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ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON POSTPARTURIENT INDIGESTION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO HEPATIC DISORDERS AND PRODUCTION DISEASES IN BUFFALOES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-06) PADMAJA, K; TIRUMALA RAO, D.S(MAJOR); AMEER HAMZA, P; SADASIVA RAO, K; GOPALA REDDY, AABSTRACT: The present investigation on Postparturient Indigestion (PPI) was undertaken to study the incidence, clinical and biochemical findings, therapeutic efficacy of certain drugs and to evolve a suitable comprehensive therapeutic and prophylactic measures for prevention of PPI in buffaloes associated with hepatic disorders and production diseases. Out of 320 recently calved (zero to two months after calving) buffaloes with the history of reduced feed intake and decreased milk yield presented at Ambulatory Clinic, Mylardevpally, Campus Veterinary Hospital, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar and a few peri urban dairy farms located in and around Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 90 (28.13%) buffaloes were found suffering with PPI. On detailed clinical examination and urine analysis of cases of PPI, it was observed that 43 (47.78%) buffaloes had hepatic insufficiency, 27 (30 %) had production diseases and 20 (22.22 %) had PPI alone. Out of 43 buffaloes of hepatic insufficiency, 23 (25.56 %) had hepatic insufficiency alone, 20 (22.22 %) had hepatic insufficiency and production diseases, 10 (11.11 %) had hepatic insufficiency with sub clinical hypocalcaemia and 10 (11.11 %) had hepatic disorders with sub clinical ketosis. Out of 27 buffaloes with incidence of PPI in relation to production diseases, 14 (15.56 %) had sub clinical hypocalcaemia and 13 (14.44 %) had sub clinical ketosis. Based on the urine analysis, 90 PPI animals were divided into five groups IIa, IIb, III, IV and V. These five groups were subdivided into two each viz., IIa1, IIa2, IIb1, IIb2, IIIa, IIIb, IVa, IVb, Va and Vb for conducting therapeutic trials. Ten apparently healthy postparturient buffaloes (Group I) were subjected to clinical observations and biochemical investigations, and they served as healthy control group. The most common and consistent symptom observed in buffaloes suffering with PPI was reduction in feed intake and decreased milk yield. Scanty dung was observed in few cases. Milk samples of all the 90 cases of PPI were found negative for ketones before and after treatment. There was no significant difference in the values of temperature, pulse and respiratory rate of PPI animals before and after treatment, which indicated that PPI had no significant effect on the above parameters. All the animals during the treatment regained the appetite and milk yield was increased. Ruminal motility was increased significantly (P<0.01). Urine analysis was normal in all the groups after the treatment. The buffaloes with PPI were administered different therapeutic regimens. Animals belonging to group IIa were low in urinary calcium and hence, 450 ml of Calboral i/v and 300 g of Calup gel P.O was administered for two days in groups IIa1 and IIa2, respectively. Significant improvement was observed in both the groups. Based on the ANOVA results and comparative means, the treatment of group IIa2 was more effective. The group IIb animals were found positive for urinary ketones hence, Rintose 0.50 g per kg b wt i/v was administered for two days. In addition, Laurabolin 100 mg i/m single dose and Ketonex boli 4 per day P.O for three days was given to groups IIb1 and IIb2, respectively. The mean serum glucose and calcium levels increased significantly at 1% (P<0.01) and 5 % (P<0.05), in groups IIb1 and IIb2, respectively. However, the mean serum GGT and total bilirubin levels decreased significantly (P<0.01) in group IIb2. Though there was an improvement in both the groups, the comparative means of serum glucose of healthy, group IIb1 and IIb2 revealed that the treatment given to group IIb2 was more effective. Group III animals were positive for urinary bile pigments. Hence, Rintose 0.50 g per kg b wt i/v was administered for one day. In addition, Livadex forte 10 ml i/m and Toxol 10 ml i/m for three days was given in groups IIIa and IIIb, respectively. The mean serum glucose and total protein levels were increased significantly (P<0.01) in group IIIa animals. There was a significant (P<0.01) decrease in serum AST values, in groups IIIa and IIIb, whereas the mean GGT values decreased significantly (P<0.01) in group IIIb animals. The comparative means of serum AST and GGT of healthy, group IIIa and IIIb revealed that the efficacy of both the treatments was