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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS ENZYMES IN HIGH FIBRE DIETS AND THEIR IMPACT ON BROILER PERFORMANCE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-10) RAMBABU, D; RAVINDER REDDY, V(MAJOR); QUDRATULLAH, S; REDDY, V.R; KONDAL REDDY, KABSTRACT: Use of unconventional agro-industrial byproducts in poultry diets is restricted due to high level of crude fibre or presence of some deleterious fixtors. The principal components of dietary fibre are the structural carbohydrates which include cellulose, hemicellulose, P-glucans, arabinoxylans and pectins. Inadequate or non-availability of certain enzymes in the digestive tract of chicken reduces their nutrient utilization. A feeding trial of 6 weeks duration was conducted on 240 day-old commercial male broiler chicks procured and allotted randomly into eight treatments. Each treatment was divided into six replicates, with five chicks per replicate and raised in electrically heated battery brooders to evaluate tbe effect of exogenous enzymes on performance of broilers, fed with high and low fibre diets. Eight test diets were prepared by supplementing enzyme preparations to the reference diets i.e., TI, low fibre and T2 high fibre diets respectively. T3, T4 were low and high fibre diets supplemented with fibre degndng enzymes. Similarly, T5, T6 are low and high fibre diets supplemented with fibre degrading enzymes along with protease enzyme. TI. T6 arc low and high fibre diets supplemented with protease enzyme. Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the experimental period. The performance of broilers in terms of weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, livability, dressing percentage, visceral organs, abdominal fat, provenmculus weights and small intestinal lengths along with immune response to NDV and SRBC were studied. High fib diets (T4, T6, T6) supplemented with enzymes could record significantly l;p-.OS) improved body weight gains during finisher (5-6 week) and overall periods (0-6 weeks) with respect to the'i control diet (T2). Supplementation of protease enzyme to high fibre diet (Ts) resulted in significantly (P4.05) improved body weight gain during starter, finisher and overall periods compared to their correspoding control diet (G). The faad intake and feed-to-gain values were not affected by supplementation of exogenous enzymes either to high or low fibre diets. The livability was also unaffected on enzyme supplementation to both high and low fibre diets. The moisture content of litter values also were not affected by enzyme supplementation. Supplementation of enzymes to high and low fibre diets wuld recorded signific,antly (P4.05) improved dressing percentage, while the organ weights like of proventriculus, giblets, and abdominal fat and small intestine length were dected on enzyme supplementation. The lymphoid organ weights (thymus, spleen and bursa) expressed as percent on live body weight of bird were not affected on supplementation of enzymes either to high or low fibre diets. Humoral immune response to NDV in tenns of increased antibody production was found to be significant (Pc0.05) at 42d age on enzyme supplementation to high fibre diets. Antibody production on low fibre diets with enzyme supplementation was also not influenced. Humoral immune response to sheep RBC, on the antibody production with enzymes supplementation to either high or low fibre diets did not reveal any significant (Ps0.05) effect. However, antibody production was significantly (Pa.05) different among high or low fibre diets and enzyme supplemented diets. Economic calculation revealed that the returns over feed cost on high fibre enzyme supplemented diets were better over the unsupplemented diets and also low fibre enzyme supplemented diets. Supplementation of fibre degrading enzymes (cellulase-420 IU / kg, xylanasA025 IU / kg and pectinase-53 11J / kg) and proteolytic enzyme (protease-5000 U / kg) to high fibre diets wuld result in better weight gains of broilers.