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ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL, HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON ANEMIA IN BUFFALOES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-06) PRIYANKA, GANDEPALLI; LAKSHMI RANI, N (MAJOR); VAIKUNTA RAO, V; SREEDEVI, CABSTRACT: Anemia in buffaloes is characterized by the decrease in hematocrit, the mass of erythrocytes and/or haemoglobin. Further, the condition is of great importance as it causes direct and indirect economic lossess to the farmers. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of anemia in buffaloes, to explore the probable etiology, hemato-biochemical alterations and mineral profiles in anemic buffaloes. Out of 1096 buffaloes of different age, sex reared under different managemental practices (dairy farms and individual farmers) in Krishna district, 116 (10.58 %) animals were anemic. The prevalence of anemia was higher in buffalo calves (18.08%) followed by prepubertal heifers (16.25%) aged between 1-3 years and less in adult buffaloes ( 9.33%). The anemic buffaloes were categorized as mild (Hct of 20-26), moderate (Hct of 14-19) and severe (Hct of <14). Buffaloes with Hct >26 were considered as nonanemic. The percent prevalence of anemia revealed mild, moderate and severe anemia in 53.45%, 38.79% and 7.76% buffaloes, respectively. The anemic buffaloes exhibited tachycardia in 85.34 per cent, pale mucous membranes in 86.20 per cent and prolonged capillary refill time in 63.79 per cent, decreased milk yield was recorded in all the lactating buffaloes with anemia. The anemic buffaloes showed significant increase (P<0.01) in the capillary refill time (sec) and significant reduction (P<0.01) was observed in the mean rumen motility of the three anemic groups when compared to healthy group. The results of the hematological picture in anemic buffaloes revealed a significant reduction in RBC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC in buffaloes with insignificant changes in total leucocyte count and differential leucocyte when compared to control group. The serum biochemical analysis showed that anemic buffaloes revealed significant reduction in total protein and glucose while elevation in serum creatinine and serum bilirubin were significantly increased only in severely anemic buffaloes. Significantly low (P<0.01) values of macro and micro-minerals were recorded in anemic buffaloes than the healthy control. Iron deficiency was recorded in 67.24 per cent of the anemic buffaloes.The mean serum iron concentrations (μg/dl) recorded in mild (76.80±5.02), moderate (64.01±4.17) and severe anemic buffaloes (36.11±3.66) was significantly low (P<0.01) when compared to healthy control (127.67±8.90 μg/dl). The macro-mineral status in anemic buffaloes revealed phosphorus deficiency in 55.17 per cent anemic buffaloes followed by calcium (41.38 %) and magnesium in 18.10 per cent buffaloes. The per cent of anemic buffaloes deficient for copper, zinc and cobalt were 22.41, 18.97 and 15.51, respectively. Mineral deficiency and parasites were the major causes of anemia in the present study. Mineral deficiency contributed to anemia in 72.41 per cent of the anemic buffaloes while parasitic etiology was recorded in 49.13% buffaloes. Among the 72.41 per cent mineral deficient buffaloes, single mineral deficiency was observed in 17.24 per cent (20/116) while in 55.20 per cent (64/116) of the anemic buffaloes exhibited multi mineral deficiency. The parasitic etiology in the present study included gastrointestinal parasites (22.41%), haemoparasites (15.52%), nasal schistosomes in 3.45 per ent and ectoparasites (7.75%). Among the anemic buffaloes, 40 mild and moderate anemic buffaloes were subjected for therapy in two groups, each group consisting of 10 mild and 10 moderate anemic buffaloes. Specific treatment was given for all the 40 buffaloes to address the primary cause. Group I buffaloes subjected to treatment with oral administration of hematinic (aRBCe RAKKT) and Group II buffaloes were treated with combination of oral hematinic along with mineral mixture (Boostmin). The efficacy was judged based on clinical improvement, monitoring of haematological, biochemical and serum mineral profiles at weekly intervals. Though both the groups responded to the treatment, Group II anemic buffaloes responded in comparatively shorter period. The average days of recovery in mild anemic buffaloes was 30.8 days in Group I and 25.2 days in Group II. While the same for moderate anemia was 39.9 days and 33.6 days, respectively. It was concluded from the study that oral hematinics are effective in mild and moderate anemia but supplementation of mineral mixture along with oral hematinics hastened the recovery rate.