same. Animals belonging to group IV were positive for urinary bile pigments. In addition, IVa was low in calcium, IVb was positive for ketone bodies in urine. The animals of IVa were administered Rintose 0.50 g per kg b wt i/v, Tribivet 10 ml i/m for three days and 300 g of Calup gel P.O for two days. Group IVb animals were administered Rintose 0.50 g per kg b wt i/v for three days, Laurabolin 100 mg i/m single dose and 2 boli of Zigbo P.O. for five days. The mean serum glucose, total protein, albumin and calcium increased significantly (P<0.01) in group IVa animals, whereas the mean serum AST, GGT and total bilirubin decreased significantly (P<0.01). In group IVb animals, the mean total protein, albumin, calcium and phosphorous levels increased significantly (P<0.01), whereas the mean serum AST, GGT and cholesterol levels decreased significantly (P<0.01). Both the treatments were equally effective since the levels of serum AST and GGT were significantly (P<0.01) decreased after therapy. 73 Group V animals were normal in terms of urine analysis. However, rumen liquor analysis revealed alkaline indigestion with mean pH of 8.00±0.00. They were administered Rintose 0.50 g per kg b wt i/v and Anistamin 10 ml i/m for one day. Besides, bolus Ecotas 2 per day P.O. for four days and bolus Rumentas 4 per day (2 boli BID) P.O. for three days were given in groups Va and Vb, respectively. The mean values of serum calcium and albumin increased significantly (P<0.01) in group Va animals. The comparative means of serum glucose and calcium of healthy, group Va and Vb revealed that the efficacy of treatment provided to group Va was more effective. Therefore, it can be concluded that in the treatment of PPI in buffaloes, hepatoprotective and liver stimulant drugs along with i/v administration of glucose, oral calcium preparation and a combination of probiotics and prebiotics are recommended. Urine analysis can be considered as a diagnostic tool for early detection of PPI in buffaloesThesisItem Open Access ADVANCED STUDIES ON DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF VOMITING IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-05) SURESH, KAMINENI; ALAHA SINGARI, N(MAJOR); NALINI KUMARI, K; SURESH KUMAR, R.V; ESWARA PRASAD, PABSTRACT : The present study was undertaken to study the prevalence of vomiting, its causative factors, other associated symptoms, haemato biochemical changes, ultrasonographic findings, endoscopic appearance and efficacy of antiemetic drugs in afebrile dogs with vomiting. A total 135 (8.67%) afebrile vomiting dogs out of 1558 were selected during the study period. Vomiting was mostly observed in Pomeranian breed and the prevalence was higher in male pups below 6 months of age. Dietary abnormalities were found to be the causative factors for vomiting in majority (45.93%) cases followed by renal failure, hepatic disorders, gastric ulcers, parasitic infection, foreign bodies, pyometra, Diabetes ketoacidosis and tumors. Apart from vomiting anorexia, depression to lethargy, loss of weight and dehydration of varying degrees were the clinical signs evident in all dogs. In addition haematemesis and anaemia in renal failure, hepatic disorders and gastric ulcers; abdominal pain due to the presence of foreign bodies and tumors; polyuria and oliguria in renal failure; emaciation, icterus, polydipsia and ascitis in hepatic disorders; diarrhoea, melena and anaemia in parasitic infection and polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia and cataract in Diabetes ketoacidosis were the other characteristic signs. High PCV, Hb and TEC counts in dietary abnormalities, foreign bodies and Diabetic ketoacidosis; increased TLC in renal failure, hepatic disorders, gastric ulcers, pyometra and tumors; increase in neutrophils in renal failure, hepatic disorders, gastric ulcers, pyometra and tumors and high eosinophil count in parasitic infestation and gastric ulcers were prominent in dogs with vomiting. Hyponatremia due to presence of foreign bodies and Diabetic ketoacidosis; hypokalemia and hypochloremia in all cases; increased ALT levels in hepatic disorders; hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia in hepatic disorders, gastric ulcers and tumors; high globulin levels in pyometra; hyperglycemia in Diabetic ketoacidosis and elevated BUN and creatinine levels in renal failure were the characteristic biochemical alterations noted in dogs with vomiting. Gas filled intestines with plication in gastro enteritis, prominent kidney opacity in renal failure; ground glass appearance in ascites; foreign bodies in the oesophagus, stomach and intestines; uterine distension in pyometra and intra abdominal neoplasm were the