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2009 - 200912010 - 20112
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Subject: Veterinary Surgery × End date: 2023 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CLINICAL STUDIES ON DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES FOR LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT AFFECTIONS IN DOGS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SURGERY
    (Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2011-07) SANKAR, P; SURESH KUMAR, R.V (Major); DHANA LAKSHMI, N; CHANDRASEKHARA RAO, T.S; SRILATHA, Ch
    ABSTRACT : The present investigation was conducted on 96 (13.67%) dogs with lower gastrointestinal tract affections among the total of 702 dogs presented over a period of 2 years. Highest incidence of lower gastrointestinal tract affections was observed in age group of 1-3 years followed by 4-6 years, 7-9 years, 10-12 years and 13-15 years. German Shepherd followed by Mongrel, Spitz, Labrador Retriever, Doberman Pinscher, Lhasa Apso and Rottweiler were the most commonly affected breeds. The incidence was more in males compared to females. The animals under the study were categorised into three groups i.e. group I (40) constituted animals with lower gastrointestinal tract affections with inflammatory/infectious origin. Animals with non inflammatory etiology were categorised under group II (32) where as group III (24) animals had neoplasia as etiological factor. Clinically group I animals showed diarrhoea, constipation, vomition, dehydration, dry or pale mucous membrane, haematochezia, anaemia and constipation whereas straining, scooting, dehydration, vomiting attempts, restlessness, colic symptoms, abdominal distension, intussusceptions and foreign bodies were the features in group II animals. Group III animals had fistulation, straining, constipation, visible growth at perianal region and palpable lesion by rectal examination. Presence of Ancylostoma caninum infestation responsible for colitis was diagnosed by faecal examination. Presence of occult blood was noticed in group I with haemorrhages, ulceration and parasitic colitis. It was also observed in group III with neoplasm and extensive growths. Haematological observations showed significant increase in total erythrocyte count, haemoglobin, packed cell volume and neutrophil whereas total leukocyte count and lymphocyte levels showed a significant decrease at different periods of observation. Serum sodium, potassium and chloride values showed significant raise throughout the period of observations. Total protein values though fluctuated those were within the normal range only. Animals with neoplastic and, samples with severe inflammatory diseases showed highest values of C- reactive protein suggestive of malignancy. Plain and contrast radiographic studies revealed details like ascending, transverse, descending colon and rectum. Radiographs in group I revealed comma shaped colon, tubular rectum and were ulcerated and well differentiated by barium contrast radiographic studies. Radiolucent lumen and radiopaque walls were noticed. Increasing size of intestinal lumen and mucosal irregularities were noticed in different types of colitis. Ulceration with mucosal damage were features in group I. Foreign bodies and fecoliths were observed as radiopaque masses in plain radiography. Intestinal obstruction featured as gas filled intestines and megacolon appeared as distended colon with accumulation of radiopaque materials. Intussusception appeared as coiled intestinal loops with radiopaque masses. Fractures of vertebral column and multiple fracture of pelvic bone resulted in faecal retention. Group III animals showed presence of intra and extra luminal masses and metastatic lesions in lungs and ribs in certain type of malignant tumours. Radiopaque areas inside rectum and colon were noticed. Real time B mode ultrasonographic examination of lower gastrointestinal tract was carried out in all the animals. Group I animals showed hyperechoic intestinal wall with anechoic or hyperechoic areas suggesting fluid/gas accumulation in different quantities in colitis cases. Animals with ulcerative colitis showed irregular thickened hyperechoic intestinal wall with hypoechoic lumen. Dogs with irritable bowel syndrome did not show any significant findings. Group II animals with intussusceptions had a bull’s eye appearance with admixture of hypo and hyperechoic areas, faecal retention and fecoliths appeared as hyperechoic areas intra luminally. Foreign bodies appeared as hyperechoic masses with acoustic shadowing. Megacolon showed hyperehoic dilated intestines with presence of mixed echogenic air as well as faecal contents adjacent to the bladder. Group III animals with intra or extra luminal masses appeared as hyperechoic areas. Intra abdominal masses showed mixed echogenic pattern during ultrasonography. Endoscopic examination of rectum and colon revealed inflammatory changes, submucosal haemorrhages, presence of blood, blood clots, thickened and ulcerated mucous membrane in group I. Group II animals showed congested mucosa, presence of faecal materials and in few cases stricture and obliteration of intestinal lumen. Group III animal showed extensive ulceration, bleeding and multiple nodular growths throughout the intestinal tract. Cytological examination of the samples showed presence of inflammatory cells, neutrophils, denuded epithelium and presence of erythrocytes, traces