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ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL- HAEMATOBIOCHEMICAL AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON CANINE ANEMIA(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-12) Vijaya Bhaskar, D.P; Syaama Sundar, N (MAJOR); Vaikunta Rao, V; Rani Prameela, DAbstract: The study entitled “Clinical, Haemato–Biochemical and Therapeutic studies on Canine Anemiaʺ was carried out in the Department of Veterinary Medicine, Small animal ward, Veterinary Clinical Complex (VCC) N.T.R College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram and NTR Super Speciality Veterinary Hospital (SSVH) Vijayawada, during the period of December 2017 to July 2018. During this period 1203 dogs were screened an 380 of them were found anemic. Among them 48 anemic dogs (24 Mild anemic dogs and 24 moderate anemic dogs) were selected randomly for clinical study. The present study revealed prevalence of anemia accounted 31.59%. The gender wise prevalence is higher in male dogs rather than female dogs. Age wise prevalence of canine anemia has noticed highest prevalence at the age group of 6 months to 4 years (31.32%) and breed wise highest prevalence recorded in Germen shepherd (23.42%) followed by Labrador (21.84%). In present study etiology of anemia revealed highest prevalence due to A. caninum (18.95%), followed by tick infestation (15.26%), haemorrahagic gastro entiritis ( 12.11%), hepatic disorders (11.05%), peduculosis ( 7.37%) , parvo viral infection ( 7.37%), Renal Disorders (7.11), Demodectic mange ( 6.05%), Gastro entiritis ( 5.53%), Sarcoptic mange (5.00%), Toxocara infection ( 2.11%), Leptospirosis (1.05%), Babesiosis ( 0.79%) and lowest prevalence was noted in Hepatozoon infection (0.26%). Out of 48 cases 81.25% dogs showed hypothermia, and 18.75% dogs showed hyperthermia, tachycardia (72.92%), tachypnoea (60.42%), bradycardia (27.08%), bradypnoea (39.58%) were recorded in anemic dogs. Dogs showed pale mucous membrane (64.58%), congested mucous membrane (29.17%) and icteric mucous membranes (6.25%) were recorded. The pale mucous membrane was recorded as a common clinical sign in the most of the cases. In mild anemic dogs body condition score (BCS) recorded in 54.17% of dogs were ideal weight, where as moderate anemic dogs 37.50% were under weight. Majority of mild anemic dogs has normocytic and normochromic anemia where as moderate anemic dogs has normocytic hypochromic anemia. Therapeutic regimen of anemic dogs were further grouped as Group –I: (n=12) mild anemic dogs treated with oral allopathic haematinic Group – II: (n=12) mild anemic dogs treated with oral ayurvedic haematinic. Group –III: (n=12) moderate anemic dogs treated with parenteral iron dextran (10 mg/kgbwt) once in a week along with allopathic haematinic. Group – IV: (n=12) moderate anemic dogs treated with parenteral iron dextran (10 /kgbwt) once in a week along with oral ayurvedic haematinic. The results reveals allopathic and ayurvedic medication has almost similar efficacy, comparatively ayurvedic drug treated dogs has shown less side effects like constipation compared to allopathic medication. Whereas moderate anemic dogs will give fast recovery with parenteral low molecular iron dextran along with either allopathic or ayurvedic haematinics.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PERIODONTAL DISEASE AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-11) SHIREEN LAWRENCE, A; SURESH, K(MAJOR); NALINI KUMARI, K; VENU, RABSTRACT: The present study was undertaken to study the incidence of periodontal disease to carry out investigation on PD in dogs and to assess the therapeutic efficacy in stages 1 and 2 of periodontal diseases. The overall incidence was 86.67 percent. Breed wise incidence showed highest incidence of occurrence in boxer, irish setter, Chihuahua and shih tzu followed by Mongrel. Age wise incidence was highest in age group of 9 years and above with no sex predisposition. Small sized dogs and dogs fed with soft diets had higher incidence of periodontal diseases. Clinical signs in periodontal disease included plaque formation, gingivitis, halitosis, drooling of saliva, pawing the mouth, calculus deposition, gingival recession, gums that bleed when probed, discomfort on eating, tooth mobility, purulent exudates and ulceration of the gingival mucosa. Orastrip was quick check examination tool for assessing the oral health status and in the assessment of active periodontal disease. Staging of PD was done based on the periodontal indices namely attachment loss and furcation. Radiographic examination in periodontal disease revealed widening of periodontal ligament space, alveolar bone destruction in dogs affected