radiographic abnormalities detected in the present study. Generalized mucosal oedema along with foam and several streaks of bile tinged fluid in most cases of gastritis along with haemorrhages, erosions, large ulcers, shallow ulcers and hyperemic gastric mucosa were revealed on endoscopy. Hyperechoic cortex, loss of detail of CMJ, hyperechoic medulla and thickened urinary bladder wall in renal failure; hyperechogenecity, hepatomegaly, anechoic ascitic fluid and cholecystitis in hepatic disorders and enlargement of uterus and uterine horns in pyometra were the abnormalities recorded on ultrasonography. In the therapeutic trial conducted as a part of present study 3 (I, II and III) groups of dogs with vomiting due to dietary abnormalities and 2 (IV and V) groups with renal failure were selected with 12 dogs in each. Ringers lactate was given twice daily and Vitamin B1, B6 and B12 once in a day for all dogs. Metoclopramide (Group I), Ondansetron (Group II) and Ondansetron and potassium chloride twice daily (Group III), Metoclopramide and Amoxicillin and cloxacillin (Group IV) and Ondansetron and Amoxicillin and cloxacillin (Group V) were the drugs employed. Though there was significant improvement in all the groups, based on the faster resolution of vomiting and improvement in the haemato biochemical parameters, treatment with Ondansetron and potassium chloride was found to be superior when compared to other two combinations in vomiting due to dietary abnormalities and Ondansetron was found to be superior when compared to Metoclopramide in controlling vomiting due to renal failure.ThesisItem Open Access DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-02) LOKESWARA NETHAJI, OBURAI; VAIKUNTA RAO, V(MAJOR); NALINI KUMARI, K; SREENIVASULU, DABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to find out the incidence of Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) in dogs with relation to age, breed and sex in and around Tirupati, to study the clinical, haematological and biochemical profile in dogs with CRF, to study ultrasonographic findings in dogs with CRF and to formulate an effective therapeutic regimen for CRF in dogs. The study revealed higher incidence of CRF in spitz with male predominance and in age group of 8-12 years. Clinical examination of CRF cases revealed anorexia, vomiting, dullness, weight loss, oral ulcers, polyuria, polydipsia, pale mucous membrane, melena, recumbency and blindness. Blood pressure measurement showed significant elevation of systolic arterial pressure in CRF dogs. Haematological values showed the results of anemia and mild neutrophilic leucocytosis. In serum biochemical profile, elevated serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, phosphorous, sodium and normal serum potassium and calcium were observed. However decreased total protein and albumin levels were observed in CRF dogs compared to apparently healthy dogs. Urinalysis showed normal pH, decreased specific gravity and elevated urine protein and creatinine ratio and urinary enzymes (ALP and GGT) excretion. Nephrosonography revealed hyperechoic renal cortex, hyperechoic medulla, indistinct corticomedullay junction and sunken kidneys in CRF dogs. Combination of root extract of B.diffusa and conservative treatment was found to be effective in the therapeutic management of CRF in dogs.ThesisItem Open Access DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON POST PARTUM ANOREXIA WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO HEPATIC INSUFFICIENCY IN COWS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-01) NAVEEN KUMAR REDDY, B; TIRUMALA RAO, D.S(MAJOR); HAMZA, P.A; GIREESH KUMAR, VABSTRACT : Out of a total of 291 anorexia cases presented to Campus Veterinary Hospital and Ambulatory clinic, Mylardevpally, Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad and Mekaguda village near Hyderabad only 68 (23.37%) crossbred cows were diagnosed based on history as post partum anorexia (PPA) cases. On detailed clinical examination and urinalysis of cases of PPA it was observed that 30 (44.12%) cows had PPA with hepatic insufficiency which formed about 10.31 per cent of total cases of anorexia. Ten apparently healthy cows which were in same post partum period but showing no clinical signs were selected to serve as control group for working out the normal values. Thirty clinical cases of PPA with hepatic insufficiency selected on the above basis were subjected to detailed clinico-biochemical examination and therapeutic trial. The clinical cases exhibited various symptoms like partial to complete loss of appetite, decreased milk yield in 93.33 per cent cows, dull and depression in 76.66 per cent cows, scanty and pasty