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ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDY ON OCULAR DISEASES OF SURGICAL IMPORTANCE IN DOGS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2009-05) BHARATHI, SEELAM; RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P. (Major); GIREESH KUMAR, V; CHANDRASEKHARA RAO, T.S; SRILATHA, ChABSTRACT: The present study was conducted on 110 clinical cases presented to Campus Veterinary Hospital, Rajendranagar, and Veterinary Hospital, Bhoiguda, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad from September 2006 to February 2009. Of the ocular diseases encountered, 20% of the cases were diseases of the eyelids, 6.36% were diseases of conjunctiva, 38.18% were diseases of cornea, 1.81% were diseases of the sclera, 4.54% were cases of glaucoma, 13.63% were cases of cataract, 1.81% were diseases of retina, 8.18% were diseases of globe and 5.45% accounted for congenital diseases. Out of 110 dogs with eye diseases, 32 cases were seen in the age group of 0-2 years (29.09%), 25 cases were recorded in the age group of 2-4 years (22.71%), 14 cases were seen in the age group of 4-6 years (12.72%), 17 cases in the age group of 6-8 years (15.45%), 6 cases in the age group of 8-10 years (5.45%), 7 cases in the age group of 10-12 years ( 6.36%) and 9 cases were seen in the age group of 12 years and above (8.18%). The number of cases recorded in Spitz breed were a highest of 37 cases (33.63%), in non-descript breeds 17 cases were recorded (15.45%). 12 cases were recorded in Pug (10.90 %), 10 cases in Labrador Retriever, (9.09 %), 8 cases in German Shepherd Dogs, (7.27%) and six cases in Terrier breed were recorded ( 5.45%). Five cases each (4.54%) were recorded in Boxer and in Cross bred breeds of dogs, while in Neapolitan Mastiff and Great Dane, three cases were recorded (2.72%). In Beagle, Doberman, Dachshund, and Cocker Spaniel breeds, one case each were recorded (0.90%). No sex predilection was seen in the cases undertaken for this study. Classification of the diseases was according to the anatomical part affected. Six cases of eyelid lacerations, eight cases of eyelid tumours, and seven cases of prolapse of Harderian gland were treated surgically, which healed without any major complications. Eyelid lacerations and eyelid tumours were treated surgically. Histopathology of the eyelid tumours revealed trichoepithelioma, squamous cell carcinoma, sebaceous ductal adenoma, sebaceous epithelioma, papilloma and hemangiosarcoma in one case each. Surgical excision of the Harderian gland was performed in three cases and repositioning of the Harderian gland was performed in three dogs. Recurrence of the prolapse was noticed after seven days. Surgical excision of Harderian gland was performed in all cases, which recovered without any complications by the end of two weeks. Seven cases of conjunctivitis were treated according to the culture and antibiotic sensitivity test results. In six cases, Staphylococcus species and Klebsiella in one case were found to be the causative organisms. Ciprofloxacin was the antibiotic of choice as per culture and antibiotic sensitivity tests, followed by cefotaxim, ceftriaxone and gentamicin. All the cases responded to treatment with topical antibiotics, and were free of symptoms by the end of one week. Of the fourteen cases of keratitis recorded in this study, vaccination against DHLP and Candida species was the cause in one case each for the disease. In the other cases, cause could not be identified. Treatment by both oral and topical administration of the drug of choice resulted in complete recovery in 50% of dogs. Nine cases of superficial corneal ulcers were treated by topical administration of most effective antibiotic based on the culture and antibiotic sensitivity test result. In two dogs with pannus, the results were unsatisfactory. In other dogs, response to treatment was seen as increase in ocular comfort. Six cases of deep corneal ulcers were treated by placing nictitating membrane flaps, and six cases were treated by placing temporary tarsorrhaphy sutures. At the end of 30 days, the corneal ulcers were seen healed well by both the procedures. Seven cases of corneal laceration were treated by suturing the cornea with 6-0 surgical silk. Third eyelid flap was applied as additional support. Healing was seen in six cases by the end of 10 days. Eight cases of mature cataract were selected for surgical treatment based on the temperament of the dog and maturity of the cataract. Ultrasonography was performed in all cases. In six cases, extracapsular lens extraction with the help of cryoprobe was performed and in two cases, foldable lens was implanted. In one case where the lens was loosely attached, the lens was removed along with its capsule, i.e., intracapsular lens extraction was performed. At the end of one year, corneas were almost completely cleared of opacity. Scanning electron microscopy of the extracted lens revealed opaque lenticular fibres, and in some areas degenerative lesions were seen in the lens substance proper. Transmission electron microscopy did not reveal any particular pathology of lens. The cases of retinal atrophy were not treated, as the dogs were blind on presentation. One case of glaucoma responded for medical treatment. Vision was restored in three cases of traumatic proptosis. The congenital diseases recorded were bilateral macropalpebral fissure in a Cocker Spaniel, bilateral ventro-lateral squint in a Spitz cross, anophthalmos and microphthalmos in a Spitz, and Dermoid cysts in two Labrador Retrievers and in one Cross bred dog. The Dermoid cysts were excised surgically and healing occurred without any complications.