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ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN ARSENIC INDUCED TOXICITY AND ITS AMELIORATION IN BROILER CHICKEN(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-12) TANJU, SAGI; MADHURI, D(MAJOR); ANJANEYULU, Y; DHANA LAKSHMI, KABSTRACT : The objective of the present work was to evaluate the toxic effects of sodium arsenite, As(III) and its amelioration with Moringa leaf powder @ 0.1% and ascorbic acid @ 200 ppm in broiler chicken. In the present study, chicks of day-old age belonging to Vencobb strain were assigned to six groups (I,II,III,IV,V,VI) consisting of eighteen chicks in each group. Group I served as control (basal diet) and birds in group II were given sodium arsenite @ 200 ppm in basal diet for 42 days. Group III and IV were given Moringa oliefera leaf powder and ascorbic acid @ 0.1% and 200 ppm in basal diet respectively. Group V was fed, diet containing sodium arsenite @ 200 ppm and Moringa leaf powder @ 0.1% for 42 days. Birds in group VI were given with sodium arsenite @ 200 ppm and ascorbic acid @ 200 ppm in basal diet for 6 weeks. Clinically, reduced feed intake and decreased body weight gain were observed in birds fed with sodium arsenite and improvement in these were noted in ameliorative groups. Six birds from each group were sacrificed at fortnightly intervals. Blood, serum and tissue samples were collected. Over all mean values of Hb,PCV and TEC levels in control groups were in normal range where as levels were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in toxin group. The serum biochemical assays showed significant (P<0.05) reduction in total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio while significant (P<0.05) increase in AST, creatinine, GGT was observed in group II birds. Oxidative stress parameters revealed significant (P<0.05) decrease of liver GSH in group II. The ameliorative groups V and VI showed marked improvement in all the above parameters as compared to toxic group. Grossly group II birds revealed enlarged liver with hyperemia, haemorrhages on kidney and liver, reduction in the size of spleen and bursa of Fabricius. Histopathological lesions in group II comprised of severe sinusoidal and venous congestion with mononuclear cell infiltration. Kidney sections showed severe congestion, intertubular haemorrhages, hydropic degeneration, cystic spaces and necrosis of epithelium. Severe depletion of germinal centres was observed in sections of spleen. Depletion of lymphocytes and cystic spaces was observed in sections of bursa of Fabricius. Heart sections revealed complete disruption of muscle fibres and heavy mononuclear cell infiltration. Similar types of gross and histopathological lesions were noted in ameliorative groups of less intensity. In conclusion, sodium arsenite caused a significant toxicity in broiler chicken and its amelioration with Moringa oleifera leaf powder and ascorbic acid was effective in combating the arsenic induced toxicity.ThesisItem Open Access TOXICO PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF RAW KARANJ (Pongamia glabra vent) CAKE AND ITS AMELIORATION IN BROILER CHICKS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009) ASHOK KUMAR REDDY, A; ANAND KUMAR, A(MAJOR)ABSTRACT: Pongamia glabra vent, popularly known as karanj, belongs to Leguminaceae family which is a medium sized glabrous tree capable of growing under wide range of agro-climatic conditions. Karanj seed cake is the residue left after oil extraction, having scope for being used as protein source by replacing costly and scares soyabean meal or ground nut cake in poultry ration as it is rich in crude protein and is economical too. It’s incorporation in poultry ration is limited due to the toxic principle karanjin. The present study was undertaken to asses the effects of raw expeller pressed karanj seed cake (EKC) @10% of diet and efficacy of ameliorating agents methionine and activated charcoal @ 0.2% and 0.1% respectively. Day-old broiler chicks were divided into five groups consisting of 18 chicks in each group, various combinations of EKC, methionine and activated charcoal were incorporated as group I: control feed (CF), group II: CF + EKC @ 10%, group III: CF + EKC @ 10% + methionine @ 0.2%, group IV: CF + EKC @ 10% + activated charcoal @ 0.1% and group V: CF + EKC @ 10% + methionine @ 0.2% + activated charcoal @ 0.1% for 6 weeks of experimental period. All the experimental diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric and they were fed through out the experimental period of 6 weeks and the influence of experimental diets on