dung in 60 per cent of cows, reduced ruminal motility in 76.66 per cent of cows, rough coat in 30 per cent cows and symptoms such as lacrimation, nasal discharges and cough in 16.66 per cent of cows. Passing of clay coloured dung was observed only in four cows. Thirty clinical cases of cows suffering from PPA with hepatic insufficiency were randomly divided in to three groups of 10 animals in each. Cows of group I were treated orally with two boli of Zigbo (M/S Natural Remedies Private Ltd., Bangalore, India) and two boli of Ecotas (M/S Intas Pharmaceutical Ltd., Ahmedabad, India) daily for five days. Group II cows were administered Inj. Livadex forte 10ml i/m (M/S Virbac Animal Health India Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India) and two boli of Ecotas orally daily for five days while all the cows belonging to group III were treated Inj. Livadex forte 10 ml i/m, two boli of Zigbo and two boli of Ecotas orally daily for five days. The serum samples were collected before and after completion of treatment for estimation of serum glucose, total protein, albumin, AST, ALP and GGT. The urine samples, similarly collected were analysed for Rothera’s test for ketones, sulkowitch test for calcium, Ehrlich’s test for urobilinogen, Methylene blue test for bilirubin and Hay’s test for urinary bile salts. There was no significant difference in the temperature, pulse and respiration rates of all the groups before and after treatment on comparison with healthy control values, but whereas rumen motility was significant (P < 0.05) increased after treatment in group I, II and (P < 0.01) group III. In cows of group I the serum glucose, total protein and albumin values were increased and AST, ALP, GGT values were decreased after therapy, but all these biochemical parameters were not statistically significant, feed and water intake and milk yield were returned near to pre disease level. In cows of group II the serum glucose, total protein and albumin values were increased and AST, ALP, GGT values were decreased after therapy. There was significant (P < 0.05) difference in the mean values of these biochemical parameters except serum glucose, which was not significant statistically, milk yield returned to pre disease level. After completion of treatment the general condition of cows of group III improved and active. Feed and water intake and the milk yield were returned to pre disease level. There was significant (P < 0.01) increase in mean values of total protein and albumin and significant (P < 0.01) decrease in mean values of AST, ALP and GGT. Though there was increase in serum glucose after treatment but was not significant statistically. From the above findings it was concluded that crossbred cows of PPA with hepatic insufficiency could be treated successfully with a combination of Zigbo bolus, Ecotas bolus and Inj. Livadex forte for quick and complete recovery.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CARDIAC DISEASES AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-01) SATlSH KUMAR, K; ALAHA SINGARI, N(MAJOR); TIRUMALA RAO, D.S; RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P.; ESWARA PRASAD, P; VYKUNTA RAO, VA RSTRACT: The present investigation was undertaken to study the occurrence of cardiac diseases, and the efficacy of different therapeutic regimens of congestive heart failure in dogs Dogs presented to \,'eterinary Hospital. Bhoiguda Teaching L'eterinary Clinical Complex. College of Veterinary science, Hyderabad from October 2006 to November 2008 i e , for a period of 26 months were considered for the study During this period 27,618 dogs were presented to the Hospital. ot' which 886 were suspected to ha~eca rdiac disease based on the clinical man~festat~crnasn d 4-71 Mere diagnosed with various cardiac diseases based on clinical examination, haematology. biochemistry. electrocardiography. radiography and echocardiography The owrall occurrence of cardiac disease in doss was 1 65 OO and the occurrence of the disease in the population exhibiting clinical manifestations was 48 b '0 The h~shesr prevalence was recorded in Labrador Retriever (13 26 ''0) folloued by Spitr German Shepherd, Doberman Pincher. Great Dane, Nondescript breed, Boxer, Cmlden Retriever. Rot\veiler and lowest in Dachshund ( 1 97 Oo) The age wise occurrence of cardlac d15eas in dogs was highest (61.13 O.0) in between 10 to I4 years of age and In\\est (5 It, in do@ with less than 5 years of a_re The scx wise occurrence of cardiac disease in dogs \\as bQ 10° o in males and 30 600,,0 in females The clinical manifestations recorded in the present investigation were exercise intolerance in 282 (65.47 %), dyspnoea at rest in 264 (61.25 %), anorexia in 249 (57 68 %), cough in 185 (42.85 Oh), going down in condition in 169 (39 14 Oh), pale mucosa in 11 5 (26.65 %), ascites in 49 (1 1.26 %), peripheral edema in 34 (7 80 Oh), cyanosis in 24 (5.64 Oh) and syncope in 10 (2.35 %) dogs and murmurs, gallop sounds and arrhythmias in all the dogs According to ISACHC regulations, out of 43 1 cases, 118 (27.3 %) dogs were found to be under class 11, 294 (68 2 Oh) dogs were under class 111 A and 19 (4 5 ?