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON CANINE MAMMARY TUMORS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2009-05) VEENA, PODARALA; SURESH KUMAR, R.V (Major); Raghavender, K.B.P; CHANDRASEKHARA RAO, T.S; SRILATHA, ChABSTRACT: The present clinical study was conducted on 72 dogs with canine mammary tumors. 71 dogs were females and one dog was a male. Highest incidence of CMTs was observed in the age group of 10-12 years. Majority of the cases reported were nulliparous followed by pleuriparous and uniparous. Spitz was the most commonly affected dog breed. Inguinal pair was the most commonly affected gland. All the tumors varied widely in size ranging from 2 - 12 cms. Most of the tumors were nodular and a few were cystic in nature. All the cases with ulcerations were found to be malignant. Physiological parameters and hematological parameters were evaluated and no significant difference was found between the groups. Thoracic radiographs revealed distant metastases in 9 dogs as well defined nodules or masses (cannon balls), solitary nodule, multiple small nodules and diffuse interstitial pattern. Ultrasonography found helpful to rule out abdominal 27 metastases and to know the presence of anechoic fluid filled cystic spaces. Electron microscopic studies disclosed no viral etiology in mammary carcinogenesis. Diagnostic cytology techniques like FNAB, NAF cytology established the malignancy in tumors. C-reactive protein values and AgNOR counts differentiated the malignant tumors from the benign tumors. The mean AgNoR count for all individuals varied from 2.38 to 8.32. Histopathological examination revealed 18 benign and 54 malignant CMTs. Adenocarcinomas were the most frequently encountered malignant CMTs. Immuno histochemical studies were carried out on 24 malignant CMTs and majority of the tumors (75%) were found to have hormonal receptor positive expression. Majority of adenocarcinomas (70%) were expressing PR positivity. Proliferative markers like P53, C-erb B2 oncogene expression was studied and found in 20.83% and 25% of malignant CMTs respectively. Treatment modalities like surgical excision / chemotherapy / surgery and chemotherapy / surgery and hormonal therapy were adopted. In chemotherapy, neutropenia was observed. Lethargy, vomition, anorexia were the side effects of chemotherapy observed which subsided by administration of supportive therapy. Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide were the anti cancer drugs used in the chemotherapy. Dogs with hormonal receptor positive CMTs were given hormonal therapy with tab. Tamoxifen. In the present study a combination of surgical excision of CMTs and adjunctive hormonal therapy gave the best results with no recurrence of the tumor mass compared to the other treatment modalities. Majority of the animals had no recurrence of tumor growth. Chemotherapy along with surgical excision of CMTs gave better results with 72% of disease free interval. Surgical excision remains the best treatment modality, still unprecedented for the treatment of localized or low grade or benign tumors. Variable results and toxic side effects were recorded in the treatment of CMTs with chemotherapy alone and found to be palliative.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON INFLUENCE OF PHENOTHIAZINE AND BENZODIAZEPINE TRANQUILIZERS ON PROPOFOL ANAESTHESIA IN DOGS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2003-09) MALLIKARJUNA RAO, Ch; HARA GOPAL, V (Major); SURESH KUMAR, R.V; SRILATHA, ChABSTRACT : Twelve dogs were utilized to study the effects of propofol on induction and maintenance after premedication with triflupromazine hydrochloride and diazepam. The animals were divided into two groups of six animals in each group. Triflupromazine hydrochloride@ 1 mg/ kg body weight and diazepam @ 0.5 mg/kg body weight were given intravenously in group I and group II respectively. Propofol was given intravenously @ 5mg/kg body weight after premedication and maintained by continuous infusion of propofol @ 0.4 mg/kg/minute in 5 per cent dextrose normal saline in both the groups. Induction was smooth and excellent in both the groups. Diazepam premedicated animals showed good muscle relaxation and abolition of all reflexes were noticed early than group I. The recovery from anaesthesia was smooth without any postanaesthetic complications in both the groups. Rectal temperature and respiratory rate did not show any significant changes between two groups. Heart rate did not show any significant fall in group I and significant fall up to 15 minutes in group II followed by gradual increase to near normally in remaining period. Sp02 values were within normal range during the entire period of observation. Electrocardiographic findings revealed no arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities in both the groups. The various haematological parameters like packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin(Hb) values did not show any significant decrease. Significant difference between two groups in packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin(Hb) were noticed. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) did not show any significant changes in both the groups. Changes in the Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) values were not significant and within normal range in both the groups.ThesisItem Open Access HALOPERIDOL AS AN ADJUNCT TO BARBITURATE AND NON-BARBITURATE ANAESTHESIA IN DOGS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2003-09) PRAKASH KUMAR, B; R.V.SURESH KUMAR, R.V (Major); HARA GOPAL, V; SRILATHA, ChABSTRACT : Twelve healthy female dogs brought for animal birth control programme were divided into two groups of six animals each to study the effects of haloperidol as an adjunct to thiopentone sodium and ketamine hydrochloride. Haloperidol was given intravenously @ 0.87 mg/kg body weight in both the groups. All the dogs assumed sternal recumbency following haloperidol administration but were responding to painful stimuli. This was followed by administration of thiopentone sodium @ 20 mg/kg body weight and ketamine hydrochloride @ 10 mg/kg body weight in group I and group II respectively. The induction was smooth and rapid in group I but was delayed in group II. The mean duration of anaesthesia was 41.0 ± 0.94 minutes in group I where as it was 28.0 ± 4.09 minutes in group II which required incremental dose of ketamine approximately at 30 minutes of observation period. The recovery was smooth in group I, but associated with micturition, shivering and moderate vocalization in group II. Respiratory or heart rates showed significant decrease while temperature showed non-significant decrease in both the groups. PCV, Hb, ESR and TLC values decreased non-significantly in both the groups. BUN and creatinine levels showed transient non significant increase in group I and II. SpO2 values remained within the physiological limits in both the groups. ECG studies did not reveal any significant changes in PQ, PR, QRS complexes except primary T wave changes in two animals. The study suggests that the combination of haloperidol with thiopentone and ketamine were compatible and safe and are recommended for clinical use in dogs.ThesisItem Open Access COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON VARIOUS DENTAL PROBLEMS IN CANINES(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2003) VANI, G; HARA GOPAL, VABSTRACT : The present investigation deals with comprehensive study on various dental problems in canines. Out of three hundred and fifty five animals that were screened one hundred and seventy three dogs (48.73%) showed various dental problems. These dental problems were divided into four major categories, such as developmental abnormalities, irregular wear and tear, diseases in tooth substance and diseases of alveoli and gums. Out of the total dental problems 6 (3.46%) had developmental abnormalities, 28 (16.18%) had irregular wear and tear, 92 (53.17%) showed diseases of tooth substance and 47 (27.16%) showed diseases of alveoli and gums. Among a total of 173 canines that had different dental problems males constiuted 92 (53.17%) and females 81 (46.82%). 10 alsatian (5.78%), 5 daschund (2.89%), 7 dobermann (4.404%), 53 pomeranian (30.63%) and 98 mongels (56.64%) showed various dental problems. Mongrels showed highest incidence followed by pomeranians.Incidence was more in 4-8 yrs age group animals (6.3%). Dogs fed on soft diet showed symptoms like dental calculus and caries and dogs fed an hard diet showed gingivitis. Halitosis was the most commonly observed symptom in 50% of the cases, followed by excessive salivation, receding of gums, periodontitis and bleeding from gums. The various types of organisms isolated in 25 random samples of periodontitis were Escherishia coli (88%) Streptococcus (84%), Proteus (84%) Salmonella (64%) Staphylococcus (44%), Bacteroides (28%) and Pseudomonas (20%). ABST results showed that majority of cases were sensitive to Amikacin (62%) followed by Ciprofloxacin (51%). Diagnosis of alveolar periostitis and periodontitis required radiological intervention. Three oral tumors were diagnosed as odontoma, oral papilloma and Basal cell carcinoma on histopathological examination. Appropriate therapeutic methods like scaling,extraction of tooth and excision of tumor etc., were adopted in different dental problems.