with stage 3 and 4. Transillumination showed mild to severe form of gingivitis suggesting active periodontitis and can be taken as initial room examination procedure in dogs affected with PD. Haematology showed neutrophilic leukocytosis. Serum biochemical findings did not show any statistically significant in the mean levels of ALT, AST, ALP, total protein, albumin, glucose, BUN creatinine and CK-MB in dogs with periodontal disease. Therapeutic protocol adopted in periodontal disease included scaling, polishing followed by administration of chews or brushing in stage 1 dogs affected with periodontal disease while in stage 2 the protocol included scaling, polishing and instillation of doxycycline gel in the areas of attachment loss and furcation followed by administration of chews or brushing. Brushing daily was found to be superior when compared to dental chews in both stage 1 and Stage 2 periodontal disease.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON CERTAIN ECTOPARASITIC SKIN DISEASES IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-05) SIVA NAGARAJU, G; NALINI KUMARI, K(MAJOR); SURESH, K; VENU, RABSTRACT: The present study was carried out to study the incidence, different diagnostic aspects, and to evaluate the efficacy of different therapeutic agents in certain ectoparasitic skin diseases in dogs. The overall incidence of ectoparasitic skin disease was 75.55% (238/315) of which tick infestation, flea infestation, lice infestation, and mite infestation were 63.02 % (150/238), 11.34% (27 /238), 18.48% (44/238) and 19.76% (17/86), respectively. However, mixed infestations were seen in 22 out of 238 dogs. The highest incidence was recorded in age group of 2-4 years in tick infested dogs, 1-2 years in flea infested dogs, 2-4 years in lice infested dogs and less than one year in mite infested dogs. Tick, flea, lice and mite infestation were recorded high in male, mongrel dogs. Alopecia, erythema, erosions and pruritus (mild, moderate and severe) were the common clinical manifestations noticed in tick, flea, lice and mite infested dogs. In flea infested dogs, flea dirt was major clinical finding. Whereas, anemia, papular eruptions, hyperpigmentation which were mostly distributed at the dorsal aspect of lumbo-sacral area, caudomedial thighs and ventral abdomen were also recorded. Dogs with lice infestation along with above said signs showed anemia, restlessness, intense irritation (biting lice) and debilitation (sucking lice). Mite infested dogs revealed papules, pustules, scales, lichenification and hyperpigmentation. Whereas, generalized lesions were commonly observed than that of localized lesions. Diagnosis of ectoparasitic skin infestation was made by visual examination, palpation, combing, examination of skin scrapings, hairpluck, acetate tape impression smears and otic discharge which revealed presence of ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus), fleas (Ctenocephalides canis), lice (Heterodoxus spiniger and Linognathus setosus) and mites (Demodex canis and Demodex cornei). Though there was a significant decrease in the mean Hb, PCV and increase in eosinophils of the tick, fleas and lice infested dogs, it was not seen in all the dogs of either group. In mange, besides the significant anemic changes, a significant increase in TLC, neutrophil and lymphocyte count was also noted. The biochemical finding in dogs with ecto-parasitic skin disease was a significant decrease in the mean total serum protein. Fecal examination of these ectoparasitic infested dogs revealed Toxocara canis, Ancylostome eggs and tape worm segment in 11.76% of dogs. Forty dogs that diagnosed with ectoparasitic disease, were included in therapeutic studies viz., Group II, III, IV, V and VI with 8 in each. Ticks infested (GroupII) dogs treated with single application of fipronil spot-on 9.7% w/v showed improvement in erythema, pruritus, alopecia and all the dogs were completely free from ticks after 2 weeks of therapy. Whereas, Group III (tick infestation) dogs that were treated by applying scalibor protector band containing 4% deltamethrin showed complete relief by 4th week and the lesions subsided in all the dogs as the intensity of tick infestation decreased. After therapy there was a significant increase of hemoglobin, PCV, mean total protein and significant decrease in mean eosinophil count in both groups. However, based on period of recovery on comparison of two therapeutic protocols, fipronil spot-on was found to be more effective than scalibor protector band. In Group IV (flea infestation) dogs’ treatment was initiated with fipronil 0.25% w/v mechanical pump spray @ 3-6 ml/kg b.wt, with which all the dogs became flea free by 1st week. Group V (lice