sucralfate and omperazole responded well to complete recovery. In present clinical study, four dogs were diagnosed to be affected with gastric foreign bodies. Out of four cases, two dogs that underwent plain radiographic examination revealed presence of sewing needle in the stomach of one dog and a pair of metal caps of cool drink bottle and a safety pin in another dog. The metallic foreign bodies whose removal was considered to be too risky by endoscope were removed by standard gastrotomy. In the remaining two dogs that swallowed dog nylon belt, plain radiograph did not confirm their presence. Endoscopic examination revealed presence of dog collar made up of nylon in the stomach. Endoscopic retrieval of the nylon belt in the stomach of one dog was successfully done while, in the second case, the radiolucent foreign body (another nylon belt), which turned out later on to be a linear foreign body, was removed successfully by standard gastrotomy and enterotomy operation. All the dogs recovered uneventfully. In the two dogs with gastric dilatation and volvulus (GD-V) in the present study, the clinical and radiographic signs helped in confirmation of the disease and the clinical out come of their treatment with surgical derotation and gastropexy was uneventful. From the results of the present clinical study, it was concluded that about 35% of dogs (42 out of 120 dogs) that were refractory to general medical treatment for vomiting or regurgitation were appeared to be affected with primary diseases of esophagus and stomach. The most common malady affecting the esophagus in dogs was found to be megaesophagus (18), and this can be reasonably well managed by using metoclopramide and feeding the dogs in an upright position from an elevated platform. The disease is considered to be a neuromuscular disease as seen during scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The neuromuscular junctions as seen by transmission electron microscopy appeared to be destroyed in cases of megaesophagus. Esophagography was found to be more useful procedure in confirming the cases of megaesophagus than endoscopy. This is because it is sometimes difficult in mild cases to be sure whether the esophagus was really dilated or it appeared so due to insufflation during endoscopy. On endoscopy examination, a large cavernous lumen extending the length of the esophagus is vividly suggestive of megaesophagus. But a normal esophagus can also appear flaccid and distended under anaesthesia. The other diseases encountered in the present study in their order frequency of occurrence are esophageal foreign bodies (5), gastric foreign bodies (4), chronic gastritis (3), reflux esophagitis (2), esophageal erosion/ulcer (2), gastric erosion/ ulcer (2), vascular ring anomalies (2), gastric dilatation and volvulus (2), esophageal nodule (1) and esophageal diverticulum (1). Endoscopy is not always useful in treatment of esophageal or gastric foreign bodies in dogs for the shape and size of foreign body, duration of obstruction and nature and location of foreign body in the esophagus and stomach determine the use and success of endoscopy for therapeutic purpose. Endoscopy proved to be a valuable and useful aid in the diagnosis of esophageal and gastric ulcers/ erosions, esophageal nodule and esophageal diverticulum. Albeit veterinarians are still in the early phase of adoption of minimally invasive procedures, endoscopy proves to be vital diagnostic and therapeutic tool of the future veterinarians armamentarium.ThesisItem Open Access A clinical study on the effects of yohimbine, Doxapram and Nikethamide on Xylazine sedated Dogs(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-03) Syam Sundar, Muppalla; Raghavender, K.B.P(MAJOR); Gireesh Kumar, V; Pramod Kumar, DABSTRACT: The present clinical study was carried out on 24 clinical cases of dogs either sex and different age groups presented for minor surgical manipulations, or for other reasons that required chemical restraint The dogs were randomly divided into four groups of six animals each All the dogs were uniformly premedicated. In the six dogs of group I, deep sedation using xylazine was induced by intravenous injection of xylazine at the dose rate of 2mg/kg body weight, to complete the minor surgical procedures. Immediately after completion of the minor surgical or the relevant clinical procedure, yohimbine was intravenously injected at the dose rate of 0.25 mg/kg body weight to reverse the xylazine sedation and to enable the dog to be awakened from xylazine sedation. In the six dogs of group II, following xylazine induced deep sedation and completion of the minor surgical procedure, reversal of xylazine sedation was attempted by intravenous injection of doxapram at the dose rate of 2mg/kg body weight. In the six dogs of group III, an attempt was made to reverse the xylazine sedation by intravenous injection of nikethamide at the dose rate of 44 mg/kg body weight. In the dogs of group IV, the xylazine sedated dogs were allowed to recover on their own without resorting to any reversal agent. The anaesthetic effects like time taken for induction of Xylazine sedation, its duration and recovery time and physiological parameters like temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate and Electrocardiograph (ECG) were studied before sedation and during sedation and after drug