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Open Access
CLINICO-DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON RENAL DISEASE IN DOGS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-12) CHAITANYA, YALAVARTHI; LAKSHMI RANI, N (MAJOR); VAIKUNTA RAO, V; RAVI KUMAR, P; SREENU, MAKKENA
During the study period of two years, the occurrence of renal diseases in dogs accounted up to 3.40 per cent in. Among the affected dogs, 18.24 per cent suffered with acute kidney injury, whereas 81.76 per cent were of chronic kidney disease. Kidney diseases were more prevalent in male dogs, aged above 8 years and the occurrence was more in Pomeranian (30.82%). In the affected dogs, the clinical presentation varied from asymptomatic to typical clinical signs. Detailed haemato- biochemical examination and imaging studies performed in 128 dogs revealed that, 25 dogs were affected with AKI and 103 dogs had CKD. The dogs with CKD were further categorized into four stages based on SDMA values as stage I, II, III and IV. The SDMA values in the affected dogs ranged from 14 to 152 μg/dL. Sub staging of CKD dogs was done based on UPC and Blood pressure. Significant difference (P0.05) was noticed in mean values of PI and RI in acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease stage I and II with the healthy control while the same in chronic kidney disease stage III and IV varied significantly (P0.05) was noticed in mean values of LA/Ao and M mode echocardiographic findings in dogs with acute kidney injury which varied significantly (P<0.05) in chronic kidney disease. Therapy was initiated in dogs with kidney diseases by using herbal antioxidant, diuretic, phosphate binders, antibiotics, diuretic, ACE inhibitors, nutritional therapy, haematinics, fluid therapy along with specific treatment and were monitored for a period of 3 months. The survival percentage of dogs with acute kidney injury (Group I) was 84.00% per cent (21/25). The survival percentage was 100.00 per cent in Group IIa (17/17) and IIb (15/15) i.e., chronic kidney disease stage I and stage II, where as it was 80.00 per cent (20/25) in CKD stage III (Group IIc) and 56.00 per cent (26/46) in chronic kidney disease stage IV (Group IId). Significant difference (p<0.05) was recorded in the SDMA/creatinine ratio(9.20±0.18 in survivors vs 12.07 ± 0.42 in non survivors, BUN ( 82.53±1.84 mg/dL vs 148.62±12.82mg/dL), product of calcium and phosphorus(58.22±2.02 vs 89.32±1.92), sodium to potassium ratio (39.42±1.02 vs 48.93±1.32) , UPC (1.92±0.22 vs 3.86±0.52 ) and resistive index (0.62±0.56 vs 0.74±0.24) between survivors and non survivors
Open Access
STUDIES ON SUBCLINICAL KETOSIS IN BUFFALOES
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-06) SRINIVAS, YETURI; LAKSHMI RANI, N (MAJOR); SURESH, K; ANAND KUMAR, P
The present study was carried out to assess the prevalence of subclinical ketosis among 900 buffaloes from organized and unorganized herds, out of which 179 buffaloes were screened. The prevalence of subclinical ketosis was 20.67 % (37/179) based on serum BHB values. The high prevalence was observed in early lactation and among buffaloes of third lactation. Majority of the affected buffaloes (70.27 %) were high yielders with >10 lts of milk/day. The diagnostic efficacy of modified Rothera’s test and hand held ketometer were compared with serum BHB estimation by laboratory method. The blood BHB levels using hand held meter had significant correlation (Pearson’s r=0.965; p<0.01) with the serum BHB levels measured by the colorimetry. The sensitivity and specificity of modified Rothera’s test was 21.62% and 100% while that of hand held meter was 95% and 90%, respectively. The results of the study showed that serum glucose, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, TAC, calcium and phosphorus concentrations were significantly lower (P<0.05) in buffaloes with subclinical ketosis. In addition, there was positive correlation between the serum BHB and MDA and negative correlation between BHB and glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total proteins, calcium, phosphorous and zinc. A total of 16 buffaloes were randomly divided into two groups (I and II). Group I buffaloes were treated with conventional therapy Gluca-boost® @ 200 ml/day for 6 days while Group II were treated with SEZ® @ 20 gms/day for 20 days along with Gluca-boost®. The therapeutic evaluation was done based upon clinical improvement, alterations in serum biochemical parameters, MDA and TAC. The maximum improvement was noticed in Group II buffaloes with more prominent reduction in MDA and improvement in TAC was in this group. The comparison of pre-therapeutic values of BHB, glucose, serum cholesterol, MDA and TAC revealed significant improvement in Group II compared to Group I. The therapeutic outcome was better with incorporation of trace elements vitamin E, selenium and zinc with antioxidant properties.