infestation) dogs were treated once with fipronil spot on 9.7%w/v. All 8(100%) and even these dogs were found to be free from infestation by 1st week. There was significant increase in the mean Hb, PCV, total serum protein and significant decrease in eosinophil count of both group IV and V dogs by the end of period of monitoring. Mite infested (group VI) dogs were treated with ivermectin tablets @ 300 μg per kg b.wt, orally once daily and external application of medicated shampoo (petben). However, in those cases which were complicated with pyoderma along with the above therapy an antibiotic (enrofloxacin @ 5 mg/kg b.wt) was also added. Ivermectin was continued till two negative skin scrapings were obtained at weekly intervals. By day 20, four dogs ( 2 localised and 2 generalised ) became mite free. While one dog became negative only by day 80 and one dog remained positive till the end of the study i.e day 90. After therapy the mean hemoglobin, PCV, lymphocyte count and mean total protein values slightly increased with significant decrease in TLC, neutrophil and eosinophil count. From the present study, it was concluded that the overall incidence of ectoparasitic skin disease was 75.55% with tick infestation being the most common. Erythema, alopecia and pruritus of varying intensity were the most commonly found symptoms in the affected dogs. The mean Hb, PCV, total serum protein decreased in the affected and improved by the end of the period of monitoring. Spot-on preparation was convenient to apply and brought 100% recovery in lice and tick infestation by weeks one and two respectively with no recurrence. Spray preparation was also easy to apply and brought about 100% recovery in flea infestation by 1st week with no recurrence. The recovery rate in demodicid dogs was 87.5% with a prolonged treatment period in generalized demodicosisThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-BIOCHEMICAL AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES OF RUMINAL ACIDOSIS IN GOATS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-12) TAMBE SATISH VALMIK; PADMAJA, K(MAJOR); NAGARAJ, P; GOPALA REDDY, AABSTRACT:The present study was designed to investigate the clinico-biochemical parameters and response to therapeutic agents in clinical cases of goats suffering with ruminal acidosis. Thirty clinical cases of ruminal acidosis presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Campus Veterinary Hospital, and Veterinary Ambulatory Clinic, Mylardevpally, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad with the history of accidental ingestion of carbohydrate rich diet, inappetance to anorexia, suspended rumination and clinical manifestations of distended rumen and diarrhoea were selected and were divided based on severity of ruminal acidosis into three different groups consisting of 10 goats in each. The group I (mild acidosis), group II (moderate acidosis), and group III (severe acidosis) goats were subjected to the therapeutic trials and compared against ten apparently healthy goats from the same area with similar husbandry practices which served as healthy control (Group IV). Clinical signs exhibited by mild acidotic goats (Group I) were inappetance, mild bloat, reduced rumen motility, reduced rumination, semisolid faeces, firm and doughy condition of rumen on palpation of left flank and dull sound on percussion of left flank. The signs observed in moderate acidotic goats (Group II) were anorexia, distended abdomen, absence of rumination, dull appearance, absence of ruminal motility, grinding of teeth, frequent bleating, thick nasal discharge, pasty faeces, dehydration, fluid flashing sound on percussion and gurgling sound on auscultation of rumen. Whereas in severe acidotic goats (Group III), the signs were observed anorexia, severe depression, sunken eyes, staggering gait, lameness, absence of rumination, ruminal motility absent, watery diarrhoea, dehydration, oligouria to anuria, dysponea, tachycardia, subnormal body temperature, sternal and lateral recumbency. Clinical signs after treatment in all affected goats disappeared. Ruminal acidotic goats had subnormal body temperature, heart and respiration rates and skin fold time in all affected groups of goats significantly (p<0.05) increased, ruminal motility significantly (p<0.05) decreased in group I and absent in group II and III, conjunctival mucous membrane was normal, slightly congested and congested in group I, group II and III respectively. There was no significant difference in the values of temperature, heart and respiration rates, skin fold time and ruminal motility in all affected groups of goats and conjunctival mucous membrane was normal after treatment. Rumen fluid samples were analysed