broilers was observed for performance, changes in haematological, serobiochemical parameters, gross and histopathological changes. Body weight gains and feed intake were recorded in each group at weekly intervals. Six birds from each group were sacrificed randomly at fortnight intervals. Blood and serum samples were collected prior to sacrifice for haematological and sero biochemical estimations and tissue samples were collected at necropsy for histopathological studies. Very few birds exhibited loose droppings irrespective of EKC or amelioration groups and mortality was not recorded in any of the groups. Significant (P< 0.05) reduction in the mean body weight gains, feed consumption and increase in FCR in EKC fed group was observed in comparison to control group. Improved body weight gains, feed consumption and feed efficiency in amelioration groups from 2nd week onwards till the end of the experiment in comparison to EKC fed group was observed but the results were still better in methionine amelioration group. Haematological findings revealed that overall mean values of Hb, PCV, TEC and TLC were significantly (P< 0.05) reduced in EKC fed group in comparison to control group, this might be attributed to disturbances in metabolism that lead to deficiency of clotting factors. The serobiochemical studies showed a significant (P< 0.05) reduction in glucose, total protein, albumin and globulin levels while significant (P< 0.05) increase in total cholesterol, creatinine and AST levels in EKC fed group in comparison to control group. The gross pathological findings in EKC fed group included enlargement of heart, liver, kidney and regression of spleen, bursa of Fabricius and congestion of liver and kidney at the end of 6th week. In amelioration groups lesions were mild at the end of 4th week but they almost normal at the end of the experiment. The histopathological changes of EKC fed group revealed severe disruption, degeneration and separation of myocardial fibers in heart, severe sinusoidal congestion, degeneration, necrosis of hepatic cells and diffused lymphoid aggregations in hepatic lobes. Kidney sections showed severe degeneration of tubules and glomeruli, diffused inter tubular haemorrhages and presence of hyaline casts, spleen showed severe lymphoid depletion, thickened trabecular arteries and presence of haemosiderin pigment and bursa revealed depletion of lymphocytes, separation & rupture of follicles and presence of big cystic spaces in the follicles at the end of 6th week. The amelioration groups showed mild lesions in various organs in comparison to EKC fed group which might be due to their protective effect against toxicity induced by EKC. Depending on the results of the present study can be concluded that methionine @ 0.2% is effective in comparison to activated charcoal @ 0.1% in ameliorating the toxicity of raw EKC.ThesisItem Open Access A PATHOLOGICAL STUDY ON GRADED LEVELS OF JATROPHA (Jatropha curcas) DEOILED SEED CAKE TOXICITY IN BROILER CHICKS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-01) ANIL KUMAR; ANAND KUMAR, A(MAJOR); ANJANEYULU, Y; RAJASHEKAR REDDY, AABSTRACT : Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) the medicinal plant of India has potential to solve the growing feed insecurity of world economically at cheaper rate. Jatropha seed cake is rich in crude protein, but proved to be toxic to poultry and livestock unless and until complete oil is not removed. But, the degree of toxicity varies at different concentrations. The present study was undertaken to study the pathological changes in broiler chicks fed with differently graded Jatropha deoiled seed cake. A total 120 day-old male broiler Vencobb strain chicks were divided into 5 groups consisting of 24 birds in each group. Group I was under control feed for the whole experimental period i.e., 6 weeks. Group II was fed with control fed (CF) for 1 – 14 days and then CF + JSC @5% for 15-42 days. Group III was fed with CF JSC @5% for 1 – 42 days. Group IV was fed with CF for 1 – 14 days and CF + JSC @10% for 15 – 42 days. Group V was fed with CF + JSC @10% for 1 – 42 days. The influence of treatment diets on broiler was evaluated in terms of performance, haematological, biochemical, gross and histopathological changes. Body weight gain and feed intake was recorded at weekly intervals in each group. Six birds from each group were sacrificed at fortnightly intervals. Blood, serum and tissue samples were collected for haematological, biochemical profile and hitopathological studies. Treatment groups resulted in significant (P<0.05) reduction in body weight gains, feed