Open Access
CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY IN DOGS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-02) BHARGAVI, MATLI; VAIKUNTA RAO, V (MAJOR); LAKSHMI RANI, N; SRINIVASA RAO, G; SUBRAMANYAM, K.V.
The aim of the present study was to identify the survival and prognostic findings in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy, to quantify the cardiac dysfunction in dilated cardiomyopathy with M- mode and doppler echocardiographic examination and to study the efficacy of therapy adopted in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy. Among 262 dogs presented with clinical signs of cardiac disease, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) was diagnosed in 26dogs.The present study revealed high occurrence of DCM in Labrador Retriever (76.92 per cent) followed by German Shepherd (11.54 per cent), Cocker Spaniel (3.85 per cent), Doberman Pinscher (3.85 per cent) and Rottweiler (3.85 per cent). Dogs in the age group of 4-8 years (61.54 per cent) had high occurrence of DCM followed by above 8 years (34.61 per cent) and below 4 years (3.85 per cent). Occurrence was more common in males (76.92 per cent) than females (23.08 per cent). The prominent clinical signs noticed in dogs with DCM were exercise intolerance, inappetence, lethargy, cough, weight loss, abdominal distension, laboured breathing, pedal edema and syncope. The physical examination findings in dogs with DCM included tachycardia, dyspnoea, ascites, pale mucous membranes, systolic murmur, crackles and gallop rhythm. Haematological studies in DCM dogs revealed decreased haemoglobin, packed cell volume and total erythrocyte count, while leukogram showed significant neutrophilic leukocytosis. Serum biochemical profile showed elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), decreased levels of serum potassium and normal levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, serum creatinine and serum sodium in dogs with DCM. Qualitative estimation of cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) was found to be negative in all the dogs with DCM. NT-proBNP levels showed significant elevation in dogs with DCM. The prominent electrocardiographic findings noticed in dogs with DCM were low voltage QRS complexes, tall R wave, atrial premature complexes, ventricular premature complexes, sinus tachycardia, prolonged QRS complexes, ventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation and second degree atrioventricular block. The vertebral heart score and cardiothoracic ratio were significantly increased in dogs with DCM. The predominant thoracic radiographic findings in DCM dogs were cardiomegaly, pulmonary edema, left atrial enlargement, pleural effusion and pericardial effusion. Two dimensional echocardiography in dogs with DCM showed significant elevation of left atrium dimensions and LA/Ao; whereas aorta dimensions were significantly decreased. M-mode echocardiography revealed significant increase in LVIDd, LVIDs, EDV, ESV and EPSS in dogs with DCM, when compared with apparently healthy dogs. There was significant reduction in the values of LVPWd, LVPWs, IVSd and IVSs in DCM dogs, highly significant decrease in left ventricular contractility indices (FS and EF) were observed in dogs with DCM, when compared to apparently healthy dogs. Pulsed wave Doppler and continuous wave Doppler echocardiographic findings revealed mitral valve regurgitation in ten dogs with DCM. Color flow Doppler echocardiography depicted turbulent blood flow indicating mitral valve regurgitation in ten dogs with DCM. Tissue Doppler imaging in DCM dogs showed decreased systolic velocity, early diastolic velocity, late diastolic velocity and significant increase of Em:Am with normal isovolumic relaxation time and isovolumic contraction time. The unfavourable prognostic indicators identified in dogs with DCM were: signalment of dogs aged above 8 years; clinical