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON ANAPLASMOSIS IN BOVINES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-06) RAJESWARI, ANNEPU; Vaikunta Rao, V (MAJOR); Lakshmi Rani, N; Ramani Pushpa, R.N.ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to study the occurrence of anaplasmosis in bovines in certain parts of Coastal Andhra Pradesh, to record the clinical signs and haematobiochemical changes in bovine anaplasmosis, to diagnose the bovine anaplasmosis by blood smear examination and PCR and to assess the efficacy of therapy adopted in bovines with anaplasmosis. The study revealed that occurrence of anaplasmosis in bovines was 11.54 per cent. In the present study cattle were more affected than buffaloes. The Anaplasma marginale was identified from the blood samples of the clinical cases by PCR with an expected amplicon size of 458 bp. The most prominent clinical signs observed in bovine anaplasmosis were inappetence, pale mucous membranes, reduced milk yield, pyrexia, icterus, depression, brown coloured urine, lymph node enlargement, weight loss, ectoparasite infestation, respiratory distress, diarrhoea and bloody faeces. Haematological study showed anaemia with normal leukogram. Serum biochemical profile revealed hike in serum total bilirubin level and fall in albumin, calcium, phosphorus and glucose. However total protein and AST values were within normal range. Single dose of oxytetracycline LA @ 20 mg/kg b.wt and imidocarb dipropionate @ 3 mg/kg b.wt I/M were found to be useful in the treatment of bovine anaplasmosis caused by A. marginale.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO –DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON OVINE HAEMONCHOSIS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-06) HANUMANTHA RAO, VUNNAM; SURESH, K(MAJOR); Lakshmi Rani, N; Sreedevi, CABSTRACT:The present study was undertaken to record the occurrence of haemonchosis, to study the clinical signs and haemato biochemical changes as well as to determine the therapeutic efficiency of anthelmintic drugs in sheep infected with H. contortus. Out of 823 sheep screened by faecal examination, Strongyle ova were seen in 130 sheep which were subjected to faecal cultures. Haemonchus spp. alone was identified in 118 sheep and Haemonchus spp. along with Trichostrongulus spp. in the remaining 12 sheep. The occurrence of haemonchosis in the present study accounts for 15.79 per cent. The occurrence of haemonchosis was highest in below one year age group, Nellore cross breed and females. The clinical signs commonly observed in sheep affected with haemonchosis in the present study were anorexia, depression to lethargy and pale mucous membranes. The mean EPG recorded in sheep affected with haemonchosis was 1079.17±14.69. Haematology revealed a significant decrease in haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count and lymphocytes whereas significant increase in total leucocyte count, neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes were recorded. Serum biochemistry revealed a significant decrease in total protein, albumin and glucose while significant increase in total bilirubin and AST were recorded. Therapeutic trial was conducted by dividing the sheep into three groups with 12 in each group using three different anthelmintics viz., closantel, ivermectin and Allium sativum. Closantel was more efficacious followed by ivermectin and then Allium sativum in the treatment of haemonchosis in sheep. Allium sativum can be used as a safe, cheap, reliable and readily available alternative to highly expensive and unavailable conventional anthelmintics in the treatment of haemonchosis in sheep.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO –DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON HAEMORRHAGIC ENTERITIS IN DOGS ASSOCIATED WITH BACTERIAL INVOLVEMENT(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-05) SREELAKSHMI, PENIKALAPATI; Shobhamani, B(MAJOR); Lakshmi Rani, N; Rama Devi, VHaemorrhagic enteritis in dogs is the most commonly prevalent gastrointestinal disorder throughout the globe. The present research was undertaken to identify etiological agents, to document the clinical signs and haemato-biochemical alterations and to treat the bacterial haemorrhagic enteritis in dogs with suitable therapeutic regimen. Eighty four diarrhoeic dogs were screened, of them 37 dogs were suffering from haemorrhagic enteritis with an incidence rate of 44.04 percent. Diagnosis of haemorrhagic enteritis was mainly done by history and clinical examination was carried out to record clinical signs. The etiological agents for haemorrhagic diarrhoea were determined by faecal culture and microscopic examination of the faecal samples. Out of the 37 dogs suffering with haemorrhagic enteritis, faecal samples from 20 dogs were randomly collected and were subjected for isolation and identification of bacteria by faecal culture examination. In the present study, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria like Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp. and Proteus spp. were isolated from 14 (70%), 7 (35%), 4 (20%). 