/o) animals were in class 111 B and 29 (6 68 ?/o) dogs belonged to phase 11, 58 (13.5 YOb) elonged to phase I11 and 344 (79.82 %) were under phase IV as per New York Heart Association recommendations The mean values of hemoglobin and total erythrocyte wunt was significantly low with an increase in TLC levels of all the CHF dogs on day 0 before therapy when compared with healthy dogs. The mean CKMB. LDH and Na levels were significantly elevated with a decrease in TP and serum albumin levels of all the CHF dogs before therapy The various ECG abnormalities detected in 384 dogs out of 431 dops with cardiac diseases \vere increased R amplitude m.ith ST slurring (8 6 Oh). Deep S na\.e (6 il OOJ. Increased P and R wave amplitudes (6 O OW), Deep Q and elevated R wave (6 0 40), abnormal confiyuration of P wave (5.72 9b). deep Q wave (2.21 O.b), wide P wave (4 94 Ob), low voltage CJRS complexes (1 95 O 0). \.entricular tachycardia (4 69 O 0). absence of P na\c (3 16 OO). elevated R Ma\ e. wide QRS. ST co\.ing (3 9 1 ). configurational change in P \\a\ e- \r ondering sinus pacemaker (-3 h5 OO), increased amplitude and width of P wave (3 -39 '0). ventricular premature complexes with atrial enlargement (3 39 96). elevated T wave (3 39 '0). fine atrial fibrillation (3 -39 OO). junctional premature conlplexes \\.ith 11 degree .A\' block (2 86 '0). ventricular premature complexes of riyht ventricle origin ( 2 86 OO). hrad\cardia \cith low voltage QRS complexes,. notched R wave (3 60 OO), ventricular bigeminy of left ventricle origin (2 60 O,O). deep T wave (7 60 96). sinus arrhythymia m.ith low R wave (2 34 '0). bundle branch block (7 34 O 0). reg~llar\ ,entricular premature complex -- after e\ erv second beat (-1 08 ?b) and \.cntricular depolarization from ectopic foci of hean. nler3ing uith riorrnal sinus rhythm - A complex arrhythmia ( 1 82 O 0) On radlopraphy. 58 (38 88O0) dogs showed pulmonw benous congestion. 49 (32 hhOo) showed cardlomegaly. Ih ( 17 ;3 '0) an~n~aslhso med aurlculilr hulsr leti dtrlal enlargement and 17 ( 1 1 33O 0) dops revealed pleural and perlcardlal ctTuslon In the present study out of a total of 150 dogs subjected to echocardiography, dilated cardiomyopathy in 74 (49.33 %) dogs, mitral valve insufliciency in 88 (58.66 %), tricuspid valve insufliciency in 37 (24.66 %), pericardial efision in 28 (18.66 %), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 8 (5.33 %) and patent ductus aneriosus in 5 (3.33 %) dogs was revealed. The LVEdD, LVEsD, and EPSS dimensions were increased with a decrease in LVPWd, LVPWs. IVSd, IVSs, and contractility indices (EF and FS) of DCM associated CHF dogs. There was a significant turbulence on pulsed wave Doppler and mosaic panern appearance on color flow Doppler of the mitral valve in MVI associated CHI- dogs In the present study all the 43 1 dogs diagnosed for heart disease were negative for the presence of adult heanworm antigen in the blood Out of the total patients diagnosed for various cardiac diseases. 60 patients diagnosed to be ailing ivith Congestive Heart Failure (30 dogs with DCM and 30 u.ith lLlitral Valve Insutliciencv) based on hemato-biochemistry. ECG, radiogaphy and echocardiography were selected and subjected to different therapeutic regimens. The selected 60 patients were randomly di\ ided into 3 groups, Cir 1. II and 111 each having 20 (10 DC\I and 10 XfVi) dogs Dogs in group 1 were treattxi with benazapril. frusemide and digovin once dad!.. orall!- Dogs in group 11 were treated with ramipril, fmsemide and digoxin once daily, orally Dogs in group I11 were treated uith ramipril. frusemide and digoxin at the same dosage as given to the dogs of the group I1 and a neutraceuticle. L-C'arnitine for L>C\1 dogs and Coenzyme Q10 fix mitral \ al\ e insufficiency doss .All the dogs under treatment for 45 da!.s \\ere monitored and the eflicacy was assessed at tbrtniyht intewals based on improvement of' clinical signs. henlato-biochemistry. electrocardiography. radiography and echocardiography features. 1-here \\as a significant impro\ement in the haen~atobinchemical parameters of CHF dogs during therap!. Radiographicall?. no appreciable reduction in heart size uas obseried in any of the Cl1F dogs after 45 days of therapy except substantial reduction in the pulmonarv edenla and pleural effusion There was improvement and disappearance in the cardiac arrh17hnlias on electrocardiograph^ A significant ditkrerice in left \.entncle dinlensions (LVEdD. L\'LisD. l.