for physical changes. Colour was gray in group I and milky gray in both group II and III, consistency was semisolid or slightly watery in group I and watery in both group II and III, odour was acidic in both group I and II and pungent acidic in group I, and significant (p<0.05) decrease in pH between the groups of affected goats before therapy. Micro-biochemical changes of rumen fluid like MBRT was significantly (p<0.05) increased in all affected groups of goats, SAT was significantly (p<0.05) increased in group I and absent in group II and III, iodophilic activity was reduced in group I and nil in both group II and III, protozoal motility was sluggish in group I and absent in both group II and III, protozoal density decreased in group I and absent in both group II and III, significant (p<0.05) decrease in live and increase in dead proportion in group I, complete absence of protozoa in both group II and III, and replacement of rumen fluid gram negative bacteria by gram positive bacteria in all affected groups of goats before treatment. Rumen fluid analysis was normal in all the groups after the treatment. In haematological parameters, a significant (p<0.05) increase in haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total leucocyte count, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and significant (p<0.05) decrease in lymphocytes in all affected groups of goats before treatment. Haematological parameters were retured to normal in all the groups after the treatment. Blood biochemical analysis revealed significant (p<0.05) increase in plasma glucose, serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, serum aspartate aminotransferase and serum lactate dehydrogenase enzymes were observed in all affected groups of goats before treatment. After treatment all blood biochemical parameters returned to normalcy in all the groups after the treatment. The mean values of urine pH before treatment was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased between the all affected groups as compared with group IV. The mean values of urine pH did not differ significantly after treatment in group I, II and III. The Benedict’s test of urine was positive in all affected goats before treatment as compared to group IV. After therapy, it was negative in all ruminal acidosis affected goats. The therapeutic efficacy of the drugs used against various types of ruminal acidosis in goats was assessed. Group I goats were given sodium bicarbonate @ 1 g/kg body weight, single dose orally daily for 5 days. Group II goats were given ‘Bufzone’ @ 50 g single dose orally daily for 4 days. Whereas, goats of group III were administered ‘Bufzone’ @ 50 g single dose orally daily for 4 days and Sodium bicarbonate @ 1 g/kg body weight orally for 5 days. In addition goats of all the three groups were administered with Chlorphenarmine maleate @ 0.5 mg/kg body weight im, Tribivet @ 2ml im and Ringer’s lactate @ 25 ml, 50-75 ml, 75-74 100 ml iv in group I, II and III respectively. It was concluded that ruminal acidosis is a common disease of goats and its severity can be effectively reduced by combination of Bufzone and sodium bicarbonate along with supportive therapy.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC ASPECTS OF CERTAIN COMMON DERMATOSES IN DOGS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO CANINE ATOPIC DERMATITIS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-12) JYOTHI, JATAVATH; Satish Kumar, K(MAJOR); Nagaraj, P; Chandrashekhar Reddy, K; Madhava Rao, TABSTRACT : The present study was carried out in a total of 214 dogs that were presented with the history and signs of skin and coat abnormalities. These cases when subjected to thorough clinical examination and skin samples analysis, mange, atopy, malasseziosis, hypothyroidism, pyoderma, dermatophytosis and mixed infection associated dermatoses was recorded in 23.83 per cent, 21.50 per cent, 15.89 per cent, 12.62 per cent, 10.75 per cent, 8.41 per cent and 7.00 per cent dogs, respectively. The breed wise prevalence of mange was highest in GSD and lowest in Saint Bernard and that of canine atopic dermatitis was the highest in Dalmatian and lowest in Pug. Similarly, GSD and Doberman and Golden retriever; Labrador and Cocker spaniel, Golden retriever and Daschund; Spitz and Mongrel; GSD and Spitz and Doberman; GSD and Golden retriever were recorded as highest and lowest prevalence for malasseziosis, hypothyroidism, pyoderma, dermatophytosis and mixed infestation, respectively. Dermatoses associated with mange, atopic dermatitis, malasseziosis, hypothyroidism, Pyoderma, Dermatophytosis and mixed infestation were 31.37 per cent, 52.17 per cent, 26.47 per cent, 29.62 per cent, 39.13 per cent, 50.00 per cent