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF CERTAIN ANAESTHETIC COMBINATIONS IN DOGS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2003-09) SURESH BABU, K; HARA GOPAL, V; SURESH KUMAR, R.V; SREELATHA, ChABSTRACT : Twenty four dogs of either sex were divided into 4 groups to study the changes in clinical, physiological, haematological, biochemical, pulse oximetry and ECG during barbiturate anaesthesia under premedication. The premedicants used were triflupromazine hydrochloride, diazepam, ketamine and Xylazine. The induction was smooth and rapid after any premedication except with diazepam. Incremental doses of thiopentone were required irrespective of the premedicant used to maintain/ prolong surgical plane of anaesthesia. Incremental pentothal prolonged the recovery period in all the groups. Lack of appreciable changes in physiological and other parameters indicate the choice of premedicant to barbiturate anaesthesia is by preference.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CHEMICAL CASTRATION IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI – 517 502 (A.P) INDIA, 2003-08) VENU GOPALA RAO, Y; SURESH KUMAR, R.V (Major); HARA GOPAL, V; CHANDRASEKHARA RAO, T.SABSTRACT : The present study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the efficacy of chlorhexidine digluconate and potassium permanganate for performing chemical sterilization in dogs. Twenty four non-descript stray dogs were divided into two groups of twelve animals each. Six animals were utilized to study the effects upto fifteen days and the remaining six were utilized to study the effects upto thirty days. Under general anaesthesia the chemical agents were administered intratesticularly by strictly following aseptic and painless procedures. The clinical symptoms, macroscopic, ultrasono-graphic, contrast radiographic and histopathological changes were recorded and compared. The rectal temperature, pulse and respiratory rates were not altered significantly in both the groups during the period of study. The Scrotal circumference increased significantly in both groups but it was more in group II. Clinically there was a change in gait and micturition behaviour in both the groups. None of the animals showed licking or biting behaviour. Gross changes at 15th day showed severe and moderate adhesions between testes and other structures in group I and group II respectively. The size of testes was reduced and severe adhesions were found on 30th day in group I and II . Testicular hyperechogenicity was a prominent feature in group I animals at 15th and 30th post injection days. Group II animals showed hypo or anechoic testicular parenchyma on 15th day which became hyperechoic on 30th day. Contrast radiography studies revealed tortuous vas deferens on 15th day in both groups. At 30th day obliteration of tubular lumen with shrinkage was noticed. Microscopic studies revealed calcification in seminiferous tubules in group I on 15th day. Edema and desquamation of tubular epithelium were found in group II. On 30th day sections showed peritubular fibrosis in group I and atrophy of seminiferous tubules in group II.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON DIAGNOSIS OF LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT AFFECTIONS/DISORDERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TRACHEOBRONCHOSCOPY IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI – 517 502 (A.P) INDIA, 2007-12) VINEESH, N (Major); SURESH KUMAR, R.V (Major); SREENU, MAKKENA; VAIKUNTA RAO, VABSTRACT : The present investigation was carried out on diagnosis of respiratory tract affections/disorders with special reference to tracheobronchoscopy in dogs. Out of 623 animals that were screened, 116 dogs (33.86%) showed various respiratory problems. Among the dogs with respiratory tract disease incidence of lower respiratory tract was 54.98 per cent and upper respiratory tract was 45.02 per cent. Out of these, dogs with lower respiratory tract diseases 21 (18.10%) had tracheitis, 12 (10.34%) had haemorrhagic tracheitis, 3 (2.59%) showed tracheal collapse, 4 (3.44%) had foreign bodies in trachea, 46 (39.66%) suffered with tracheobronchitis 21 (18.10%) had bronchopneumonia and 9 (7.76%) showed metastatic lower respiratory tract lesion. No significant changes were observed in electrocardiographic studies. Based on clinical presentation cases were divided into two groups. Among them radiography as well as tracheobronchoscopic procedures conducted to diagnose different incidences. Radiography was useful in diagnosing bronchopneumonia, metastatic lesions in lungs and tracheal collapse. Tracheobronchoscopic examination revealed conditions like tracheitis, tracheobronchitis, bronchopneumonia, haemorrhagic tracheitis, foreign body in trachea and tracheal collapse. Haematological parameters viz., group II dogs showed marked neutrophilia, eosinophilia lymphocytopaenia and leucocytosis whereas no significant changes were observed in total erythrocyte counts and packed cell volume values. C-reactive protein levels significantly marked increase in the values in case of group II (affected) whereas glucose and total protein values were within normal limits. Antibiotic sensitivity test showed that, enrofloxacin as sensitive antibiotic followed by gentamicin and chloramphenicol to the samples collected randomly from affected cases. The cases were effectively treated using the antibiotic based on ABST results in addition to corticosteroids, antihistaminic, antipyretics and supportive therapy.