signs of weight loss, open mouth breathing, orthopnoea, syncope; tachycardia and ascites on physical examination; high serum creatinine on serum biochemical profile; atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia on electrocardiogram; pulmonary edema and pleural effusion on thoracic radiography; fractional shortening below 10 percent and ejection fraction below 25 percent on M-mode echocardiography and restrictive transmitral flow pattern on pulsed wave Doppler echocardiography. Dogs with DCM were randomly allotted to two different treatment groups (Group-I and Group-II) and kept under treatment for a period of ninty (90) days. Group- I dogs were treated with pimobendan, enalapril, furosemide and cardiostrength. Group- II dogs were treated with pimobendan, hawthorn extract, enalapril, furosemide and cardiostrength. A noticeable improvement in clinical signs, electrocardiographic findings, thoracic radiographic findings, left ventricular dimensions and left ventricular contractility indices was observed in the two treatment groups after ninty days of treatment when compared to the pre-treatment values. There was no significant difference noticed in the left ventricular dimensions and the left ventricular contractility indices in between the treatment groups. However, the combination of hawthorn with the conventional treatment reduced the dose rate of the conventional drugs to half of their original dose and prolonged survival time was recorded when compared to the dogs treated with conventional therapy alone.
Open Access
CLINICAL, HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON ANEMIA IN BUFFALOES
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-06) PRIYANKA, GANDEPALLI; LAKSHMI RANI, N (MAJOR); VAIKUNTA RAO, V; SREEDEVI, C
ABSTRACT: Anemia in buffaloes is characterized by the decrease in hematocrit, the mass of erythrocytes and/or haemoglobin. Further, the condition is of great importance as it causes direct and indirect economic lossess to the farmers. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of anemia in buffaloes, to explore the probable etiology, hemato-biochemical alterations and mineral profiles in anemic buffaloes. Out of 1096 buffaloes of different age, sex reared under different managemental practices (dairy farms and individual farmers) in Krishna district, 116 (10.58 %) animals were anemic. The prevalence of anemia was higher in buffalo calves (18.08%) followed by prepubertal heifers (16.25%) aged between 1-3 years and less in adult buffaloes ( 9.33%). The anemic buffaloes were categorized as mild (Hct of 20-26), moderate (Hct of 14-19) and severe (Hct of <14). Buffaloes with Hct >26 were considered as nonanemic. The percent prevalence of anemia revealed mild, moderate and severe anemia in 53.45%, 38.79% and 7.76% buffaloes, respectively. The anemic buffaloes exhibited tachycardia in 85.34 per cent, pale mucous membranes in 86.20 per cent and prolonged capillary refill time in 63.79 per cent, decreased milk yield was recorded in all the lactating buffaloes with anemia. The anemic buffaloes showed significant increase (P<0.01) in the capillary refill time (sec) and significant reduction (P<0.01) was observed in the mean rumen motility of the three anemic groups when compared to healthy group. The results of the hematological picture in anemic buffaloes revealed a significant reduction in RBC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC in buffaloes with insignificant changes in total leucocyte count and differential leucocyte when compared to control group. The serum biochemical analysis showed that anemic buffaloes revealed significant reduction in total protein and glucose while elevation in serum creatinine and serum bilirubin were significantly increased only in severely anemic buffaloes. Significantly low (P<0.01) values of macro and micro-minerals were recorded in anemic buffaloes than the healthy