consumption and increase in FCR. The percentage mortality in groups III, IV and V was 12.5, 29 and 33 per cent, respectively and in groups I and II no mortality was observed. Clinical signs such as dullness, inappetance, loss of condition, greenish diarrhoea, reduced water intake and muscular and nervous imbalance prior to death in birds of group V were observed. Haematological study revealed that overall mean values of PCV, Hb, TEC and TLC were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in all the treatment groups. Group II and IV showed less reduction as compared to group III and V, respectively. The biochemical profile showed a significant (P<0.05) reduction in total protein, albumin, globulin, HDL cholesterol while significant increase in A/G ratio, ALT, AST, creatinine, bilirubin, total cholesterol and triglycerides was observed in all the treatment groups but the changes were less in group II and IV as compared to group III and V respectively. The gross pathological changes in treatment groups included hydropericardium, enlargement with rounded borders of liver, enteritis, regression in size of spleen and bursa of faricius. The histopathological changes included congestion and haemorrhages in various organs of treatment groups. Fatty changes were found in liver of group III, IV and V and in heart fatty changes were noted in group V. Heart sections revealed separated, disrupted muscle fibres. Liver sections revealed degenerative changes, necrosis in groups IV and V. Enterisis, infilitration of mononuclear cells in villi, broad and eroded villi observed in intestine. Focal shrinkage of glomeruli, degenerative ruptured tubules were noted in kidney sections. Sections of spleen revealed congestion and depletion of germinal centres. Bursa of fabricisus sections showed severe congestion and depletion of lymphoid follicles. The lesions described were more evident in group III and V as compared to group II and IV respectively as prolonged duration of toxicity in group III and V. The present study concluded that the toxicity of Jatropha at 10% level was severe in comparison to 5% level. At same level it’s toxicity was considerably less if the birds were maintained on normal feed for the 1st two weeks as the immune status of the birds will be sufficiently functional to withstand the toxicity.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SHEEP LUNGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-01) SANDHYA, M; MADHURI, D(MAJOR); ANJANEYULU, Y; GOPAL REDDY, AABSTRACT: Multiple etiological and environmental factors contribute to high susceptibility of sheep to pneumonia and pose trouble in control of this malady to sheep farming community. In present investigation, 1713 lungs were collected from slaughterhouses in and around Hyderabad. On detailed gross pathological examination, pneumonia was encountered in 248 lungs. The histopathological examination of lungs revealed interstitial pneumonia (29.03.%), fibrinous pneumonia (27.41%), broncho-pneumonia (22.58%), granulomatous pneumonia (9.67%), suppurative pneumonia (5.24%), Maedi (4.83%), aspiration pneumonia (0.80%), Jaagsiekte (0.40%) and other common conditions like congestion, edema, haemorrhages, emphysema, bronchiectasis etc in (2.01%) cases respectively. In interstitial pneumonia lungs appeared voluminous and enlarged. Histologically, marked thickening of the interalveolar septa and interlobular septa due to haemorrhages and infiltrations of polymorphonuclear cells and mononuclear cells observed. In fibrinous pneumonia lungs were hyperemic and haemorrhagic, stringy, copious exudate was noticed in the bronchioles. Microscopically, fibrinous exudate mixed with neutrophils and macrophages were seen in the alveolar lumen. Bronchopneumonia was characterized by pulmonary tissue showing patchy to diffuse areas of consolidation ranging from red to grayish colour prominent on cranial lobes and copious bronchial exudation. Microscopically, lining epithelium of the bronchioles were hyperplastic with varying amount of exudation in the lumen. Marked mononuclear cells in bronchiolar sub-mucosa and in adjoining alveoli was noted. Granulomatous pneumonia caused by Mycobacterium was noticed as tuberculosis. Localized lesions with caseation were seen in upper lobes of lungs. Histological examination revealed characteristic granulomatous inflammatory reaction forming both caseating and non caseating tubercle. In suppurative pneumonia lungs showed purulent nodules and microscopically heavy neutrophils and cellular debris was observed in the lumen of alveoli. In Maedi, lesions were of interstitial pneumonia