3 (15%) and one (5%) patients respectively. Whereas concurrent infection with intestinal parasites / protozoa revealed the presence of Ancylostome spp. in three patients, Coccidia spp. in one patient and Toxocara spp. in one patient. For determination of age, breed and gender wise incidence the 37 dogs affected with haemorrhagic enteritis were taken into account. Age wise incidence revealed that there was no significant variation in the percentage of dogs affected. Incidence of haemorrhagic enteritis in below 6 months age was 45.45 per cent, whereas in the age groups of 6 months to 1 year and more than 1 year the incidence was 45 and 40 per cent respectively. The breed wise incidence was 72.72, 66.66, 42.85, 40, 38.88, 33.33, 33.33, 20 and 14.28 per cent in Mongrel, Labrador retriever, German shepherd, Dobermann, Pomeranian, Rottweiler, Dachshund, Lhasa apso and Cocker spaniel respectively. In male and female dogs the incidence was 44.23 percent and 43.75 percent respectively. The most frequently observed clinical signs in haemorrhagic enteritis infected dogs were dullness, depression, bloody diarrhoea, anorexia, emesis and varying degrees of dehydration. Other less frequently observed signs were pyrexia, subnormal temperature, pale conjunctiva, recumbence and death. The haemato-biochemical alterations in haemorrhagic enteritis infected dogs include, significant increase in mean total leucocyte count and neutrophil counts as compared to control group (Group I). Whereas significant decrease was recorded in mean haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count, total serum protein, serum glucose, serum sodium, serum potassium and serum chloride. Twelve (12) haemorrhagic enteritis dogs associated with bacteria were randomly divided into Group II and Group III for therapeutic trial. The patients in Group II were treated with amikacin, ondansetron, ethamsylate, rantidine and fluid therapy and Group III was administered with combination of amikacin, probiotic, ondansetron, ethamsylate, rantidine and fluid therapy. With regard to therapeutic efficacy the magnitude of improvement and reversal of normalcy in certain clinical parameters and various haemato biochemical parameters was far better in Group III patients as compared to patients in Group II. To conclude,the first choice of therapeutic regimen to treat haemorrhagic diarrhoea associated with bacteria is a combination of amikacin, probiotic along with supportive therapy.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO–DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES ON CERTAIN SYSTEMIC DISEASES IN GERIATRIC DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-02) SHAJU, LAIMI ELIZABETH; SYAAMA SUNDAR, N (MAJOR); VAIKUNTA RAO, V; ASWANI KUMAR, KThe aim of the study was to find out the incidence of certain systemic diseases in geriatric dogs, to record the clinical signs and haemato-biochemical and abdominal ultrasonographic changes in geriatric dogs with certain systemic diseases, to study the findings of thoracic radiography, electrocardiography and echocardiographic examination in geriatric dogs with acquired heart diseases. The study revealed that acquired heart diseases, genital diseases, urinary system diseases, respiratory diseases, periodontal diseases and diseases of eye and ear are common in geriatric dogs. It was observed that various systemic diseases were common in Pomeranian dogs with higher occurrence in males. The study revealed that mitral valve insufficiency is the predominant acquired heart disease in geriatric dogs, followed by tricuspid valve insufficiency, DCM, pericardial effusion and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In genital diseases pyometra and prostatomegaly were diagnosed. In urinary system diseases chronic kidney disease was the predominant condition observed in the present study. Other urinary diseases observed were cystitis and urolithiasis. The predominant respiratory system disease observed as tracheobronchitis followed by tracheal collapse, pulmonary edema and pleurisy. Other geriatric conditions observed in the present study were periodontal diseases and diseases of eye and