control. Iron deficiency was recorded in 67.24 per cent of the anemic buffaloes.The mean serum iron concentrations (μg/dl) recorded in mild (76.80±5.02), moderate (64.01±4.17) and severe anemic buffaloes (36.11±3.66) was significantly low (P<0.01) when compared to healthy control (127.67±8.90 μg/dl). The macro-mineral status in anemic buffaloes revealed phosphorus deficiency in 55.17 per cent anemic buffaloes followed by calcium (41.38 %) and magnesium in 18.10 per cent buffaloes. The per cent of anemic buffaloes deficient for copper, zinc and cobalt were 22.41, 18.97 and 15.51, respectively. Mineral deficiency and parasites were the major causes of anemia in the present study. Mineral deficiency contributed to anemia in 72.41 per cent of the anemic buffaloes while parasitic etiology was recorded in 49.13% buffaloes. Among the 72.41 per cent mineral deficient buffaloes, single mineral deficiency was observed in 17.24 per cent (20/116) while in 55.20 per cent (64/116) of the anemic buffaloes exhibited multi mineral deficiency. The parasitic etiology in the present study included gastrointestinal parasites (22.41%), haemoparasites (15.52%), nasal schistosomes in 3.45 per ent and ectoparasites (7.75%). Among the anemic buffaloes, 40 mild and moderate anemic buffaloes were subjected for therapy in two groups, each group consisting of 10 mild and 10 moderate anemic buffaloes. Specific treatment was given for all the 40 buffaloes to address the primary cause. Group I buffaloes subjected to treatment with oral administration of hematinic (aRBCe RAKKT) and Group II buffaloes were treated with combination of oral hematinic along with mineral mixture (Boostmin). The efficacy was judged based on clinical improvement, monitoring of haematological, biochemical and serum mineral profiles at weekly intervals. Though both the groups responded to the treatment, Group II anemic buffaloes responded in comparatively shorter period. The average days of recovery in mild anemic buffaloes was 30.8 days in Group I and 25.2 days in Group II. While the same for moderate anemia was 39.9 days and 33.6 days, respectively. It was concluded from the study that oral hematinics are effective in mild and moderate anemia but supplementation of mineral mixture along with oral hematinics hastened the recovery rate.
Open Access
CLINICO-DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON ANAPLASMOSIS IN BOVINES
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-06) RAJESWARI, ANNEPU; Vaikunta Rao, V (MAJOR); Lakshmi Rani, N; Ramani Pushpa, R.N.
ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to study the occurrence of anaplasmosis in bovines in certain parts of Coastal Andhra Pradesh, to record the clinical signs and haematobiochemical changes in bovine anaplasmosis, to diagnose the bovine anaplasmosis by blood smear examination and PCR and to assess the efficacy of therapy adopted in bovines with anaplasmosis. The study revealed that occurrence of anaplasmosis in bovines was 11.54 per cent. In the present study cattle were more affected than buffaloes. The Anaplasma marginale was identified from the blood samples of the clinical cases by PCR with an expected amplicon size of 458 bp. The most prominent clinical signs observed in bovine anaplasmosis were inappetence, pale mucous membranes, reduced milk yield, pyrexia, icterus, depression, brown coloured urine, lymph node enlargement, weight loss, ectoparasite infestation, respiratory distress, diarrhoea and bloody faeces. Haematological study showed anaemia with normal leukogram. Serum biochemical profile revealed hike in serum total bilirubin level and fall in albumin, calcium, phosphorus and glucose. However total protein and AST values were within normal range. Single dose of oxytetracycline LA @ 20 mg/kg b.wt and imidocarb dipropionate @ 3 mg/kg b.wt I/M were found to be useful in the treatment of bovine anaplasmosis caused by A. marginale.