and 46.67 per cent, respectively among the dogs between 1-3 years. Whereas, the prevalence of the same among 3-7 years and above 7 years were 52.94 and 15.68, 26.09 and 21.74, 44.12 and 29.41, 33.33 and 37.03, 21.74 and 39.13, 27.78 and 22.22 and 33.33 and 20.00 per cent, respectively. The prevalence of dermatoses in relation to gender of affected dogs revealed a highest rate in males (mange, pyoderma, dermatophytosis) in contrast to females (malasseziosis, atopic dermatitis, hypothyroidism and mixed infestation). All the cases included in the present study that were suspected for certain common dermatoses revealed similar manifestations such as pruritus, alopecia, erythema, papules, pustules, excoriations, scabs, crusts, scales and change in pigmentation. Few were also presented with rat tail appearance (hypothyroidism), urticaria, severe erythema of face, interdigits, otitis externa (atopy), greasy and offensive body odour (malasseziosis, pyoderma). Some of these cases were also presented with mixed ectoparasites like ticks, lice and fleas. Out of a total of 214 dermatoses dogs, 51 cases revealed positive for mites particularly Sarcoptes scabiei and Demodex canis. Tape impressions revealed blue colored footprint shaped yeast organisms that confirmed the diagnosis for malasseziosis. Ringworm infection suspected sample revealed positive for Trichophyton spp and Microsporum spp. Glass impression smears that were stained with gram’s stain were found positive for Staphylococcus spp thus, confirming pyoderma. Few of the cases suspected for fungal dermatosis showed a fluorescent apple green coloured areas where the lesions were present confirming Microsporum spp. Whereas, 27/214 dogs revealed significantly (P<0.05) elevated levels of serum cholesterol and triglycerides along with low thyroid profile, thus confirming the hypothyroid associated dermatosis. Following intradermal injection of various allergens, 38 dogs were found sensitive for cockroach male, followed by Parthenium, cockroach female, common dust, Aspergillus fumigatus, dust mites and Trichoderma, respectively which was manifested as an erythematous swelling similar to a bee sting with a sharp ridge at the peripheral margin within 15 minutes. The severity was recorded as +, ++, +++ and ++++ if the area was within 3 cm, 3-4 cm, 4-4.5 cm and more than 4.5cm. Scanning electron microscopy revealed Sarcoptes scabiei, Demodex canis, Malassezia pachydermatis and Trichophyton spp. Based on intra dermal allergic skin test, dogs of various breed, age and sex that were presented with erythema, pruritus and alopecia and diagnosed for canine atopic dermatitis were proportionately divided into 3 groups such as Group I, II and III with 15 in each and subjected for therapeutic trail. All the 15 dogs of Group I showed clinical improvement from day 7 with complete clinical recovery within 20 days of treatment. and the same among GII dogs started from day 10 with complete recovery among all the affected cases by day 30. Whereas, clinical improvement among group III dogs was gradual and slow from day 15 with complete clinical recovery by the end of therapeutic period (day 30) among only 11 cases. Among all the dogs of Group I, following therapy with topical tacrolimus spray twice daily, apart from clinical improvement from day 7, a significant improvement in hypersensitive reaction towards all the allergens was also noticed on day 10. Similarly among group II cases that received oral tacrolimus, twice daily, along with clinical improvement from day 7, a non significant improvement in hypersensitive reaction against intra dermal allergic skin test was noticed on day 10. However, a significantly (P<0.05) decreased hypersensitive zone was recorded on day 20. Whereas, improvement in group III cases was non-significant on day 20 but significantly different on day 30. However, there was a significant difference (P< 0.05) with respect to these parameters between group I, group II and III dogs, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ADVANCED DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC GASTRITIS IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-01) ABHISHEK KALUNDIA; Satish Kumar, K(MAJOR); Tirumala Rao, D.S; Chandrashekhar, E.LABSTRACT: The prevalence of chronic gastritis in dogs that was associated with drug induced, dietary cause/food allergy, bacterial, systemic causes, foreign body and due to anatomical defect was recorded as 14.92, 14.92, 16.42, 17.91, 12.69, 12.69 and 10.45 per cent, respectively. Prevalence of chronic gastritis of various causes mentioned above, in relation to breed, was recorded highest among German shepherds and Labradors respectively, and lowest in Daschunds, Cocker