ear. Haematological findings in geriatric dogs with certain systemic diseases were low haemoglobin, TEC and PCV and neutrophilic leukocytosis. The serum biochemical estimation of geriatric dogs with concerned systemic diseases revealed increased ALT, ALP, BUN, creatinine and decrease in total protein and albumin in general. The thoracic radiographic findings in dogs with mitral valve disease were left atrial enlargement, roundening of anterior border of heart, elevation of trachea, pulmonary congestion and edema. The prominent thoracic radiographic findings in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy were cardiomegaly, pulmonary congestion and edema, enlargement of left atrium and plural effusions. The radiographic findings of dogs with tricuspid valve disease were right atrial enlargement, elevation of trachea and right ventricular enlargement. The thoracic radiographic findings of pericardial disease were plural effusions, pericardial effusions and cardiomegaly. The thoracic radiographic findings in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were cardiomegaly and pulmonary congestion and edema. Thoracic radiographic findings in respiratory diseases observed were tracheobronchial infiltration and interstitial pattern of lung parenchyma, increased fluid density of lung lobes, tracheal collapse and pleurisy. Abdominal radiography findings in lateral abdominal radiograph of bitches with pyometra was sausage like fluid filled tubular structure located between the descending colon and urinary bladder and survey radiograph of caudal abdomen revealed enlargement of the size of prostate gland in prostatomegaly. The abdominal ultrasound findings in urinary system diseases were indistinct cortico-medullary junction, hyperechoic cortex, Increased wall thickness of urinary bladder and cystolith in the lumen of urinary bladder. The abdominal ultrasonography findings in dogs with pyometra was fluid filled sacculations (anechoic) with variable wall thickness were visualized. In prostatomegaly enlargement of gland with multifocular hyperechoic parenchyma were noticed. The predominant electrocardiographic findings in dogs with mitral valve disease observed were sinus tachycardia, atrial fibrillation and S-T coving. The predominant electrocardiographic findings in dilated cardiomyopathy were sinus tachycardia, S-T coving, left atrial and ventricular enlargement and atrial fibrillation. In pericardial effusion the only ECG finding was sinus tachycardia. In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy left ventricular enlargement and sinus tachycardia were observed. In the present study, dogs with mitral valve insufficiency had significant increase in mean ±SE values of LVIDd, LVIDs, EDV and ESV and significant decrease in values of LVPWd, LVPWs, FS and EF when compared to control group. The values of IVSd, IVSs and LA/Ao ratio were not significantly different compared to control group. In dilated cardiomyopathy significant increase in mean ±SE values of LVIDd, LVIDs, LA/AO,EDV and ESV, and significant decrease in the LVPWd, LVPWs, FS and EF were observed. In tricuspid valve insufficiency significant increase in EDV and ESV observed and other values had no significant difference compared to control group. In pericardial effusion significant increase in IVSs, LA/AO, EDV and ESV and significant decrease in FS and EF. In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, significant increase in LVPWd and EDV and significant decrease in LVIDd observed. Mitral valve regurgitation and tricuspid valve regurgitation were detected in dogs by colour Doppler echocardiography.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO –DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON EHRLICHIOSIS IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-01) NARAYANA RAO, LENKA; Shobhamani, B(MAJOR); Vaikunta Rao, V; Subraymanyam, K.V.The present research was undertaken to study the incidence and diagnostic aspects, to record clinical signs and hemato-biochemical findings, to treat ehrlichiosis in dogs with suitable therapeutic regimen. 