Open Access
CLINICO –DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON OVINE HAEMONCHOSIS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-06) HANUMANTHA RAO, VUNNAM; SURESH, K(MAJOR); Lakshmi Rani, N; Sreedevi, C
ABSTRACT:The present study was undertaken to record the occurrence of haemonchosis, to study the clinical signs and haemato biochemical changes as well as to determine the therapeutic efficiency of anthelmintic drugs in sheep infected with H. contortus. Out of 823 sheep screened by faecal examination, Strongyle ova were seen in 130 sheep which were subjected to faecal cultures. Haemonchus spp. alone was identified in 118 sheep and Haemonchus spp. along with Trichostrongulus spp. in the remaining 12 sheep. The occurrence of haemonchosis in the present study accounts for 15.79 per cent. The occurrence of haemonchosis was highest in below one year age group, Nellore cross breed and females. The clinical signs commonly observed in sheep affected with haemonchosis in the present study were anorexia, depression to lethargy and pale mucous membranes. The mean EPG recorded in sheep affected with haemonchosis was 1079.17±14.69. Haematology revealed a significant decrease in haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count and lymphocytes whereas significant increase in total leucocyte count, neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes were recorded. Serum biochemistry revealed a significant decrease in total protein, albumin and glucose while significant increase in total bilirubin and AST were recorded. Therapeutic trial was conducted by dividing the sheep into three groups with 12 in each group using three different anthelmintics viz., closantel, ivermectin and Allium sativum. Closantel was more efficacious followed by ivermectin and then Allium sativum in the treatment of haemonchosis in sheep. Allium sativum can be used as a safe, cheap, reliable and readily available alternative to highly expensive and unavailable conventional anthelmintics in the treatment of haemonchosis in sheep.
Open Access
CLINICO –DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON HAEMORRHAGIC ENTERITIS IN DOGS ASSOCIATED WITH BACTERIAL INVOLVEMENT
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-05) SREELAKSHMI, PENIKALAPATI; Shobhamani, B(MAJOR); Lakshmi Rani, N; Rama Devi, V
Haemorrhagic enteritis in dogs is the most commonly prevalent gastrointestinal disorder throughout the globe. The present research was undertaken to identify etiological agents, to document the clinical signs and haemato-biochemical alterations and to treat the bacterial haemorrhagic enteritis in dogs with suitable therapeutic regimen. Eighty four diarrhoeic dogs were screened, of them 37 dogs were suffering from haemorrhagic enteritis with an incidence rate of 44.04 percent. Diagnosis of haemorrhagic enteritis was mainly done by history and clinical examination was carried out to record clinical signs. The etiological agents for haemorrhagic diarrhoea were determined by faecal culture and microscopic examination of the faecal samples. Out of the 37 dogs suffering with haemorrhagic enteritis, faecal samples from 20 dogs were randomly collected and were subjected for isolation and identification of bacteria by faecal culture examination. In the present study, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria like Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp. and Proteus spp. were isolated from 14 (70%), 7 (35%), 4 (20%). 3 (15%) and one (5%) patients respectively. Whereas concurrent infection with intestinal parasites / protozoa revealed the presence of Ancylostome spp. in three patients, Coccidia spp. in one patient and Toxocara spp. in one patient. For determination of age, breed and gender wise incidence the 37 dogs affected with haemorrhagic enteritis were taken into account. Age wise incidence revealed that there was no significant variation in the percentage of dogs affected. Incidence of haemorrhagic enteritis in below 6 months age was 45.45 per cent, whereas in the age groups of 6 months to 1 year and more than 1 year the incidence was 45 and 40 per cent respectively. The breed wise incidence was 72.72, 66.66, 42.85, 40, 38.88, 33.33, 33.33, 20 and 14.28 per cent in Mongrel, Labrador retriever, German shepherd, Dobermann, Pomeranian, Rottweiler, Dachshund, Lhasa apso and Cocker spaniel respectively. In male and female dogs the incidence was 44.23 percent and 43.75 percent respectively. The most frequently observed clinical signs in haemorrhagic enteritis infected dogs were dullness, depression, bloody diarrhoea, anorexia, emesis and varying degrees of dehydration. Other less frequently observed signs were pyrexia, subnormal temperature, pale conjunctiva, recumbence and death. The haemato-biochemical alterations in haemorrhagic enteritis infected dogs include, significant increase in mean total leucocyte count and neutrophil counts as compared to control group (Group I). Whereas significant decrease was recorded in mean haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count, total serum protein, serum glucose, serum sodium, serum potassium and serum chloride. Twelve (12) haemorrhagic enteritis dogs associated with bacteria were randomly divided into Group II and Group III for therapeutic trial. The patients in Group II were treated with amikacin, ondansetron, ethamsylate, rantidine and fluid therapy and Group III was administered with combination of amikacin, probiotic, ondansetron, ethamsylate, rantidine and fluid therapy. With regard to therapeutic efficacy the magnitude of improvement and reversal of normalcy in certain clinical parameters and various haemato biochemical parameters was far better in Group III patients as compared to patients in Group II. To conclude,the first choice of therapeutic regimen to treat haemorrhagic diarrhoea associated with bacteria is a combination of amikacin, probiotic along with supportive therapy.