\'PM'd. I \'PWs. I\.Sd. IVSs. and EPSSl and contractilit! indices (EF and FS) were noticed tn W'hl associated CHF dogs b! the end of the trial Whereas. nu spmific difference in severity and intensity of turbulence and mosaic pattern of cvlour jet flow at m~tral \,a!\ e was noticed in (1'1 IF dogs associated with J2\-1 All the CHF dogs of group 111 recovered by the end of therapeutic trial Whereas, 5 dogs in group 1 and 3 in grwp 11 showed signs of azotemia and died after five weeks in spite of reduction in the doses of digoxin and ACEi Based on the resolution of clinical signs, improvement in haemato biochemical parameters and echocardiographic features, it was found that a combination of ramipril, frusemide and digoxin along with neutriceutical supplementation of L-Carnitine and Coenzyme Q was superior to other two combinations as indicated by the faster disappearance of sips and early recovery with no adverse drug reactions both during and after therapy Hence. this therapeutic regimen is indicated in dogs with congestive heart failure associated w~th either dilated cardiomyopathy or mitral valve insufficiency.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON POST PARTURIENT ANOREXIA SYNDROME ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATIC INSUFFICIENCY AND KETOSIS IN BUFFALOES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008) RAO MALLAMPALLI, S.B; TIRUMALA RAO, D.S(MAJOR); HAMZA, P.A; GIRISH KUMAR, VABSTRACT : The present investigation was undertaken to study the clinical observations, biochemical parameters along with therapeutic trail in buffaloes with post parturient anorexia syndrome. The clinical observation in respect of temperature, pulse, respiration rate, ruminal movements, appetite, milk yield were recorded and the biochemical parameters viz. Serum glucose, Serum Calcium, Phosphorus, AST, TP, Alb, Cortisol and blood Ketone bodies were estimated in all the 40 animals. Among them 10 animals were kept as healthy control (Group IV) where as group I, II & III animals were subjected to therapeutic trails. Group IV (healthy control) showed normal body temperature (100.74±0.15oF), pulse (55.2 ± 40/min.), respiration rate (28.5±0.12/min), ruminal movements (8.2±0.34/5min), with normal appetite and healthy condition and with normal milk yield (10.20±0.20kg/day). The biochemical parameters such as, serum Glucose (52.80±0.80mg/dl), calcium (9.41±0.08mg/dl), Phosphorus (5.52±0.13mg/dl), AST (137.50±0.50 IU/L), Total protein (6.06±0.03g/dl), Albumin (3.08 ± 0.04 g/dl), Cortisol (0.59 ± 0.03μg/dl) and blood ketone bodies (8.32± 0.21mg/dl) were estimated. Group I, II & III animals were observed to be there was no significant difference in temperature, pulse, respiration rate, except rumen motility before and treatment. In group I animals before treatment, the biochemical values such as glucose, calcium, phosphorus, AST, TP, Alb, cortisol & blood ketone bodies were 34.20±1.28mg/dl ,9.31±0.06mg/dl, 4.72±0.04mg/dl, 227.90±6.90IU/L, 5.54±0.08g/dl, 2.77±0.03g/dl, 1.72±0.03μg/dl, and 10.75±0.27mg/dl, and after treatment values were 57.10± 0.67mg/dl, 9.86±0.04mg/dl, 5.38±0.02mg/dl, 136.10±0.41IU/L, 6.08±0.02g/dl, 3.09 ±0.03g/dl and 0.53±0.01μg/dl and 8.0±0.21mg/dl. The milk yield in group-I animals before & after therapy was 2.65±0.28kg and 7.40±0.37kg/day respectively. After treatment with Yakrifit, Anistamin and Livadexforte there was a significant difference in all biochemical parameters and milk yield (P<0.01). In group-II buffaloes the mean serum glucose, calcium, phosphorus, AST, TP, Alb, cortisol and blood ketone bodies before treatment were 32.3±0.08mg/dl, 9.16±0.15mg/dl, 4.69±0.12mg/dl, 235.2±7.73 IU/L, 5.26±0.15g/dl, 2.72±0.02g/dl, 1.72±0.5μg/dl and 10.30±1.06mg/dl, respectively. After treatment the corresponding values were 51.4±0.97mg/dl, 9.28±0.10mg/dl, 5.13±0.12mg/dl, 130.3±7.59IU/L, 6.15±0.19g/dl, 3.06±0.02g/dl, 0.59±0.08μg/dl and 8.30±0.82mg/dl, respectively. There was significant difference between before after treatments. All the animals recovered completely after five days treatment, as evident from clinical symptoms, improvement in milk yield and return of biochemical changes to almost normal levels. In group-III there was significant raise in glucose, calcium, phosphorus, AST, TP, Alb, Cortisol, and blood ketone levels (32.75±0.80mg/dl, 57.60±0.34mg/dl), (9.06±0.03mg/dl 9.99±0.04mg/dl), (4.61±0.03mg/dl, 5.29±0.03mg/dl), (221.7±4.92 IU/L 119.80±4.45 IU/L), (5.58±0.06mg/dl, 6.22±0.03g/dl), (2.64±0.04g/dl, 