750 dogs were clinically examined of them 126 infested with ticks with an incidence rate of 16.8percent, out of the 126 dogs,50 dogs which exhibited clinical signs suggestive of ehrlichiosis were tested with different diagnostic methods. Out of 50 samples 3 (6%), 9 (18%),17 (34%) samples were detected as positive for ehrlichiosis by peripheral blood smear examination, buffy coat smear examination, nested PCR with overall incidence rate of 6 percent, 18 percent and 34 percent respectively. However among the 50 samples 10 randomly selected samples were subjected to Anigen Rapid E.canis Ab test kit, 3 (30%) samples positive for E,canis anti bodies. For determination of age, breed and gender wise incidence the PCR positive samples were taken into account. The breed wise incidence was 50,50,37.5,33.33,33.33,27.27,25 and 20 percent in pug, Belgian shepherd, German Shepherd, Rottweiler, Dachshund, Labrador Retriever, mongrel and Spitz/ Pomeranian respectively. Age wise incidence was studied in less than one year to above six years age grouped dogs, higher incidence rate (66.66%) was recorded in 1-2 years age group and the age wise incidence ranged from 25 to 36.66 percent .In male and female dogs the incidence was 38 and 26.31 percent respectively . The most frequently observed clinical signs ehrlichia infected dogs were tick infestation, anorexia, lymphadenopathy, pale mucosa, pyrexia, hemorrhagic tendencies (melena, petechial hemorrhages and epistaxis). Other less frequently observed signs were respiratory distress, edema, recumbency, emesis, and corneal opacity. Radiography and ultrasonography revealed that 35.29 percent dogs had internal organ changes like nodular interstitial lung pattern, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and hepatomegaly with distended gallbladder, ascites, pericardial effusion and ascites. The haematobiochemical alterations in ehrlichia infected dogs includes, significant increase in mean total leukocyte, lymphocyte, granylocyte, ALT, ALP, BUN and creatinine as compared to control group. Whereas significant decrease was recorded in mean Hb, HCT, TEC and platelet count. However nonsignificant increase in globulin levels was also recorded. With regard to therapeutic efficacy the magnitude of improvement and reversal of normalcy in certain clinical and various haemato biochemical parameters was far greater after treatment with doxycycline (Doxypet) than imidocarb dipropionate (IMICARB).ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL- HAEMATOBIOCHEMICAL AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON CANINE ANEMIA(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-12) Vijaya Bhaskar, D.P; Syaama Sundar, N (MAJOR); Vaikunta Rao, V; Rani Prameela, DAbstract: The study entitled “Clinical, Haemato–Biochemical and Therapeutic studies on Canine Anemiaʺ was carried out in the Department of Veterinary Medicine, Small animal ward, Veterinary Clinical Complex (VCC) N.T.R College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram and NTR Super Speciality Veterinary Hospital (SSVH) Vijayawada, during the period of December 2017 to July 2018. During this period 1203 dogs were screened an 380 of them were found anemic. Among them 48 anemic dogs (24 Mild anemic dogs and 24 moderate anemic dogs) were selected randomly for clinical study. The present study revealed prevalence of anemia accounted 31.59%. The gender wise prevalence is higher in male dogs rather than female dogs. Age wise prevalence of canine anemia has noticed highest prevalence at the age group of 6 months to 4 years (31.32%) and breed wise highest prevalence recorded in Germen shepherd (23.42%) followed by Labrador (21.84%). In present study etiology of anemia revealed highest prevalence due to A. caninum (18.95%), followed by tick infestation (15.26%), haemorrahagic gastro entiritis ( 12.11%), hepatic disorders (11.05%), peduculosis ( 7.37%) , parvo viral infection ( 7.37%), Renal Disorders (7.11), Demodectic mange ( 6.05%), Gastro entiritis ( 5.53%), Sarcoptic mange (5.00%), Toxocara infection ( 2.11%), Leptospirosis (1.05%), Babesiosis ( 0.79%) and lowest prevalence was noted in Hepatozoon infection (0.26%). Out of 48 cases 81.25% dogs showed hypothermia, and 18.75% dogs showed hyperthermia, tachycardia (72.92%), tachypnoea (60.42%), bradycardia (27.08%), bradypnoea (39.58%) were recorded in anemic dogs. Dogs showed pale mucous membrane (64.58%), congested mucous membrane (29.17%) and icteric mucous membranes (6.25%) were recorded. The pale mucous membrane was recorded as a common clinical sign in the most of the cases. In mild anemic dogs body condition score (BCS) recorded in 54.17% of dogs were ideal weight, where as moderate anemic dogs 37.50% were under weight. Majority of mild anemic dogs has normocytic and normochromic anemia where as moderate anemic dogs has normocytic hypochromic anemia. Therapeutic regimen of anemic dogs were further grouped as Group –I: (n=12) mild anemic dogs treated with oral allopathic haematinic Group – II: (n=12) mild anemic dogs treated with oral ayurvedic haematinic. Group –III: (n=12) moderate anemic dogs treated with parenteral iron dextran (10 mg/kgbwt) once in a week along with allopathic haematinic. Group – IV: (n=12) moderate anemic dogs treated with parenteral iron dextran (10 /kgbwt) once in a week along with oral ayurvedic haematinic. The results reveals allopathic and ayurvedic medication has almost similar efficacy, comparatively ayurvedic drug treated dogs has shown less side effects like constipation compared to allopathic medication. Whereas moderate anemic dogs will give fast recovery with parenteral low molecular iron dextran along with either allopathic or ayurvedic haematinics.