induced reversal or after natural recovery from xylazine induced sedation. Hematological parameters like TEC, TLC, PCV, Hb, DLC and Biochemical parameters like AST, ALT, BUN and Serum Creatinine were recorded and compared before, during and after recovery from xylazine induced sedation. The results of the present clinical study revealed that the average time taken for induction of sedation following the intravenous administration of xylazine was 45±0.46 seconds, 45±0.46 seconds, 45±0.46 seconds, and 45±0.46 seconds in the dogs of the four groups respectively. The xylazine induced sedation was reversed in the dogs of groups I, II and III at the end of 15 minutes of sedation, by which time in all the dogs, the purpose of sedating the dogs was comfortably accomplished. The dogs of group IV were allowed to continue under sedation until their natural recovery. The duration of sedation in this group of dogs was found to be ranging from 30 to 35 minutes with a mean duration time of 32.2 ± 0.51 minutes. The results of the present study vividly showed that all the three reversal agents employed in the present study led to arousal from the xylazine induced sedation. In the dogs of group I with yohimbine hydrochloride as the reversal agent, the dogs were aroused from the xylazine sedation within in 23 to 45 seconds with an average of 33.6 ± 3.61 seconds. In the dogs of group II with doxapram as the reversal agent, the reversal time from xylazine sedation was found to be 27 to 62 seconds with an average of 45.2 ± 6.3 seconds. In the dogs of group III with nikethamide as the reversal agent, the reversal time was found to be ranging from 26 to 73 seconds with an average of 58.6 ± 9.02 seconds. On the contrary, the dogs of group IV took 44.8± 0.80 minutes, with a range of 44 to 52 minutes to recover naturally from xylazine sedation, without resorting to any reversal agent. The difference in the time intervals between the groups I, II and III, in comparison to group IV has undoubtedly proved that reversal of xylazine sedation was achieved by all the three drugs tested. The minor differences in the reversal times noticed among these three groups were considered inconsequential. It was conjectured that all the three reversal agents tested were effective in reversing the xylazine induced sedation in dogs. Following xylazine administration, the corneal reflex was intact but sluggish in all the dogs of the four groups. . Pedal and palpebral reflexes that were absent during the deepest parts of xylazine sedation, became brisk and intact immediately following reversal in the dogs of groups I, II and III, indicating that the reversal from xylazine sedation was complete. In the dogs of group IV, however, the reflexes returned gradually and were found to be brisk after the dogs recovered naturally from xylazine sedation. The quality of reversal in all dogs of the groups I, II and III were considered as excellent The naturally recovered dogs of the group IV also exhibited excellent recovery. As far as the physiological parameters were concerned the results showed that in all the dogs of the four groups xylazine sedation resulted in clinically insignificant changes in the rectal temperature and heart rates across the time intervals. The heart rates did not differ significantly either among the groups or among the intervals. The respiratory system, however, was observed to be uniformly depressed in all the dogs across the four groups during xylazine sedation, both in terms of reduced respiratory rate and depth of respirations. Following the reversal, however, in all the dogs of the three groups, i.e, group I, II and III, there was improvement in the rate and depth of respirations. The dogs of group IV where no reversal was employed, the respiratory rate and the depth of respirations returned back to near normalcy by the end of observation period, when the dogs recovered from xylazine induced sedation. Hematological examination revealed that there were no significant differences in the various parameters like TEC, TLC, Hb, DLC etc and the biochemical parameters like AST, ALT, BUN and Serum Creatinine remained within the normal limits in all the dogs of the four groups. This underscored the fact that all the xylazine sedation protocols, studies were safe and uneventful as far as these observations were concerned. Electrocardiographic studies in the dogs of all the four groups revealed no abnormalities in the sizes of P, QRS or T waves. No changes in the cardiac axis were recorded. No arrhythmias of any kind wave recorded in any animals of any group. From the results of the present study the induction time for sedation with xylazine in dogs when administered intravenously at the rate of 2 mg/kg body weight was found to be 45±4.6 seconds in all the dogs across the groups. The sedative effects of xylazine can be effectively reversed by intravenous administration of either yohimbine hydrochloride at the rate of 0.25mg/kg or doxapram at the rate of 2mg/kg or nikethamide at the rate of 44mg/kg.The time taken for reversal using yohimbine hydrochloride was found to be 33.6±3.61seconds, for doxapram the reversal time was 45.2±6.3 seconds and for nikethamide, the reversal time was found to be 58.6±9.02seconds No explanation could be offered for the reason for reversal of xylazine sedation with either doxapram or nikethamide. Premedication