type. The lungs were pale and consolidations were prominent. Microscopically, large lymphoid cell aggregates around most of the bronchi, bronchioles and blood vessels was the prominent lesion noticed in all the Maedi affected lung sections. In aspiration pneumonia lungs showed congestion and consolidation. Microscopically the pleura were thickened, edematous and congested. The parenchymatous tissue around the foreign debris was necrosed. Jaagsiekte was characterized by lung consolidation with a few grayish white nodular foci. Histologically normal thin alveolar cells were replaced by cuboidal or columnar cells with papillary projections into the alveoli. Microbial isolation was attempted from some pneumonic cases. The major pathogenic bacteria isolated from bronchopneumonia were E. coli, Pasteurella multocida and Staphylococcus aureus. In fibrinous pneumonic cases pathogenic bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus, E.coli, Pasteurella multocida and Mycobacterium, E.coli, Staphylococcus and Pasteurella multocida were isolated in 16 of 107 cases of interstitial pneumonia. Pathogenic bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated in cases of granulomatous pneumonia. The results of the present study suggested pneumonia could be one of the important cause of death in sheep in Hyderabad. Secondly incidence of granulomatous pneumonia due to mycobacterium spp. has been recorded in 16 lungs (28.57%) suggesting prevalence of TB in sheep in Hyderabad. As this disease causes huge economic losses due to decline in lifetime productivity and death of animal in advance stage of disease. Therefore further studies are to be done to study the seroprevalence of tuberculosis infection in sheep.ThesisItem Open Access PNEUMONIA IN PIGS: A PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDY(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2009-10) LAVANYA, K; RAMADEVI, V (Major); SRILATHA, Ch; ANAND KUMAR, PABSTRACT : In India, pig rearing is very popular amongst the tribal, backward and weaker sections of the society. Apart from this, it is also taken up as intensive farming utilizing the agricultural by- products and garbage for the additional supplementation of income. India, with an estimated pig population of 14 million, ranks 11th and has around 1.41% of the World's pig population. Pneumonia is one of the most important diseases of pigs limiting their production. It causes economic losses by resulting in mortality, reduced growth rates and inefficient feed conversion. By studying the incidence, etiology and patho-morphological changes of pneumonia in pigs, proper control and preventive methods can be undertaken to reduce the economic losses. Keeping this in view, the present study was carried out to record the incidence and to study the etiology along with pathomorphological changes in various types of pig pneumonias. In the present investigation, a total of 350 pigs of either sex and of different age groups from various slaughter houses, field mortalities, private piggery farms located in and around Tirupati and Gannavaram towns and from postmortem examinations conducted at the Colleges of Veterinary Science in Tirupati and Gannavaram were subjected to detailed postmortem examination and the lung samples were collected. On gross and histopathological examination, 216 lungs revealed definitive lesions of various types of pneumonia, accounting to an incidence of 61.71%. Various types of pneumonic conditions that were observed in the pig lungs in the present study were broadly grouped into bronchopneumonia (81.01%), interstitial pneumonia (7.87%), bronchointerstitial pneumonia (8.33%), granulomatous pneumonia (0.46%) and verminous pneumonia (2.31%) types. Of these, bronchopneumonia cases were further subdivided into acute suppurative bronchopneumonia (76.57%), chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia (8.57%), fibrinous bronchopneumonia (12.0%) and necrotizing bronchopneumonia (2.85%) cases basing on the predominance of exudates composed of either neutrophils or fibrin. Acute suppurative bronchopneumonia cases were characterized by cranioventral consolidation in the apical and cardiac lobes grossly and alveolar congestion, edema, presence of inflammatory cellular exudates in the lumen of the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli consisting of abundant neutrophils, few macrophages and cellular debris and acute bronchiolitis microscopically. The bronchial lymph nodes were haemorrhagic. E.coli, Pseudomonas sps, Pasteurella sps, Streptococcus sps, Salmonella sps and Klebsiella sps were isolated from acute suppurative