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PERIODONTAL DISEASE AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-11) SHIREEN LAWRENCE, A; SURESH, K(MAJOR); NALINI KUMARI, K; VENU, RABSTRACT: The present study was undertaken to study the incidence of periodontal disease to carry out investigation on PD in dogs and to assess the therapeutic efficacy in stages 1 and 2 of periodontal diseases. The overall incidence was 86.67 percent. Breed wise incidence showed highest incidence of occurrence in boxer, irish setter, Chihuahua and shih tzu followed by Mongrel. Age wise incidence was highest in age group of 9 years and above with no sex predisposition. Small sized dogs and dogs fed with soft diets had higher incidence of periodontal diseases. Clinical signs in periodontal disease included plaque formation, gingivitis, halitosis, drooling of saliva, pawing the mouth, calculus deposition, gingival recession, gums that bleed when probed, discomfort on eating, tooth mobility, purulent exudates and ulceration of the gingival mucosa. Orastrip was quick check examination tool for assessing the oral health status and in the assessment of active periodontal disease. Staging of PD was done based on the periodontal indices namely attachment loss and furcation. Radiographic examination in periodontal disease revealed widening of periodontal ligament space, alveolar bone destruction in dogs affected with stage 3 and 4. Transillumination showed mild to severe form of gingivitis suggesting active periodontitis and can be taken as initial room examination procedure in dogs affected with PD. Haematology showed neutrophilic leukocytosis. Serum biochemical findings did not show any statistically significant in the mean levels of ALT, AST, ALP, total protein, albumin, glucose, BUN creatinine and CK-MB in dogs with periodontal disease. Therapeutic protocol adopted in periodontal disease included scaling, polishing followed by administration of chews or brushing in stage 1 dogs affected with periodontal disease while in stage 2 the protocol included scaling, polishing and instillation of doxycycline gel in the areas of attachment loss and furcation followed by administration of chews or brushing. Brushing daily was found to be superior when compared to dental chews in both stage 1 and Stage 2 periodontal disease.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF CERTAIN TUMOURS IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-03) AMRUTH KUMAR, V.V.V; Nalini Kumari, K(MAJOR); Satish Kumar, K; Gireesh Kumar, V; Lakshman, MABSTRACT: During the present clinical study a total of 48,600 dogs presented to small animal medical outpatient ward were screened and out of them 3,240 were suspected for neoplasms and 458 dogs among them were diagnosed for certain malignant tumours. Highest incidence of tumours was observed in the age group of >5-10 years. Majority of the cases reported were of spitz breed followed by Labrador retrievers. Female dogs were more affected with various tumours than males. From among the 458 dogs which were diagnosed 118 dogs were TVT, Mammary tumours (102), Perianal tumours (41) and other skin tumours like mast cell tumours, basalcell tumours, squamous cell carcinoma of skin were (106) and miscellaneous tumours like lipoma (29), lymphoma (22) SCC of oral cavity (19), osteosarcoma (18) and TCC of bladder (3). Ten dogs which were reported at the hospital were taken up as apparently healthy dogs and grouped as Group I. The TVT affected dogs were grouped into Group II with 20 dogs and Group III with 20 dogs. The TVT dogs were showing clinical signs like bleeding or discharges from genitalia, masses protruding from the genitalia, licking of the genitalia, anorexia or inappetance, bleeding or discharges from the external genitalia, nodules or cauliflower like friable masses in the vulva or in the prepuce / caudal penis in males, licking of the external genitalia, ulceration of the tumour, popliteal and / or inguinal lymph node enlargement, anorexia and / or inappetance, dysuria and / or tenesmus and lung metastasis. The FNAC and histopathological studies revealed anisocytosis and anisokaryosis in round to oval shaped cells which were indicating malignancy; electron microscopically cells revealed vesicular