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF UNSATURATED TO SATURATED FATTY ACID RATIO OF SUPLLEMENTAL FAT WITH OR WITH OUT L-CARNITINE ON PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS TRAITS IN BROILER CHICKEN(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-02) LEELA SWARNA, CH.; QUDRATULLAH, S(MAJOR); Ravinder Redddy, V; Rama Rao, S.V.ABSTRACT : The present experiment was conducted to study the effects of fat sources and the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids (60:40, 65:35, 70:30 and 75:25), with or without L-carnitine supplementation in a 6 x 2 factorial manner on the performance, carcass yield and serum lipid profile of male broiler chicks. A total of 480 day old male broiler chicks were divided into 12 treatments with eight replicate and five birds each and fed test diet till six weeks of age. Before the feed formulation, the lipid profile of the tallow and crude soybean oil were analyzed by Agilent technologies 6890N Gas chromatography. The UFA : SFA ratio were found to be 5.37 and 0.77 respectively for CSBO and tallow. Data was analyzed by General Linear Model producer of Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Body weight gain was significantly (P<0.05) higher for birds fed crude soybean oil than tallow during starter and overall period. During finisher phase body weight gain was significantly (P<0.05) higher for carnitine supplemented groups. Interaction between fat source and carnitine was significant. Feeding of broilers with crude soybean oil with carnitine caused an increase in the body weight gain and tallow with carnitine caused a decrease in the body weight gain. Among the ratios of UFA: SFA, significantly (P<0.05) the highest weight gain was observed at 70: 30 ratio for starter, finisher and overall period. However, carnitine supplementation to these ratios did not have significant (P>0.05) effect on weight gain during the finisher and the overall period. The fat source did not have significant (P>0.05) effect on feed intake during the overall period. Whereas supplementation of carnitine has significantly (P<0.05) lowered feed intake during the overall period. Interaction effect was significant during the finisher and the overall period. FCR was significantly (P<0.05) better for crude soybean oil during the starter and the overall periods. Inclusion of carnitine significantly (P<0.05) improved FCR during starter, finisher and overall periods. Significantly (P<0.05) better FCR was observed at 60:40 ratio and diets without carnitine supplementation. The interaction effect was significant (P<0.05) only during starter phase. The fat source and UFA: SFA ratio with or without carnitine did not have significant (P>0.05) effect on various carcass yields studied except for abdominal fat percentage, where interaction between fat source and carnitine was significant (P<0.05). Abdominal fat content was significantly (P<0.05) low for crude soybean oil without carnitine. Among the ratios, significantly (P<0.05) higher abdominal fat deposition was found at 60:40 UFA: SFA ratio. With respect to UFA: SFA ratio diets, carnitine supplementation significantly reduced deposition of abdominal fat at 70:30 ratio while other ratios remained unaffected. Liver moisture content was significantly (P<0.05) higher for tallow diets and at 60:40 ratio of UFA: SFA. Carnitine supplementation has significantly (P<0.05) increased moisture percentage of liver in case of fat source. Significantly (P<0.05) higher moisture content of light muscle was observed at 65:35 and 75:25, whereas for dark muscle it was observed at 70:30 ratio. Carnitine supplementation to UFA: SFA diets significantly (P<0.05) increased moisture content of dark muscle, whereas in light muscle it resulted in significant (P<0.05) reduction of moisture percentage. The interaction effect was significant for light and dark muscles and liver. Fat content in liver and light muscle was significantly (P<0.05) lower for tallow and crude soybean oil and for UFA: SFA ratio at 75:25 and 70:30 ratio respectively. Carnitine supplementation significantly (P<0.05) increased fat content of liver, light and dark muscles except at UFA: SFA ratios for liver and light muscle, where there was significant (P<0.05) decrease in fat deposition by carnitine supplementation. Serum triglycerides concentration was significantly low (P<0.05) for bird fed crude soybean oil and 70: 30 ratio of UFA: SFA at 12 hrs fasting whereas, the concentration of triglycerides and cholesterol at 3hrs fasting was significantly (P<0.05) low for birds fed with tallow diet and at 65:35 UFA: SFA ratio. Carnitine supplementation reduced significantly (P<0.05) serum triglyceride and cholesterol for fat source and UFA: SFA ratios. Thus it can be concluded that for fat source body weight gain, FCR and carcass quality traits (abdominal, light and dark muscle fat percentage) were better for CSBO with carnitine and CSBO without carnitine respectively. In case of ratio of UFA: SFA, better body weight gain and FCR were observed at 70:30 and 60:40 