spaniels, Spitz, Golden retrievers, Mongrels and Dobermans respectively. With respect to age, highest prevalence was recorded in dogs aged between 1-7 years (drug induced, bacterial, foreign body and anatomical anomalies), following upto 1yr (parasitic, food allergy, foreign body and anatomical defect) compared to the chronic gastritis in dogs under 12 months (drug induced and systemic causes). The prevalence of chronic gastritis in relation to gender of affected dogs revealed a highest rate in males in contrast to females. Except in bacterial gastritis, temperature, pulse and respiratory rate of vomiting dogs of various etiology remained in normal range. Dehydration, vomiting with mucous, fresh blood, partially digested blood, blood clots, coffee colored, bile, undigested food were the significant clinical manifestations. Whereas, icterus and pruritus was recorded in systemic disease and dietary indiscretion associated chronic gastritis in dogs. Significantly decreased TEC, Hb, with elevated PCV and TLC was common hematological abnormalities among all the chronic gastritis affected dogs. Except neutrophilia and monocytosis among bacterial gastritis in dogs, no difference was noticed with other dogs. Similarly, elevated levels of ALT and ALP with decreased TP and albumin were recorded among the vomiting dogs of both the subgroups of groups II, III and IV. Further, hyponatremia, hypokalemia and hypochloremia were the common electrolyte abnormalities in all the gastritis affected dogs. Megaesophagus, lower esophageal stricture / stenosis, foreign body obstruction and esophageal diverticulum were the significant radiographic abnormalities. A thickened gastric wall, thickened rugal folds, and loss or decreased definition of the normal gastric wall layers were identified ultrasonographically in dogs with chronic gastritis. Reddening, roughening, petechiation, haemorrhage, perforations, increased granularity or friability, constrictions, erosions, ulcers and mass lesions and rugal and mucosal thickening or hypertrophy along the mucus lining of cardiac, fundus and pylorus were significant endoscopic abnormalities. Culture studies of biopsy samples from stomach revealed negative result but the same sample on rapid urease test revealed positive results for Helicobacter spp. Histopathologically, eosinophilic, lymphoplasmacytic (lymphocyte and plasma cell dominated), ulceration, granulomatous (macrophage dominated), pyogranulomatous (neutrophils and macrophages), fibrosis were specific findings. Following therapy for 5 days with respective regimens, the specific signs, hematological, biochemical and other findings improved significantly among both the subgroup dogs of the group I(drug induged gastritis), II( dietary induced gastritis), III (helicobacter associated) and IV (gastritis due to other systemic causes) dogs that were treated for varied etiology. However, relatively faster clinical recovery and early improvement with respect to various hemato-biochemical parameters were observed among the sub group ‘b’ dogs of I, II, III and IV group dogs. However, with respect to various endoscopic abnormalities like ulcerations, erosions, hypertrophic, thick gastric mucosa that were noticed in chronic gastritis affected dogs before the onset of therapy did not showed complete recovery (except clinical improvement) by the end of day 5 except healing and absence of ulcers and erosions (fig. 69 to 70). Whereas, Helicobactor associated gastritis in dogs that were found positive for rapid urease test also showed clinical improvement by absence of vomiting and normal appetite by day 5. However, complete recovery without presence of the specific bacteria was only noticed after two weeks.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON COPPER DEFICIENCY IN BUFFALOES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-03) SUDHA MADHURI, K; LAKSHMI RANI, N(MAJOR); Vaikunta Rao, V; HARI KRISHNA, N.V.V.ABSTRACT: The present work was aimed to study the prevalence, symptomatology, hemato-biochemical profiles and treatment of copper deficiency in buffaloes among five mandals of Krishna district. Analysis of plasma samples for the estimation of copper revealed that the overall prevalence of copper deficiency in buffaloes was 24.79 per cent. The prevalence varied significantly (P<0.05) among the five mandals. Prevalence was more in buffaloes belonging to individual farmers in comparison to those located in dairy farms. No significant difference (P>0.05) was recorded in the prevalence among different age groups. Among the adult buffaloes studied, pregnant were mostly affected. Out of the 24.79% hypocupremic buffaloes, 18.18 % had marginal deficiency while 6.61% exhibited functional deficiency. The