Open Access
CLINICO–DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES ON CERTAIN SYSTEMIC DISEASES IN GERIATRIC DOGS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-02) SHAJU, LAIMI ELIZABETH; SYAAMA SUNDAR, N (MAJOR); VAIKUNTA RAO, V; ASWANI KUMAR, K
The aim of the study was to find out the incidence of certain systemic diseases in geriatric dogs, to record the clinical signs and haemato-biochemical and abdominal ultrasonographic changes in geriatric dogs with certain systemic diseases, to study the findings of thoracic radiography, electrocardiography and echocardiographic examination in geriatric dogs with acquired heart diseases. The study revealed that acquired heart diseases, genital diseases, urinary system diseases, respiratory diseases, periodontal diseases and diseases of eye and ear are common in geriatric dogs. It was observed that various systemic diseases were common in Pomeranian dogs with higher occurrence in males. The study revealed that mitral valve insufficiency is the predominant acquired heart disease in geriatric dogs, followed by tricuspid valve insufficiency, DCM, pericardial effusion and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In genital diseases pyometra and prostatomegaly were diagnosed. In urinary system diseases chronic kidney disease was the predominant condition observed in the present study. Other urinary diseases observed were cystitis and urolithiasis. The predominant respiratory system disease observed as tracheobronchitis followed by tracheal collapse, pulmonary edema and pleurisy. Other geriatric conditions observed in the present study were periodontal diseases and diseases of eye and ear. Haematological findings in geriatric dogs with certain systemic diseases were low haemoglobin, TEC and PCV and neutrophilic leukocytosis. The serum biochemical estimation of geriatric dogs with concerned systemic diseases revealed increased ALT, ALP, BUN, creatinine and decrease in total protein and albumin in general. The thoracic radiographic findings in dogs with mitral valve disease were left atrial enlargement, roundening of anterior border of heart, elevation of trachea, pulmonary congestion and edema. The prominent thoracic radiographic findings in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy were cardiomegaly, pulmonary congestion and edema, enlargement of left atrium and plural effusions. The radiographic findings of dogs with tricuspid valve disease were right atrial enlargement, elevation of trachea and right ventricular enlargement. The thoracic radiographic findings of pericardial disease were plural effusions, pericardial effusions and cardiomegaly. The thoracic radiographic findings in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were cardiomegaly and pulmonary congestion and edema. Thoracic radiographic findings in respiratory diseases observed were tracheobronchial infiltration and interstitial pattern of lung parenchyma, increased fluid density of lung lobes, tracheal collapse and pleurisy. Abdominal radiography findings in lateral abdominal radiograph of bitches with pyometra was sausage like fluid filled tubular structure located between the descending colon and urinary bladder and survey radiograph of caudal abdomen revealed enlargement of the size of prostate gland in prostatomegaly. The abdominal ultrasound findings in urinary system diseases were indistinct cortico-medullary junction, hyperechoic cortex, Increased wall thickness of urinary bladder and cystolith in the lumen of urinary bladder. The abdominal ultrasonography findings in dogs with pyometra was fluid filled sacculations (anechoic) with variable wall thickness were visualized. In prostatomegaly enlargement of gland with multifocular hyperechoic parenchyma were noticed. The predominant electrocardiographic findings in dogs with mitral valve disease observed were sinus tachycardia, atrial fibrillation and S-T coving. The predominant electrocardiographic findings in dilated cardiomyopathy were sinus tachycardia, S-T coving, left atrial and ventricular enlargement and atrial fibrillation. In pericardial effusion the only