with atropine and sedation with xylazine at the dose rate of 1 mg/kg IV and its reversal with the three drugs tested or with natural recovery resulted in minimal changes in the physiological, biochemical or electrocardigraphicgraphic parameters studied.ThesisItem Open Access A CLINICAL STUDY ON THE USE OF THIOPENTONE AND PROPOFOL AS INDUCTION AGENTS FOR ISOFLURANE ANAESTHESIA IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010) VENKAIAH, GALETI; CHANDRASEKHAR, E.L(Major)ABSTRACT: The present clinical study was carried out on 18 dogs between 1 year to 6 years of age presented for ovariohysterectomy. These dogs were randomly divided into three groups comprising of six animals in each group. All the dogs were uniformly premedicated. In the six dogs of group I, anaesthesia was induced by intravenous administration of Thiopental sodium at the rate of 10 mg/kg body weight as a 2.5 percent solution. In dogs of group II, Propofol was used as an intravenous anaesthetic induction agent at the dose of 3 to 4 mg/kg. In the six dogs of group III, Isoflurane was used as induction agent using a face mask at 4 to 5 % concentration in oxygen. Immediately after induction, the dogs of all the three groups were intubated and anaesthesia was maintained with 1.5% to 2% inhalation of Isoflurane during the entire surgical procedure. The anaesthetic effects like induction of anaesthesia, duration of anaesthesia and recovery time and physiological parameters like temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate and Electrocardiograph (ECG) were studied before induction, during anaesthesia and after recovery from anaesthesia. Haematological parameters like TEC, TLC, Hb, DLC and biochemical parameters like AST, ALT, BUN and Serum Creatinine were recorded before induction, during anaesthesia and after recovery. The results of the present study indicated that there was no significant difference between the induction time of thiopentone and propofol, while the two groups differed significantly when compared to the use of isoflurane as the induction agent, where the induction time ranged from 210 seconds to 300 seconds (mean 262 ± 14.42). It was also observed that while thiopentone uniformly induced anaesthesia deep enough to allow intubation in all the six dogs of group I, propofol at 3 mg/kg body weight induced anaesthesia deep enough to allow intubation in only four out of the six dogs. In the other two dogs, an additional dose of 1 mg/kg body weight was necessitated. Induction with Isofluorane was possible with inhalation of 4% to 5% in oxygen in the dogs of group III. Isofluorane induction was possible only in those dogs that had friendly and docile temperament. All the three anaesthetic protocols studied produced satisfactory and safe deep surgical anaesthesia in all the dogs. In all the dogs of the three groups, recovery from anaesthesia was found to be smooth and uneventful. The dogs of group III recovered earliest from anaesthesia when compared to the other groups. Between the dogs of groups I and II, the group II dogs recovered significantly earlier. As far as the physiological parameters were concerned, the results showed that in all the dogs of groups I and II, anaesthesia resulted in a significant drop in the rectal temperature during and after induction In comparison, in the dogs of group III, the drop in the rectal temperature was observed only after anaesthetic recovery. The heart rates did not differ either among the groups or among the intervals. The results however, showed that propofol induction caused a significant reduction of the respiratory rate in the dogs of group II during the maintenance of anaesthesia. The respiratory rate returned to normal as the dogs recovered from anaesthesia. Since these parameters did not result any clinical changes or complications and since they returned to normalcy soon, the changes were considered clinically irrelevant. The recovery from anaesthesia in all the six dogs of group III was considered excellent. In group I recovery was considered as good in all the dogs, while in the dogs of group II, excellent recovery in four dogs and good recovery in two dogs was recorded. Haematological examination revealed that there were no significant differences in the various parameters like TEC, TLC, Hb, DLC etc in any of the three groups or the three intervals. This underscored the fact that all the anaesthetic protocols studied were safe and uneventful as far as these observations were concerned The results of the present clinical study clearly revealed in all the dogs of the three groups that the various biochemical parameters studied, i.e., AST, ALT, BUN and Serum Creatinine remained within normal limits. Hence, this also conclusively proved that the three anaesthetic protocols studied were safe and did not result in any damage to the heart, liver or kidneys during the anaesthetic period. Electrocardiographic studies in the dogs of all the three groups revealed no abnormalities in the sizes of P, QRS or T- waves, no changes in the cardiac axes and no arrhythmias of any kind in any dog of any of the groups. From the results of the present study, it was concluded that all the three anaesthetic protocols produced satisfactory deep surgical anaesthesia in dogs. While 2.5% thiopentone was found to have produced sufficiently deep anaesthetic induction to allow intubation at the uniform dose of 10 mg/kg, propofol was found to be effective at 3 mg/kg in 4 dogs, two dogs required 4mg/kg iv. Induction of anaesthesia with 4 to 5% isoflurane in oxygen and its maintenance with 2% is suitable in friendly dogs and leads to quicker recovery. When anaesthesia is induced with thiopentone sodium @ 10 mg/kg body weight, the dogs can be maintained at 1.5% isoflurane inhalation in oxygen. When anaesthesia is induced either with propofol (3 to 4 mg/kg, i/v) or with 4 to 5% Isofluorane in oxygen, maintenance of anaesthesia is best done with 2% Isofluorane. All the three anaesthetic protocols studied in the present study resulted in minimal, clinically insignificant changes in the various physiological, biochemical and electrocardiographic parameters.