cytoplasm, dense round shrunken mitochondria and dilatation of the cisterns of endoplasmic reticulum. Radiographic examination revealed lung metastasis masses in stage III and stage IV TVT tumours where as ultrasonography did not reveal any organ metastasis of abdomen whereas tumour mass was hyperechogenic. Hematological examination showed significant increase in neutrophils and decline in lymphocytes before treatment. The mean serum biochemistry parameters revealed significantly high mean ALT, AST, ALP and decreased serum protein when compared to the apparently healthy dogs. Therapeutic trial was conducted with Inj Vincristine in Group II dogs and Inj Doxorubicin in Group III dogs weekly once for four and five weeks respectively. Complete response of the tumour mass was observed by day 21 and day 28 in 17 and 18 dogs of Group II and Group III respectively. The other clinical signs also declined with the therapy in all the dogs which responded. Hematological examination revealed significant decline in mean Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC and neutrophil count but a significant increase of lymphocyte count was observed during and after therapy when compared to that of before therapy. The mean BUN, ALT, AST and ALP revealed significant increase whereas total protein showed significant decrease during and after treatment. Nausea, anorexia, vomiting, alopecia, anaemia and weight loss were the side effects noticed during treatment with Inj. Vincristine. Seven dogs showed mild side effects from day 14 which increased by day 21 (third dose) of therapy in 11dogs. Side effects included vomiting, diarrhoea, anorexia and alopecia during treatment with Inj. Doxorubicin. These signs started in 9 dogs from day 7 and aggravated in 14 dogs by day 21. But the severities of the side effects seen during Inj. Doxorubicin treatment were more when compared to Inj. Vincristine The cases were monitored for a period of six months for recurrence of any growths and the associated symptoms. Two dogs in Group II showed recurrence after 4 months. In two dogs of Group III recurrence was seen after 4 months in one dog and 6 months in the other dog. These dogs were subjected to surgical excision of tumour mass. The mammary tumour affected dogs were grouped into Group IV with 20 dogs and Group V with 20 dogs. The important clinical signs included palpable masses in mammary glands with greater percent of solitary nodular tumours than multiple masses, single gland was more affected than multiple glands, other signs observed were lymph node enlargement, ulceration of tumour skin, anorexia, weight loss and lethargy. The FNAC and histopathological studies revealed neoplastic cells of varied sizes and basophilic nucleoli which were indicating malignancy; histopathological examination revealed epitheloid cells of round to spindle shape, large nucleus Out of the 102 mammary tumours diagnosed 79 were simple malignant tumours, among them adenocarcinomas were 29, tubulo papillary adenocarcinoms were 22 dogs, ductular adeno carcinoma were 19 dogs and solid carcinomas were 9. Mixed mammary carcinomas were diagnosed in 28 dogs out of which Myxochondroadenocarcinoma and fibrosarcoma were 7, Myxolipoadeno carcinoma were 5 and liposarcoma were 4. Electron microscopy revealed abundant cells with epithelial morphology. Radiographic examination revealed lung metastasis masses in stage III and stage IV mammary tumours where as ultrasonography of tumour mass revealed anechoic fluid filled cystic collections, hyperechoic areas with diffuse margins and anechoic areas with hyper echoic margins and no abnormal echo pattern of the abdominal organs. In the present study the mammary tumour affected dogs revealed insignificant decrease of mean Hb, PCV, TEC, lymphocytes and platelets, whereas neutrophils showed insignificant elevation before treatment when compared to the apparently healthy dogs, the serum biochemistry parameters revealed insignificant decrease of BUN and insignificant increase of mean serum creatinine, ALT, AST, ALP and total protein before treatment. The mammary tumour affected dogs were grouped into Group IV with 20 dogs and Group V with 20 dogs and were subjected for chemotherapy. Group IV dogs were given Inj Vincristine weekly once for five weeks and Group V dogs were given Inj. Paclitaxel once every twenty one days for five times. Clinical improvement was seen in dogs with chemotherapy wherein 12, 14 dogs of Group IV, V responded for treatment with partial response of tumour respectively. The other clinical symptoms of mammary tumours also declined in the dog which responded to therapy. Haematological examination of Group IV dogs before, during