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20111
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Subject: Veterinary Surgery × Author: SANKAR, P × End date: 2019 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CLINICAL STUDIES ON DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES FOR LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT AFFECTIONS IN DOGS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SURGERY
    (Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2011-07) SANKAR, P; SURESH KUMAR, R.V (Major); DHANA LAKSHMI, N; CHANDRASEKHARA RAO, T.S; SRILATHA, Ch
    ABSTRACT : The present investigation was conducted on 96 (13.67%) dogs with lower gastrointestinal tract affections among the total of 702 dogs presented over a period of 2 years. Highest incidence of lower gastrointestinal tract affections was observed in age group of 1-3 years followed by 4-6 years, 7-9 years, 10-12 years and 13-15 years. German Shepherd followed by Mongrel, Spitz, Labrador Retriever, Doberman Pinscher, Lhasa Apso and Rottweiler were the most commonly affected breeds. The incidence was more in males compared to females. The animals under the study were categorised into three groups i.e. group I (40) constituted animals with lower gastrointestinal tract affections with inflammatory/infectious origin. Animals with non inflammatory etiology were categorised under group II (32) where as group III (24) animals had neoplasia as etiological factor. Clinically group I animals showed diarrhoea, constipation, vomition, dehydration, dry or pale mucous membrane, haematochezia, anaemia and constipation whereas straining, scooting, dehydration, vomiting attempts, restlessness, colic symptoms, abdominal distension, intussusceptions and foreign bodies were the features in group II animals. Group III animals had fistulation, straining, constipation, visible growth at perianal region and palpable lesion by rectal examination. Presence of Ancylostoma caninum infestation responsible for colitis was diagnosed by faecal examination. Presence of occult blood was noticed in group I with haemorrhages, ulceration and parasitic colitis. It was also observed in group III with neoplasm and extensive growths. Haematological observations showed significant increase in total erythrocyte count, haemoglobin, packed cell volume and neutrophil whereas total leukocyte count and lymphocyte levels showed a significant decrease at different periods of observation. Serum sodium, potassium and chloride values showed significant raise throughout the period of observations. Total protein values though fluctuated those were within the normal range only. Animals with neoplastic and, samples with severe inflammatory diseases showed highest values of C- reactive protein suggestive of malignancy. Plain and contrast radiographic studies revealed details like ascending, transverse, descending colon and rectum. Radiographs in group I revealed comma shaped colon, tubular rectum and were ulcerated and well differentiated by barium contrast radiographic studies. Radiolucent lumen and radiopaque walls were noticed. Increasing size of intestinal lumen and mucosal irregularities were noticed in different types of colitis. Ulceration with mucosal damage were features in group I. Foreign bodies and fecoliths were observed as radiopaque masses in plain radiography. Intestinal obstruction featured as gas filled intestines and megacolon appeared as distended colon with accumulation of radiopaque materials. Intussusception appeared as coiled intestinal loops with radiopaque masses. Fractures of vertebral column and multiple fracture of pelvic bone resulted in faecal retention. Group III animals showed presence of intra and extra luminal masses and metastatic lesions in lungs and ribs in certain type of malignant tumours. Radiopaque areas inside rectum and colon were noticed. Real time B mode ultrasonographic examination of lower gastrointestinal tract was carried out in all the animals. Group I animals showed hyperechoic intestinal wall with anechoic or hyperechoic areas suggesting fluid/gas accumulation in different quantities in colitis cases. Animals with ulcerative colitis showed irregular thickened hyperechoic intestinal wall with hypoechoic lumen. Dogs with irritable bowel syndrome did not show any significant findings. Group II animals with intussusceptions had a bull’s eye appearance with admixture of hypo and hyperechoic areas, faecal retention and fecoliths appeared as hyperechoic areas intra luminally. Foreign bodies appeared as hyperechoic masses with acoustic shadowing. Megacolon showed hyperehoic dilated intestines with presence of mixed echogenic air as well as faecal contents adjacent to the bladder. Group III animals with intra or extra luminal masses appeared as hyperechoic areas. Intra abdominal masses showed mixed echogenic pattern during ultrasonography. Endoscopic examination of rectum and colon revealed inflammatory changes, submucosal haemorrhages, presence of blood, blood clots, thickened and ulcerated mucous membrane in group I. Group II animals showed congested mucosa, presence of faecal materials and in few cases stricture and obliteration of intestinal lumen. Group III animal showed extensive ulceration, bleeding and multiple nodular growths throughout the intestinal tract. Cytological examination of the samples showed presence of inflammatory cells, neutrophils, denuded epithelium and presence of erythrocytes, traces of faecal materials in group I whereas few cellular details were observed in group II. Impression smears and cytological samples revealed different types of cells corresponding to the tumourous growths in group III. The faecal samples collected for sensitive test showed that enrofloxacin was more effective followed by metronidazole, gentamicin, amoxicillin and cloxacillin and streptomycin. Histological sections revealed colitis, eosinophilic colitis, haemorrhagic colitis, lymphocytic colitis, diphtheritic colitis and catarrhal enteritis in group I and in group III animal revealed adenocarcinoma (colon, rectum and anal gland), fibromyxosarcoma, myxosarcoma, basal cell carcinoma, hepatoid tumour, hepatoid carcinoma and perianal gland tumour. AgNoR staining revealed proliferated cells with mitotic bodies in case of anal gland tumour and colonic neoplasia in group III animals. Animals in group I were treated with combination therapy of mesalazine @10 mg/kg body weight thrice daily and enrofloxacin @ 5 mg/kg body weight twice daily along with metronidazole @ 10 mg/kg body weight orally. Loperamide @ 0.08 mg/kg body weight were also used for 14 days. Styptics were also administered to control bleeding. In Ancylostomum caninum positive cases pyrental pamoate @ 5.0 mg/kg body weight and fenbendazole @ 50 mg/kg body weight were administered. Cyclosporine @ 7.5 mg/kg body weight along with ketaconazole @ 10 mg/kg body weight once daily for 16 weeks in anal furunculosis cases. Group II animals were treated surgically for obstruction and intussusceptions. Enterotomy and enteroanastomosis was performed following standard surgical techniques. Surgical excision was followed wherever it was possible for surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in animals with adenocarcinoma and cystic adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Post operatively the cases were followed for a period of six months. Complications like continuous diarrhoea and straining was noticed in group I animals. Faecal incontinence, stricture, diarrhoea, constipation, leakage from anastomotic site and tenesmus were noticed in group II animals. Wound dehiscence, fistulous formation, infection, hair loss and recurrence were noticed in group III animals.