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF LOCKING COMPRESSION PLATE AND THE CONVENTIONAL LIMITED CONTACT DYNAMIC COMPRESSION PLATE FIXATION TECHNIQUES FOR FEMORAL FRACTURE REPAIR IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-01) MANOHAR, P; DHANA LAKSHMI, N(MAJOR); SURESH KUMAR, R .V.; CHANDRASEKAR RAO, T.SABSTRACT : Twelve dogs presented to the college hospital with unstable femoral diaphyseal fractures which were diagnosed by clinical signs, orthopaedic examination and survey radiography were taken as clinical material for the study. The breed, age, sex wise incidence, cause and type of fracture were studied. The dogs were equally divided into group I and II and the fractures were stabilized with selected indigenously made conventional Limited Contact-Dynamic Compression Plate (LC-DCP) along with normal DCP screws (Group I) and new Locking compression plate (LCP) along with locking screws (Group II) following standard AO/ASIF procedures. Selection of appropriate size of plate and screws according to age, body weight and type of fracture provided good fracture stability. In both the groups, no technical difficulties were observed while application of LC - DCP and LCP. The outcome of fracture stabilization and healing was evaluated with postoperative lameness grading, radiography and biochemical analysis. In both the groups, stabilization showed good clinical outcome with complete normal limb usage within seven weeks except in one case of group I where fixation failure with screw loosening and fragments separation was recorded by second week. In this case, the fracture was again stabilized with IMP and LC-DCP which was healed later. In group II, no implant failure or screw loosening was observed except in one case there was slight bending of plate without much disturbance to alignment. The overall average healing time in both the groups was 6-12 weeks. The fractures showed radiographically excellent postoperative healing of cortical union, absence of fracture lines with limited and also bridging callus. Statistical analysis revealed a highly significant difference (P < 0.01) in increase of serum alkaline phosphatase and calcium in group II when compared to group I whereas non significant difference was observed in phosphorus levels. Based on present study, it was concluded that both conventional LC-DCP and LCP were good for stabilization of unstable femoral fractures for early limb ambulance and excellent healing. However the application of LCP was found easier than LC-DCP with advantages like self tapping locking screws, less precontouring of plate and combi-hole for both fixed and angle fixation of screws. Although using LCP with locking screws was two times more expensive than using the LC-DCP with cortical screws, this LCP was more advantageous for offering excellent stabilization and early return to function in comminuted diaphyseal femoral fracture repair than LC-DCP.ThesisItem Open Access SURGICAL REPAIR OF SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURE OF FEMUR IN DOGS - A CLINICAL STUDY(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-10) GANGADHAR, M; RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P(MAJOR); CHANDRASHEKHER, E.L; PRAMOD KUMAR, DABSTRACT: The present clinical study was conducted on 11 dogs with supracondylar fractures of the femur presented for treatment at Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Bhoiguda and Campus Veterinary Hospital, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. Out of the 11 dogs, 6 dog were males and 5 were females. Out of 11 dogs 6 dogs (54.5%) were in the age group of 0-6 months and 2 dogs (18.18%) were in the age group of 6-12 months, and 2 dogs were in the age group of 12-18 months and 1 dog was (9.09%) more than two years of age. The causes were found to be automobile accident in 4 (36.36%) dogs, fall from a height in 5 (45.45%), stamping by its owner in 2 (18.18%) dogs. The dogs presented for treatment of supracondylar femoral fractures exhibited symptoms like sudden onset of pain and lameness immediately after a traumatic injury, swelling in the stifle area, dangling of the limb, non-weight bearing, abnormal angulation of the limb at the fracture site and crepitation. Radiography revealed that all the supracondylar femoral fractures were transverse fractures, except in one dog, where the fracture was found to be short oblique in orientation. The supracondylar fractures were treated with cross pinning in 10 dogs and intramedullary pinning combined with cross pinning in one dog. Post-operative radiographs taken