and after therapy revealed that the mean Hb, PCV and TEC had significantly declined (P<0.05) from day 0 to day 35. Leucopenia was seen by day 21 which continued until day 35. Neutropenia was observed by day 21 until day 35. Lymphocytosis was seen during the course of therapy. Thrombocytopenia was observed during therapy when compared to before therapy. The haematological parameters of Group V dogs revealed significant decline in mean Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC and Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and lymphocytosis was seen during the course of therapy from day 0 to day 105.The Group IV dogs showed increase of biochemical parameters when compared to pre-therapeutic means, whereas ALP showed significant increase and total protein showed significant decline post therapeutically. Nausea, anorexia, vomiting, anaemia, mild alopecia and weight loss were the side effects noticed during treatment with Inj. Vincristine. Three dogs showed side effects like nausea, in-appetence from day 14 which aggravated day 21. The side effects associated with Inj. Paclitaxel included vomiting, diarrhoea, anorexia and alopecia. These side effects started in 9 dogs from day 21 aggravated in 14 dogs by day 63. The side effects seen during Inj. Paclitaxel treatment were more severe when compared to Inj. Vincristine therapy. In Group IV out of the twelve dogs which showed partial response during chemotherapy, six showed recurrence after four months which were treated by surgical excision among which two dogs died within fifteen days. Three dogs of Group V showed recurrence of tumour growth in the fourth month (1 dog) and fifth month (2 dogs) after chemotherapy. These dogs were then treated by surgical excision out of which one died. The perianal tumour affected dogs were grouped into Group VI with 10 dogs and Group VII with 10 dogs. In the present study the dogs suffering with perianal tumours were showing clinical signs like masses in perianal region, dyschezia, tenesmus, constipation, discomfort, hematochezia, ulceration, licking, anorexia, weight loss, lethargy, polydipsia and polyuria. FNAC of the tumour revealed polygonal cells with pinkish blue cytoplasm and small nucleus with prominent nucleoli, histopathology showed rosette like cells with connective tissue fibres among the 41 dogs with perianal tumours 24 were hepatoid adenocarcinomas, 9 were myxosarcoma, 5 were SCC and 3 were fibrohemangiosarcoma.. Ultra structure revealed cells with numerous endoplasmic reticulum and prominent golgi apparatus. Ultrasonography showed low vascularisation of the tumour and no abdominal metastasis. Haematology revealed leucocytosis and neutrophilia when compared to the apparently healthy dogs. Serum biochemistry revealed insignificantly increased mean BUN, creatinine, ALT, AST, ALP and total protein. The perianal tumour affected dogs were grouped into Group VI with 10 dogs and Group VII with 10 dogs and were subjected for chemotherapy. Group VII dogs were given Inj Vincristine weekly once for five weeks and Group VII dogs were given Inj. Cisplatin once every week for five weeks. Clinical improvement was seen in 5 dogs out of ten dogs of Group VI with partial response of the tumour. Among the Group VII dogs 7 dogs showed reduction in tumour size by day 21 and partial response was seen by day 35. The other clinical signs alleviated in the dogs which responded for the therapy. The haematological parameters revealed that both the groups of dogs showed significant decline in mean Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC, neutrophils and platelet count and significant increase in lymphocyte count. The Group VI dogs showed highly significant increase in mean serum ALT and ALP during and after therapy whereas, Group VII dogs showed significant increase in mean BUN, creatinine, ALT, AST, and ALP during and after therapy. Nausea, anorexia, vomiting, anaemia, mild alopecia and weight loss were the side effects noticed during treatment with Inj. Vincristine. Three dogs showed side effects like nausea and in-appetence from day 14. The side effects of Inj. Platinex included profuse vomiting, diarrhoea and anorexia. Which started in 8 dogs from day 14 slowly and aggravated in these dogs by day 21. The side effects seen during Inj. Platinex treatment were more severe when compared to Inj. Vincristine therapy. In Group VI three dogs showed recurrence after three months which were treated by surgical excision among which two dogs died within ten days. Two dogs of Group VII showed recurrence in the fourth month (1 dog) and fifth month (1 dog) after chemotherapy. These dogs were treated by surgical excision of which one died.