bronchopneumonia cases. Chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia cases showed lobular pattern of consolidation cranioventrally with small purulent foci or abscesses grossly. The microscopic lesions like infiltration of neutrophils in the lumen of bronchioles and alveoli, fibrosis of the alveolar septa and areas of suppuration with abscess formation were noticed. In some abscesses, the oat cells were streaming at the margins of the purulent centres. Coagulase positive Staphylococci were majorly isolated from abscesses. Streptococcus sps, E.coli, coagulase negative Staphylococcus and Bacillus sps were the other organisms isolated from these cases. Fibrinous bronchopneumonia cases were characterized grossly by cranioventral consolidation, prominent interlobular septa and thickened pleura. Microscopically, alveoli revealed serofibrinous exudates, red blood cells, few neutrophils and mononuclear cells. The interlobular septa were dilated, edematous along with congested blood vessels and dilated lymphatics and filled with fibrin. The pleura were markedly thickened due to fibrinous exudates and slight proliferation of fibroblasts and haemorrhages were noticed in the bronchial lymph nodes. Pasteurella sps were the major organisms isolated from these cases and Pseudomonas sps and E. coli were the other organisms. Necrotizing bronchopneumonia cases showed irregular shaped nodules that revealed necrosis grossly. Microscopically, areas of coagulative necrosis with accumulation of polymorphs showing karyorrhexis of the nuclei at the periphery were evident. Ectatic and ectatic like bronchioles were filled with necrotic material with a continuous layer or fragments of bronchiolar epithelium. Coagulase positive Staphylococci and Pseudomonas sps were the major organisms isolated from these lesions and the other organisms isolated were E. coli, Pasteurella sps and Streptococcus sps. The lungs were pale, heavy and firm with elastic or rubbery texture grossly in interstitial pneumonia cases. The microscopic lesions noticed were thickened alveolar septa and alveoli lined by cuboidal epithelial cells and filled with mononuclear cells, macrophages and desquamated epithelial cells. Presence of extensive lymphoid follicular aggregates in the peribronchial, peribronchiolar and perivascular spaces and peribronchial and perivascular fibrosis were also noticed. Salmonella sps were the organisms isolated majorly from these cases and Streptococcus sps, E. coli, Proteus sps, Klebsiella sps and coagulase negative Staphylococcus were the other organisms isolated. Grossly, the lungs in the bronchointerstitial pneumonia cases were heavy, edematous, reddened, consolidated throughout and failed to collapse when thorax was opened. Microscopically, the presence of both bronchiolar and diffuse alveolar damage, desquamation of bronchial epithelium and an influx of neutrophils into the alveolar lumen were noticed. The alveoli were lined by cuboidal type II pneumocytes. The lymph nodes revealed congestion, haemorrhages and depletion of lymphocytes in the lymphoid follicles. Classical swine fever virus was demonstrated along with secondary bacterial infections like Pasteurella sps, E. coli and Streptococcus sps in the bronchointerstitial pneumonia cases. Granulomatous pneumonia case was characterized by the presence of small granulomas in the lung consisting of a foreign body in the center surrounded by epithelioid cells, macrophages, eosinophils, lymphocytes and with an outer rim of connective tissue. E.coli and coagulase negative Staphylococcus were isolated from this case of pneumonia. Verminous pneumonia cases revealed small grey nodules in the cranioventral border of the diaphragmatic lobes of the lungs with the presence of adult worms belonging to Metastrongylus sps grossly. Microscopically, the presence of parasitic sections in the lumen of the bronchioles and thickened alveolar walls by infiltrated mononuclear cells and multinucleated giant cells were noticed. The bronchial epithelium was desquamated and eosinophils, lymphocytes and neutrophils infiltrated the mucosa. Peri bronchiolar and perivascular fibrosis was noticed in the chronic cases. In total, 67 primary isolates of bacteria were obtained in the present study from various types of pneumonias. Pasteurella sps (20.89%) were the major organisms isolated followed by E.coli (17.91%), Pseudomonas sps (13.43%), Streptococcus sps (13.43%), coagulase positive (11.94%) and negative (7.46%) Staphylococci, Salmonella sps (7.46%), Klebsiella sps (2.98%), Bacillus sps (2.98%) and Proteus sps (1.49 %). Immunohistochemical staining