immediately after the surgical correction and immobilization of the fractures revealed good anatomical reduction and immobilization of the fracture site in nine dogs and good alignment albeit with a perceptible gap at the fracture site in two dogs. The present clinical study indicated that supracondylar fractures of femur in dogs is most commonly encountered in young dogs, with a majority of them occurring in puppies below 18 months of age. The results of the present clinical study conclusively proved that cross pinning technique is well suited for the surgical repair of supracondylar fractures of femur in dogs. The techniques employed also fulfilled the concept of adaptation osteosynthesis that is meant to preserve and protect the growth plates or physis with the use of weak implants.The complications encountered were consequent to implant failure resulting from repeated trauma in one dog and hyperactivity and excessive excitable nature in two other dogs. The present study indicated that cross pinning technique is well suited for surgical repair of supracondylar fractures of femur in young dogs.ThesisItem Open Access A CLINICAL STUDY ON SURGICAL TREATMENT OF HUMERAL FRACTURES IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-06) VENKATAIAH, S; CHANDRASEKHAR, E.L(Major); RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P; PRAMOD KUMAR, DABSTRACT : The present clinical study was conducted on 18 dogs with humeral fractures presented for surgical treatment. Out of the 18 dogs, 14 were males and 4 were females. They were in the age group of 3 months to 7 years. Routine clinical examination, radiographic examination, surgical instruments and procedures were used for diagnosis and treatment of these dogs. Out of the eighteen dogs that were treated surgically, thirteen dogs with transverse humeral fractures underwent intramedullary pinning, three dogs with oblique fractures were treated with intramedullary pinning combined with cerclage wiring. In the remaining two dogs, one with transverse supra condylar fracture, and one with inter condylar fracture, closed reduction and external coaptation (cast) was adopted. The causes were found to be automobile accidents in 6 dogs, fall from a height in 10 dogs, stamping by its owner in 1 dog and blunt trauma caused by a stranger in 1 dog. Study of the breed wise incidence revealed humeral fractures in 3 mongrels, 7 German Shepherds , 2 Labrador, 5 Spitz and 1 Pug. The symptoms of humeral fractures were found to be pain, swelling over the humerus area, loss of function and crepitation at the fracture site. In all the dogs, the function of the affected limb was lost and non-weight bearing and varying degrees of limb swelling was noticed. The dogs with humeral fractures carried the affected leg with the elbow dropped and with the paw resting on the dorsal surface. The dogs dragged the limb while walking. None of the dogs exhibited any neurological deficit. The dogs with mid shaft fractures of humerus showed considerable angular displacement of distal segment. In the 13 dogs that underwent intramedullary pinning for transverse mid shaft and distal shaft fractures of humerus, satisfactory alignment of fracture segments with good union was seen by a bridging callus with minimal periosteal reaction in 12 dogs at the end of 4 weeks of surgery. A large bridging callus with fine radiolucent line was observed in one dog on 30th postoperative day. In 3 dogs, proximal migration of pin was noticed . Normal healing ensued following removal of pins in all the dogs. Postoperative radiographic examination of 3 (16.66%) dogs that underwent intramedullary pinning combined with cerclage wiring revealed normal bone healing with retention of oblique fracture ends in place, held snugly by the cerclage wire. Radiograph on 45th postoperative day showed good alignment of fracture, healed fracture with moderate callus formation and slight periosteal reaction at caudal surface of the fracture of humerus. Post reduction radiographic examination in 2 dogs with transverse supracondylar fracture of humerus in one dog and intercondylar fracture of humerus in another dog, treated by external coaptation revealed satisfactory fracture healing and good alignment of fracture. In the dog with supracondylar fracture, excessive callus around the fracture site was observed. Post reduction radiographic examination at 5 months in the other dog with wide separation of the condyles revealed normal bone healing. The following conclusions were drawn from the results of the present clinical study: 1. Out of the eighteen dogs in the present study, transverse fracture of humeral shaft was noticed in 13 dogs ( 72.22 %), oblique fractures of the humeral shaft in 3 dogs (16.67%) and supracondylar and intercondylar fractures of the distal humerus was noticed in one dog each. 2. These fractures were amenable to treatment with intramedullary pinning in cases of transverse shaft fractures of humerus and by intramedullary pinning combined with cerclage wiring in oblique fractures. Supracondylar and intercondylar fractures healed well by coaptation and Robert Jone’s cast application. 3. No major complications were encountered. The minor complications in three dogs were proximal migration of the pin with a seromatous swelling that disappeared following removal of the pin, thus rendering the complications insignificant.