of faecal materials in group I whereas few cellular details were observed in group II. Impression smears and cytological samples revealed different types of cells corresponding to the tumourous growths in group III. The faecal samples collected for sensitive test showed that enrofloxacin was more effective followed by metronidazole, gentamicin, amoxicillin and cloxacillin and streptomycin. Histological sections revealed colitis, eosinophilic colitis, haemorrhagic colitis, lymphocytic colitis, diphtheritic colitis and catarrhal enteritis in group I and in group III animal revealed adenocarcinoma (colon, rectum and anal gland), fibromyxosarcoma, myxosarcoma, basal cell carcinoma, hepatoid tumour, hepatoid carcinoma and perianal gland tumour. AgNoR staining revealed proliferated cells with mitotic bodies in case of anal gland tumour and colonic neoplasia in group III animals. Animals in group I were treated with combination therapy of mesalazine @10 mg/kg body weight thrice daily and enrofloxacin @ 5 mg/kg body weight twice daily along with metronidazole @ 10 mg/kg body weight orally. Loperamide @ 0.08 mg/kg body weight were also used for 14 days. Styptics were also administered to control bleeding. In Ancylostomum caninum positive cases pyrental pamoate @ 5.0 mg/kg body weight and fenbendazole @ 50 mg/kg body weight were administered. Cyclosporine @ 7.5 mg/kg body weight along with ketaconazole @ 10 mg/kg body weight once daily for 16 weeks in anal furunculosis cases. Group II animals were treated surgically for obstruction and intussusceptions. Enterotomy and enteroanastomosis was performed following standard surgical techniques. Surgical excision was followed wherever it was possible for surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in animals with adenocarcinoma and cystic adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Post operatively the cases were followed for a period of six months. Complications like continuous diarrhoea and straining was noticed in group I animals. Faecal incontinence, stricture, diarrhoea, constipation, leakage from anastomotic site and tenesmus were noticed in group II animals. Wound dehiscence, fistulous formation, infection, hair loss and recurrence were noticed in group III animals.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CLINICAL STUDIES ON LAPAROHYSTEROTOMY AND NEONATAL RESUSCITATION IN SMALL RUMINANTS
    (Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2010-05) DEVI PRASAD, VADDADI; SREENU, MAKKENA (Major); SURESH KUMAR, R.V; CHANDRA SEKHARA RAO, T.S; SRILATHA, Ch
    ABSTRACT: The present study entitled “Clinical studies on laparohysterotomy and neonatal resuscitation in small ruminants” was conducted to evaluate different techniques of performing laparohysterotomy and neonatal resuscitation in small ruminants suitable to the field conditions. In the present study, the incidence of dystocia in sheep was found to be 87.03% and in goat it was 12.96%. Comparatively, incidence of dystocia was more in pleuriparous compared to the primiparous animals. Many cases of dystocia warranting laparohysterotomy were found to be associated with female foetuses. The main indication for which laparohysterotomy performed was, the insufficient dilatation of cervix followed by gross oversize of foetus, postural abnormalities, foetal emphysema and uterine torsion. Real time B-mode trans abdominal ultrasonography was found to be rapid and highly useful in knowing the viability status of the foetus. Spinal anaesthesia using two per cent lignocaine hydrochloride at lumbosacral space provided optimal analgesia, muscle relaxation and hind limb restraint. Linear infiltration had the disadvantages of improperly desensitized peritoneum and development of toxicity. Post anaesthetic depression was marked in both linear infiltration and ketamine diazepam anaesthesia. The mid ventral incision was proved to be best, due to its advantages like ease of performance, less haemorrhage, provision of good working place for exteriorization and detorsion. The disadvantages of the right and left ventro lateral oblique incisions were the prolapse of intestines at the site of operation, less working space, difficulty in exteriorization. The conspicuous haematological changes in all the animals, were decreased total erythrocytes count, haemoglobin, and packed cell volume; leucocytosis with neutrophilia and lymphocytopoenia. The biochemical parameters revealed increased levels of glucose and plasma cortisol and decreased levels of cholesterol and plasma proteins. Microscopic examination of biopsy samples of uterus showed coagulation necrosis, vacuolation, hypertrophy endometrial glands; hyalinization of blood vessels, oedema and necrosis of myometrium. The antibiotic sensitivity test revealed sensitivity of samples to enrofloxacin and gentamicin. Among the neonatal resuscitation procedures, the best method of clearing airways was nasal and pharyngeal suctioning and heimlich’s manoeuvre. Apnoea was best treated by external cardiac massage with oxygen supplementation. Hypoxia and hypothermia were corrected by placing the neonate in an incubator that had oxygen supply and a light source. The neonatal hypoglycemia could be best treated by injection of glucose solution intraperitoneally.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CLINICAL STUDY ON OCULAR DISEASES OF SURGICAL IMPORTANCE IN DOGS