prominent clinical signs in hypocupremic buffaloes were depigmentation of skin and hair coat, anemia, ill thrift lameness/hoof abnormalities, mastitis, diarrhea, reduced milk yield anoestrous and repeat breeding. The mean plasma copper (μg/dl) concentrations in healthy control, buffaloes with marginal and functional deficiency were 80.69 }5.97, 31.28 }0.34 and 16.36 }0.25, respectively with significant difference between the three groups (P<0.01). The Hb, PCV, TEC, serum total protein and serum γ glutamyl transferase varied significantly (P<0.01) in between the healthy and deficient buffaloes. The plasma ceruloplasmin (mg/dl) value recorded in apparently healthy buffaloes was 8.91 }0.77 while it was 6.83 }0.18 and 5.05 }0.40 in marginal and functional deficiency buffaloes. Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlation between plasma copper and ceruloplasmin in healthy (R=0.722; P=0.043) and hypocupremic buffaloes (R=0.588; P=0.005). The buffaloes of functional deficiency were randomly assigned to two groups. Group I were treated with oral administration of copper sulphate @ 300 mg/100 kg b wt/day and Group II with injectable copper glycinate. In both the groups, the plasma copper values reached normalcy by 90 days. The hypocupremic buffaloes showed marked clinical improvement with alleviation of clinical signs from two weeks after initiation of therapy. After treatment, the hemoglobin, packed cell volume and total erythrocyte count significantly improved in comparison to the pre therapeutic values in both the groups. Significant increase in mean serum total protein and serum γ- glutamyl transferase (U/l) values were recorded in both the groups after therapy. In the present study a positive correlation was recorded between ceruloplasmin with plasma copper concentrations with significant increase in the mean ceuloplasmin values in Group I and Group II buffaloes parallel to the increased plasma copper concentrations. In the present study the average time taken for the plasma copper values to reach normalcy in Group I and Group II was 66.25 days and 65 days, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL- HAEMATOBIOCHEMICAL AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON COCCIDIOSIS IN BUFFALO CALVES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-03) RAJENDRA PRASAD, D; Syaama Sundar, N(MAJOR); Vaikunta Rao, V; Malakondaiah, PABSTRACT: The prevalence of coccidiosis was 39.62 while it was 28.6,42.8 and 50.81 per cent at Campus Hospital, organized dairy farms and Buffalo Research Station Venkatramannagudem respectively. The prevalence percentage of coccidiosis out of total diarrhoeic calves screened was 0; 30.94; 5.6 and 3.01 in age groups of up to 20 days, 21-30 days,31-40 days and 41-90 days respectively. A highly significant difference (P<0.01) was observed in the prevalence of coccidiosis between the different age groups. Out of the 265 diarrhoeic calves screened, Eimeria oocysts were identified in105 calves.Based on the morphological characteristics of sporulated oocysts,micrometry and sporulation time, fivespecies of Eimeria were identified which included E. bovis +E. zuernii(60%), E. bovis +E. zuernii +E ellipsoidallis (20%), E. bovis + E. auburnensis +E. ellipsoidallis (13%),E. zuernii +E. auburnensis + E.cylindrica (6%). There was a significant increase (P<0.01) in temperature, pulse, respiration in calves affected with coccidia. There was significantly lower level of haemoglobin (gm/dL) and PCV (%) in all the groups. In Group I the levels were 9.94±0.88 and 28.90±1.74, Group II 9.28±0.83 and 25.3±0.5 and in Group III the levels were 9.15±0.33 and 25.3±0.75 respectively. There was significant elevation in the level of haemoglobinand PCV in all the three groups fallowing therapy. In Group I the values were 10.47±0.12, 33.3±1.02; in Group II 10.20±0.23, 32.5±0.64; in Group III 10.17±0.17, 33.9±2.96 respectively on post therapy. The serum glucose (mg/dL) levels which were significantly low in diarrhoeic calves, showed significant (P<0.01) increase(48.3±0.98 to 64.21±2.33) in Group I, (46.9±1.24) to 60.78±2.20) Group II and (45.0±0.99 to 56.69±2.61) Group III before and after therapy respectively. A significantly lower pre treatment level of serum protein (gm/dL) was noted in all the buffalo calves of Group I (5.51±0.28 vs 5.76±0.28) Group II (4.26±0.16 vs 5.37±0.22) and Group III (4.10±0.06 vs 5.37±0.22), in comparison to post treatment values. The decreased levels of serum protein elevated to normal levels close to healthy control. A significant variation was observed in levels of serum albumin (gm/dL) in all the buffalo calves of Group I significant decreased levels after treatment(3.10±0.11 vs 2.67±0.20 ) Group II and Group III