3.05±0.03g/dl), (2.63±0.07μg/dl 0.45±0.02μg/dl and (10.7±0.f 30, 8.10±0.23mg/dl). Following treatment. All the animals recovered completely on fifth day treatment, as evident from absence of clinical symptoms and return of biochemical changes to almost normal levels. In all the three groups, there was significant increased in milk yield. In group-I, II, and III milk yield before treatment was 2.65±0.28kg/day, 2.60±0.66kg/day, and 2.45±0.17kg/day respectively. After treatment the milk yield in corresponding groups was 7.40±0.37kg/day, 8.39±0.65kg/day, and 9.35±0.18kg/day. A significant difference was noted in all the biochemical parameters and rumen motility between the treatment groups and healthy control groups and within the groups before and after therapy. Based on the findings of present study investigation, most of the PPAS cases in buffaloes could be mainly due to the impaired hepatic function, reduced rumen motility and very lesser extent ketotic stage resulting in decreased milk yield and partial to complete loss of appetite. The above condition could be corrected with hepato protectives, liver extracts, glucogenics and antihistamines.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON DYSPEPSIA WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO HEPATIC INVOLVEMENT IN CANINE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-12) CHAITANYA, YALAVARTHI; TIRUMALA RAO, D.S(MAJOR); HAMZA, P.A; GIREESH KUMAR, VABSTRACT: The Present investigation was conducted to study clinical, haemato-biochemical, ultrasonographic findings, and therapeutic efficacy of certain drugs in dogs with dyspepsia with particular reference to hepatic involvement in canine. During the period of 8 months of present study, 30 dogs with hepatic involvement were selected basing on serum biochemical findings. Dyspepsia (100%) was the most common complaint followed by vomiting (80%), lethargy (57%), ascites (53%), diarrhea (33%), anemia (23%), melena (20%), jaundice (13%), fever(13%) and neurological signs(7%) . Elevated levels of serum ALT,serum ALP, serum GGT, total bilirubin and hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminaemia and hypoglycemia were most important biochemical alterations in dogs with dyspepsia and hepatic involvement. After therapy a significant (p< 0.05) improvement was noticed in Hb, serum ALP, serum GGT, total protein and glucose levels in group-I. Similarly in group II, a significant (p< 0.05) improvement was seen in TEC, TLC, Hb, ALT, ALP, GGT, total protein, albumin, glucose levels. In group III, a significant (p< 0.05) improvement was seen in TEC, TLC, Hb, DLC, ALT, ALP, GGT, total protein, albumin, glucose levels, total bilirubin levels were significant in group III(p< 0.05). In the present study 10 cases were randomly selected for ultrasonography on the basis of available clinical, laboratory and morphological records. The relative efficacy of certain drugs was evaluated. The group I dogs received a combination of orally administered silymarin and iron supplement along with fluids (DNS) parenterally. The group II dogs received a combination of liver extract and B-complex vitamins and iron supplement along with fluids (DNS) parenterally. The therapeutic efficacy of this group was significant (p < 0.05) on day 7. This therapeutic regimen was useful in treating mild cases where infectious agent was not involved. The group III dogs received a combination of liver extract and B-complex vitamins, prednisolone and antibiotics along with fluids (DNS) parenterally. The therapeutic efficacy of this group was significant (p < 0.05) on day 7. This therapeutic regimen was useful in treating severe cases where infectious agent was involved and also in cirrhotic cases. Based on the findings of the present investigation it could be concluded that dyspepsia has involvement with sub optimal functional status of liver. It was concluded from this study that hepatic involvement and its complications can be cured successfully in dogs by conservative therapy if diagnosed at an early stage of the ailment.ThesisItem Open Access HAEMATO – BIOCHEMICAL AND THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS OF EXOCRINE PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY IN CANINE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-10) Ambica, G; Tirumala Rao, D.S(MAJOR); Hamza, P.A; Gireesh KumarABSTRACT : The present clinical investigation was aimed at studying the incidence, clinical findings, haemato-biochemical parameters, therapy and therapeutic efficacy of certain drugs in Group I (Syp. Aristozyme and Tab. Aciloc), Group II (Tab. Festal – N, Inj. Pantova and Syp.Vitapep) and Group III (Syp. Digiplex-T, Inj. Pantova