ECG finding was sinus tachycardia. In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy left ventricular enlargement and sinus tachycardia were observed. In the present study, dogs with mitral valve insufficiency had significant increase in mean ±SE values of LVIDd, LVIDs, EDV and ESV and significant decrease in values of LVPWd, LVPWs, FS and EF when compared to control group. The values of IVSd, IVSs and LA/Ao ratio were not significantly different compared to control group. In dilated cardiomyopathy significant increase in mean ±SE values of LVIDd, LVIDs, LA/AO,EDV and ESV, and significant decrease in the LVPWd, LVPWs, FS and EF were observed. In tricuspid valve insufficiency significant increase in EDV and ESV observed and other values had no significant difference compared to control group. In pericardial effusion significant increase in IVSs, LA/AO, EDV and ESV and significant decrease in FS and EF. In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, significant increase in LVPWd and EDV and significant decrease in LVIDd observed. Mitral valve regurgitation and tricuspid valve regurgitation were detected in dogs by colour Doppler echocardiography.
Open Access
CLINICO –DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON EHRLICHIOSIS IN DOGS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-01) NARAYANA RAO, LENKA; Shobhamani, B(MAJOR); Vaikunta Rao, V; Subraymanyam, K.V.
The present research was undertaken to study the incidence and diagnostic aspects, to record clinical signs and hemato-biochemical findings, to treat ehrlichiosis in dogs with suitable therapeutic regimen. 750 dogs were clinically examined of them 126 infested with ticks with an incidence rate of 16.8percent, out of the 126 dogs,50 dogs which exhibited clinical signs suggestive of ehrlichiosis were tested with different diagnostic methods. Out of 50 samples 3 (6%), 9 (18%),17 (34%) samples were detected as positive for ehrlichiosis by peripheral blood smear examination, buffy coat smear examination, nested PCR with overall incidence rate of 6 percent, 18 percent and 34 percent respectively. However among the 50 samples 10 randomly selected samples were subjected to Anigen Rapid E.canis Ab test kit, 3 (30%) samples positive for E,canis anti bodies. For determination of age, breed and gender wise incidence the PCR positive samples were taken into account. The breed wise incidence was 50,50,37.5,33.33,33.33,27.27,25 and 20 percent in pug, Belgian shepherd, German Shepherd, Rottweiler, Dachshund, Labrador Retriever, mongrel and Spitz/ Pomeranian respectively. Age wise incidence was studied in less than one year to above six years age grouped dogs, higher incidence rate (66.66%) was recorded in 1-2 years age group and the age wise incidence ranged from 25 to 36.66 percent .In male and female dogs the incidence was 38 and 26.31 percent respectively . The most frequently observed clinical signs ehrlichia infected dogs were tick infestation, anorexia, lymphadenopathy, pale mucosa, pyrexia, hemorrhagic tendencies (melena, petechial hemorrhages and epistaxis). Other less frequently observed signs were respiratory distress, edema, recumbency, emesis, and corneal opacity. Radiography and ultrasonography revealed that 35.29 percent dogs had internal organ changes like nodular interstitial lung pattern, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and hepatomegaly with distended gallbladder, ascites, pericardial effusion and ascites. The haematobiochemical alterations in ehrlichia infected dogs includes, significant increase in mean total leukocyte, lymphocyte, granylocyte, ALT, ALP, BUN and creatinine as compared to control group. Whereas significant decrease was recorded in mean Hb, HCT, TEC and platelet count. However nonsignificant increase in globulin levels was also recorded. With regard to therapeutic efficacy the magnitude of improvement and reversal of normalcy in certain clinical and various haemato biochemical parameters was far greater after treatment with doxycycline (Doxypet) than imidocarb dipropionate (IMICARB).

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