    (Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2009-05) BHARATHI, SEELAM; RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P. (Major); GIREESH KUMAR, V; CHANDRASEKHARA RAO, T.S; SRILATHA, Ch
    ABSTRACT: The present study was conducted on 110 clinical cases presented to Campus Veterinary Hospital, Rajendranagar, and Veterinary Hospital, Bhoiguda, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad from September 2006 to February 2009. Of the ocular diseases encountered, 20% of the cases were diseases of the eyelids, 6.36% were diseases of conjunctiva, 38.18% were diseases of cornea, 1.81% were diseases of the sclera, 4.54% were cases of glaucoma, 13.63% were cases of cataract, 1.81% were diseases of retina, 8.18% were diseases of globe and 5.45% accounted for congenital diseases. Out of 110 dogs with eye diseases, 32 cases were seen in the age group of 0-2 years (29.09%), 25 cases were recorded in the age group of 2-4 years (22.71%), 14 cases were seen in the age group of 4-6 years (12.72%), 17 cases in the age group of 6-8 years (15.45%), 6 cases in the age group of 8-10 years (5.45%), 7 cases in the age group of 10-12 years ( 6.36%) and 9 cases were seen in the age group of 12 years and above (8.18%). The number of cases recorded in Spitz breed were a highest of 37 cases (33.63%), in non-descript breeds 17 cases were recorded (15.45%). 12 cases were recorded in Pug (10.90 %), 10 cases in Labrador Retriever, (9.09 %), 8 cases in German Shepherd Dogs, (7.27%) and six cases in Terrier breed were recorded ( 5.45%). Five cases each (4.54%) were recorded in Boxer and in Cross bred breeds of dogs, while in Neapolitan Mastiff and Great Dane, three cases were recorded (2.72%). In Beagle, Doberman, Dachshund, and Cocker Spaniel breeds, one case each were recorded (0.90%). No sex predilection was seen in the cases undertaken for this study. Classification of the diseases was according to the anatomical part affected. Six cases of eyelid lacerations, eight cases of eyelid tumours, and seven cases of prolapse of Harderian gland were treated surgically, which healed without any major complications. Eyelid lacerations and eyelid tumours were treated surgically. Histopathology of the eyelid tumours revealed trichoepithelioma, squamous cell carcinoma, sebaceous ductal adenoma, sebaceous epithelioma, papilloma and hemangiosarcoma in one case each. Surgical excision of the Harderian gland was performed in three cases and repositioning of the Harderian gland was performed in three dogs. Recurrence of the prolapse was noticed after seven days. Surgical excision of Harderian gland was performed in all cases, which recovered without any complications by the end of two weeks. Seven cases of conjunctivitis were treated according to the culture and antibiotic sensitivity test results. In six cases, Staphylococcus species and Klebsiella in one case were found to be the causative organisms. Ciprofloxacin was the antibiotic of choice as per culture and antibiotic sensitivity tests, followed by cefotaxim, ceftriaxone and gentamicin. All the cases responded to treatment with topical antibiotics, and were free of symptoms by the end of one week. Of the fourteen cases of keratitis recorded in this study, vaccination against DHLP and Candida species was the cause in one case each for the disease. In the other cases, cause could not be identified. Treatment by both oral and topical administration of the drug of choice resulted in complete recovery in 50% of dogs. Nine cases of superficial corneal ulcers were treated by topical administration of most effective antibiotic based on the culture and antibiotic sensitivity test result. In two dogs with pannus, the results were unsatisfactory. In other dogs, response to treatment was seen as increase in ocular comfort. Six cases of deep corneal ulcers were treated by placing nictitating membrane flaps, and six cases were treated by placing temporary tarsorrhaphy sutures. At the end of 30 days, the corneal ulcers were seen healed well by both the procedures. Seven cases of corneal laceration were treated by suturing the cornea with 6-0 surgical silk. Third eyelid flap was applied as additional support. Healing was seen in six cases by the end of 10 days. Eight cases of mature cataract were selected for surgical treatment based on the temperament of the dog and maturity of the cataract. Ultrasonography was performed in all cases. In six cases, extracapsular lens extraction with the help of cryoprobe was performed and in two cases, foldable lens was implanted. In one case where the lens was loosely attached, the lens was removed along with its capsule, i.e., intracapsular lens extraction was performed. At the end of one year, corneas were almost completely cleared of opacity. Scanning electron microscopy of the extracted lens revealed opaque lenticular fibres, and in some areas degenerative lesions were seen in the lens substance proper. Transmission electron microscopy did not reveal any particular pathology of lens. The cases of retinal atrophy were not treated, as the dogs were blind on presentation. One case of glaucoma responded for medical treatment. Vision was restored in three cases of traumatic proptosis. The congenital diseases recorded were bilateral macropalpebral fissure in a Cocker Spaniel, bilateral ventro-lateral squint in a Spitz cross, anophthalmos and microphthalmos in a Spitz, and Dermoid cysts in two Labrador Retrievers and in one Cross bred dog. The Dermoid cysts were excised surgically and healing occurred without any complications.