of few lung sections was carried out with antibodies to cytokeratin, CD4, CD8, CD68 and plasma cell (IgG1) markers. Intense specific staining for cytokeratin was noticed in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of bronchi, alveoli and the bronchial glands in pneumonic lungs when compared to the normal lungs. The tissue sections from pneumonic lungs also revealed the presence of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes and CD68+ macrophages and IgG1 positive plasma cells in the peribronchial areas. Transmission electron microscopic studies conducted on samples of lung tissues showing interstitial pneumonia in the present study revealed the ultrastructural changes like thickening of inter alveolar septa, lymphoid hyperplasia in BALT, proliferation of Type II pneumocytes and heavy infiltration of inflammatory cells. The lymphocytes revealed distribution of chromatin towards margins and vacuolation in the nucleolemma and cytoplasm. Different shapes of nuclei and prominent chromatin materials were noticed in the macrophages. Type II pneumocytes showed degenerative changes like vacuolation in cytoplasm and nucleus, margination of chromatin material, clumping of outer and inner nuclear membranes, swollen mitochondria with loss of cristae, dense and thickened rough endoplasmic reticulum and electron dense bodies without any encapsulation in the cytoplasm. The present investigation revealed that pneumonia is a major health problem in pig population in the area of study with an incidence of 61.71 %. It was also evident that the etiology is complex and multifactorial. The pathomorphological changes indicated that the pneumonias can result in high morbidity and mortality leading to economic losses.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON 7.5% KARANJ CAKE (Pongamia glabra )TOXICITY AND ITS AMELIORATION INBROILER CHICKENS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2009-10) SUCHARITA, A; MADHURI, D (Major); SRILATHA, Ch; NARASIMHA REDDY, YABSTRACT ; Karanj cake, an unconventional protein rich agro industrial by product can be included in poultry ration upto a certain level in partial replacement of costlier conventional protein ingradients. Keeping in view of the hepato toxic and nephro toxic nature of karanj cake, the present experiment was undertaken to study the effect of dietary incorporation of 7.5 % expeller karanj cake in partial replacement of soya bean meal and its amelioration with 1.5 % NaOH (w/w) and 0.1 % activated charcoal, inorder to find out the suitability of its inclusion in poultry ration . The present study was conducted at Poultry experimental station, C.V.Sc, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad with 90 day-old commercial male Vencobb broiler chicks. The chicks were divided into 5 treatment groups and each group was further replicated to 3 of 6 chicks each. The experiment was carried out for 6 weeks. G-1 birds were fed with basal diet as such and G-2 was maintained on 7.5 % raw expeller karanj cake incorporated basal diet, and G-3 was fed on 7.5 % EKC along with charcoal, while G-4 and G-5 were provided with 1.5 % NaOH (w/w) treated EKC alone and in combination with 0.1 % activated charcoal in basal diet for 42 days respectively. Clinically all the birds were normal, however, marked growth depression was noticed in birds fed on expeller karanj cake diet (G-2) birds as compared to other groups. Ameliorative groups showed improvement in respect of body weights, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio, indicating their positive action against karanj cake toxicity. Six birds from each group were sacrificed at the end of 2nd, 4th and 6th week and blood and serum were collected for studying the haemato- biochemical parameters. Haematological profile of the present study revealed significant (P > 0.05) reduction of TEC, PCV, Hb and TLC values in G-2 with respect to other groups. The serum biochemical profile of the present study revealed significant reduction of protein profile, cholesterol levels and a significant (P > 0.05) increase of creatinine, AST, glucose and A/G ratio levels in comparison to other groups. The hematological and biochemical profile of the ameliorative groups G-4 and G-5 showed better improvement in comparison to G-3 birds. A detailed necropsy was conducted on birds of all the groups and various organs were collected for studying the gross and histopathological changes. The gross and histopathological changes in G-2 birds comprised of marked congestion and enlargement of liver with marked central venous congestion, mild degenerative changes (hydropic degeneration) in histopathological sections. Kidneys exhibited gross changes like enlargement and marked congestion which were correlated with marked intertubular haemorrhages, congestion and severe degenerative changes in histopathological sections. Bursa and spleen showed slight reduction in size and histopathological sections revealed mild to moderate depletion of lymphocytes in the respective organs. However, intestine did not reveal either gross or histopathological changes during the experimental period. The gross and histopathological changes of the ameliorative groups G-4 and G-5 were mild type in comparison to moderate changes exhibited by G-3 birds. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that dietary incorporation of 7.5 % EKC resulted in significant toxico pathological effects in broiler chicken. Alkali treatment with 1.5% NaoH alone (G-4) or in combination with 0.1% activated charcoal (G-5) showed better ameliorative effect than 0.1% activated charcoal alone (G-3) in counteracting the toxic effects of karanj cake.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SODIUM ARSENITE INDUCED TOXICITY AND ITS AMELIORATION BY ANTIOXIDANTS IN BROILER CHICKS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2009-10) KALAVATHI, S; ANAND KUMAR, A.A (Major); SRI LATHA, Ch; RAJA SEKHAR REDDY, AABSTRACT : Arsenic is a heavy metal resulting in to toxicity in livestock and poultry as it is abundantly present in the air, water and also as industrial pollutant leads to oxidative stress. The present study was undertaken to study the pathological studies on sodium arsenite induced toxicity and its amelioration by antioxidants in broiler chicks. Day old broiler chicks were divided into 6 groups of 18 birds each. Group I was served with basal diet for 6 weeks. Group II :basal diet + Sodium arsenite (150 ppm) for 6 weeks. Group III : basal diet + Ascorbic acid (200 ppm) for 6 weeks. Group IV : basal diet + Vitamin-E (300 ppm) for 6 weeks. Group V : basal diet + Sodium arsenite (150 ppm) + Ascorbic acid (200 ppm) for 6 weeks. Group VI : basal diet + Sodium arsenite (150 ppm) + Vitamin-E (300 ppm) for 6 weeks. Body weight gains, feed consumption and FCR were recorded in each group at weekly intervals. Blood, serum and tissue samples were collected for haemato-biochemical, oxidative stress and histopathological studies. Feeding of sodium arsenite @ 150 ppm resulted in significant reduction in the body weight gains, feed consumption and increase in FCR. Dullness, depression, loss of appetite, dehydration, reduced feed consumption and body weights were observed in the birds fed with sodium arsenite alone. Haematological studies revealed that overall mean values of Hb, PCV, TEC and TLC were significantly reduced in sodium arsenite group in comparison to other groups. The biochemical assays showed significant reduction in total protein, albumin and globulin while significant increase in AST, creatinine, GGT and A/G ratio was observed in sodium arsenite group. In As + Ascorbic acid and As + Vitamin-E groups showed significant improvement in all the parameters in comparison to sodium arsenite group. Oxidative stress showed significant decrease in GSH in sodium arsenite group.In As + Ascorbic acid and As + Vitamin-E groups showed significant improvement. The gross pathological changes in sodium arsenite induced group reveald echymotic haemorrhages on heart, congestion and fine streaks of linear haemorrhages on liver congestion of intestinal mucosa, swollen kidneys and haemorrahgic and regressed spleen. The histopathological changes in sodium arsenite group revealed disruption of cardiac muscle bundles, fatty change in heart. Liver sections showed sinusoidal congestion, fatty changes, focal areas of lymphoid aggregation. Fibrous tissue proliferation around the central vein, degeneration and necrosis. Section of intestine showed few broad, united villi and tips were disruptured, sub mucosal congestion and presence of petechiae. Kidney sections showed inter and intra tubular haemorrhages, congestion, fatty change, infiltration of mononuclear cells and degeneration of tubules. Spleen sections showed depletion of lymphocytes, thickening of trabecular arteries and haemorrhages. Depletion of lymphocytes, atrophy of bursal follicles and cystic spaces were observed in bursa of Fabricius. In As + Ascorbic acid and As + Vitamin-E groups lesions were mild in various organs, which might be due to protective effect of antioxidants. The present study concluded that Ascorbic acid @ 200 ppm and Vitamin-E @ 300 ppm in feed were effective in counteracting the toxic effect of arsenic.