significant elevated are observed (2.58±0.08 vs 2.67±0.20), (2.72±0.12 vs 3.36±0.11) . A significantly elevated pre treatment level of serum AST (IU/dL) was noted in all the buffalo calves of Group I (70.88±2.42 vs 61.72±0.21) Group II (68.68±1.79 vs 62.80±1.45) and Group III ( 69.78±2.68 vs 63.15±1.76), in comparison to post treatment values. The elevated levels of serum AST decreased to normal levels close to healthy control values after treatment, 41.40±0.70, 40.80±0.64 and 42.00±0.69% respectively. On the basis of the present study it may be inferred that various Eimeria species are noted Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuerniimay cause severe infection. In therapeutic study Toltrazuril is more effective and early recovery was noted, followed bytherapy with Trimithoprim+Sulphadiazine, and Amprolium. The coccidiosis calves were randomly divided in to three groups and therapeutic trails were under taken. Group I calves were treated with Toltrazuril; Group IIcalves were treated with sulphadiazine + trimithoprim and Group III were treated with Amprolium orally. In all the animals herbal immunobooster was administered to ensure a better therapeutic response. Calves of Group I recovered in 7 days; Group II recovered in 12 days and Group III recovered in 16 days. On the basis of the present study it may be inferred that early initiation of therapy with anticoccidial such as toltrazuril or Sulpha + Trimethoprim or amprolium in combination with herbal immunobooster will result in quick and prompt recovery with reduction in morbidity and mortality in coccidiosis affected calvesThesisItem Open Access CLINICO -DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON MICROFILARIOSIS IN BUFFALOES IN CERTAIN PARTS OF COASTAL ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-09) VENKATA KAMESWARA RAO, YANAMADNI; SHOBHAMANI, B(MAJOR); VAIKUNTA RAO, v; BHARAVI, KABSTRACT: To study the occurrence of bubaline microfilariosis, a total of 822 buffaloes from costal Andhra Pradesh were screened during the period from November 2015 to October 2016. Among them 44 buffaloes were found to have microfilariae in the blood. The overall occurrence of bubaline microfilariosis was 5.35 per cent. The occurrence in Veterinary Hospital, in individual holdings and in organized farms was 12.5 percent (23/184), 3.49 per cent (14/401) and 2.95 per cent (7/237) respectively. The occurrence rate was high in 6 to 12 years old buffaloes. Microfilariae were not detected in below one year old buffalo calves. The lactating buffaloes found to be highly (7.93%) susceptible compared to non-lactating buffaloes (3.5%). Similarly, 5.54 per cent murrah buffaloes and 3.07 per cent non-descript buffaloes had microfilariae in the blood. Microfilariosis was recorded through-out the year i.e. during winter (5.21%) summer (4.54%) and monsoon (5.76%) seasons. The microfilaraemic buffaloes exhibited the signs of pyrexia (1030F), anorexia, reduced viii milk yield, reduced rumen motility, epiphora, congested conjunctiva, sunken eyes, edema of dependent parts and dehydration. In chronic cases clinical signs such as pale conjunctivae/Pale oral mucosa, rough/dry skin, uncoordinated movement, loss of vision, debility and mortality in one buffalo, were observed. The hematological alterations recorded in microfilaremic buffaloes were decreased VPRC (27.66+0.66%), Hb (8.75+0.52%), TEC (4.89±0.58×103/μl) and relative eosinophilia (5±0.51). The serum biochemical parameters of microfilaremic buffaloes revealed decreased glucose (31.21±1.55 mg/dl), Total serum proteins (6.21±0.03), and albumin (3.17±0.05g/dl) content. Similarly the serum calcium level (9.43±0.30 mg/dl) and zinc value (56.16±3.73μg/dl) of microfilaremic buffaloes was reduced. To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy, 12 microfilaremic buffaloes were randomly divided into 2 groups. The microfilaremic buffaloes in Group-II were treated with injection doramectin@ 200 μg/kg/sc along with Calup gel @ 300g/animal/day, three doses on alternative days. The buffaloes in Group-III were administered with injection ivermectin @ 200μg/kg/ sc along with oral calcium. The clinical recovery and restoration of physiological status was faster in Doramectin treated group (minimum of 2 days) compared to ivermectin treated group (minimum of 3 days). The magnitude of improvement and reversal to normalcy haemato-biochemical and serum mineral content was far greater after treatment with doramectin. Recurrence of microfilariosis up to 30 days was not recorded in both the groups. It is therefore, concluded that both ivermectin and doramectin were efficient in eliminating microfilariae, however the clinical recovery was much faster in doramectin treated group.