and Syp. Vitapep) dogs with Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI). A total of 76 dogs were presented with the history of passing loose, voluminous, grey coloured greasy faeces during the study period of February 2008 to July 2008. Out of them 54 dogs (71.05%) were loosing body weight in spite of normal appetite and showed the clinical signs of caprophagia, poor hair coat, flatulence and occasional vomiting in 37 (48.68%), 43 (56.58%), 21 (27.63) and 19 (25%) respectively. Faecal samples of all 76 dogs were screened for parasitic ova and all were found negative and further screened macroscopically for the presence of trypsin by x-ray film digestion test and microscopically for the presence of fat, starch and protein by standard procedures. Among these 18 dogs (23.68%) negative for faecal trypsin and presence of fat, starch and protein were screened in 34 (44.74%), 31 (40.79%) and 25 (32.89%) respectively. Further haemato biochemical estimation was done and 23.68 percent (18) tested were found positive for EPI. The age-wise, breed-wise and sex-wise incidence of EPI indicated the highest incidence among dogs belonging to 2-5 years (61.11%) age, German shepherds (66.66%) and males (72.22%), respectively. All the affected dogs showed no significant change in haematological parameters in all three groups. Among biochemical parameters, serum glucose and serum GGT found to be normal but serum Amylase and serum Lipase levels were found to be decreased. After therapy a significant (p<0.05) improvement was noticed. The therapeutic efficacy based on response to treatmen was observed to be comparatively higher in Group III (83.33 %) than in Group II (66.66 %) and Group I (33.33%) on day 7 of therapy. Based on the above findings the therapeutic regimen used in Group III, i.e. Syp. Digiplex-T (@ 5 ml BID orally), Inj. Pantova (Pantoprazole @ 0.5-1.0 mg/ Kg. Body Wt. I/m) and Syp. Vitapep (Vitamin Supplement with Pepsin @ 5 ml BID orally) could be recommended to achieve good therapeutic response in EPI positive dogs.ThesisItem Open Access ETIOLOGICAL, CLINICAL AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON CANINE PYODERMA(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-06) Arunasri, S; Tirumala Rao, D.S(MAJOR); Ameer Hamza, P; Satyanarayana ChettyABSTRACT : The present study was undertaken to find out the incidence of pyoderma in relation to age, breed, sex ,type, clinical signs, cultural examination of skin sample along with in vitro drug sensitivity and a therapeutic trial using topical and oral preparations. The dogs presented at Teaching veterinary Hospital, Bhoiguda ,Rajendranagar ,and Govt. Veterinary Hospital ,Shantinagar, with the history of skin problems were examined for infection. Out of 39,540 dogs, 11,865 skin infection cases were registered. Among the skin infections, 3,215dogs were affected with pyoderma which was observed to be 27.09 percent. A total of 50 dogs with pyoderma were studied, the condition was common in 2-8 years of age (60% ) followed by 4 months to 2 years (32%) and 8 to12 years (8%). The results revealed that, the majority of cases of pyoderma were noticed in German Shepherd (32%), followed by Pomeranians (20% ), Labradors (16%), Daschunds (12%), Dalmation( 6%), Mongrels (6%), Dobermann (4%), Boxer( 2%) and Pug( 2%). Of the 50 dogs, 22 (44%) were males and rest 28 (56%) were females. Various clinical signs of pyoderma were severe itching, alopecia, papules (76%),pustules (58%), erythematous macules (28%), hyper pigmentation (18%), moth eaten appearance(16%),epidermal collarettes, crusts, scales (three of these ) accounting to 10% and extensive oozing lesions(6%). The result of the study revealed that,among the types of pyoderma superficial was predominant( 76%),followed by surface(14%) and deep pyoderma (10%). The result of the cultural examination of skin samples resulted in isolation of bacteria viz Staphylococcus spp (100%), Proteus spp (18%), Klebsiella spp (16%), E.coli 14%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa( 6%), Streptococcus spp (4%) and mixed infections (14%). The antibiotic sensitivity test showed highest sensitivity towards Ciprofloxacin and Cefadroxil followed by Enrofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Amoxycillin Clavulanic acid, Gentamicin,Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline. The therapeutic response to antibiotics parenteral and oral preparations viz Ciprofloxacin(Inj) and Cefadroxil (Tab), Ciprofloxacin revealed highest efficacy in that order towards followed by Cefadroxil. Topical therapy with Chlorhexidine shampoo along with antibiotics enhanced the recovery of physical condition of coat from fair to excellent.