ratios of UFA: SFA without carnitine respectively. However, lean meat was obtained at 70:30 ratio with carnitine.ThesisItem Open Access A SURVEY ON CURRENT EMU FARMING PRACTICES IN KRISHNA AND GODAVARI DISTRICTS OF ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-02) SUSMITHA, T; SATYANARAYANA REDDY, P.V.V(MAJOR); Sudhakara Reddy, P; RAGHU RAM, P; RAVI, AABSTRACT : The three districts viz., Krishna, East Godavari and West Godavari of Andhra Pradesh have been selected for this study, as there are established emu farms in these three districts. A total of 65 farms spread over these three districts have been surveyed using a pre-tested questionnaire specially formulated for this purpose. The list of farmers rearing emu birds in the selected districts was prepared and stratified into two groups i.e. Group I (Farms upto 100 emu birds) and Group II (farms with 100-200 emu birds). From the groups so stratified 50 farms from Group I and 15 farms from Group II were randomly selected in probability proportion to their number in each size group. The sample of the study stood at 65. The collected data were tabulated and the cost structure of emu farming i.e. establishment and maintenance costs were calculated. The methods of computation included costs of human labour, feeds, medicines, sand, electricity, interest on working capital, veterinary services, depreciation, interest on fixed capital, rental value of owned land and gross returns. The data collected were subjected to conventional analysis and discounted cash flow techniques viz. net present worth (NPW), benefit-cost ratio (BCratio) and internal rate of return (IRR). The size of the family ranged from 4.0 members in group II and 4.16 members in group I with an overall average of 4.12 members. In both the groups the number of female adults was more than the male adults. About 74% farmers in group I and 93.33% in group II had college education. Those who had secondary education stood at 20% in group I and 6.66% in group II. There were no illiterates running emu farms. In group I,emu farming was the main occupation,for only 8% of farmers. The percentage of farmers in business stood at 72% , while those in service was 20%. In group II, emu farming was the main occupation for 33.33% farmers and for remaining 66.66% farmers business was main occupation. In group I , the number of birds in growing phase was 835 and 1671 in laying phase. In group II, the number of birds in growing phase was 706 while those in laying phase stood at 1414. The value of farm assets was Rs. 12,86,503 in group I and Rs. 14,89,592 in group II. Land value accounted for 27.2% and 26.97% in group I and group II, respectively. All the selected farmers of group I and group II followed artificial brooding. Brooding in small groups was preferred by 94% in group I and 100% in group II. Community brooding was preferred by very negligible number of farmers. Linear metallic feeders were preferred by 100% of farmers of group II and by 82% of group I farmers opted for these feeders. The preference for circular metallic feeders was more driven by the cost factor. Waterers were of circular metallic type on almost all farms. All the selected farmers of both the groups strictly followed the vaccination schedules as recommended. Semiintensive system of housing was the common system of housing followed in the selected area. All the farmers without exception provided balanced ration using commercial ration. Vaccination and deworming schedules were scrupulously followed by all the farmers. About 64% of emu farmers of group I recorded egg laying from 18 months of age while in group II farms, it was 73.33%. On the whole the commencement of egg laying was within 18-24 months, which is normally found in emu farms. The parameters like per cent fertility, hatchability on fertile eggs transfered and hatchability on total eggs set were relatively better for group II farms over group I farms. The total costs incurred by selected farmers for the two years of pre-laying period per unit of 50 pairs was Rs. 28,14,608, Rs 29,25,708 and Rs. 28,40,245 for group I, group II and pooled farms. The total working costs for the corresponding groups were Rs. 24,87,303 (88.37%), Rs. 25,41,224 (86.85%) and Rs. 24,99,744 (88.01%), respectively. Of the total costs, feed constituted the highest cost for both the groups. During laying stage the total cost for the I , II and III year was Rs. 13,645,79, Rs. 13,70,266 and Rs. 13,30,398 respectively in group I. In all the three years, feed was the highest cost factor Rs. 7,32,190, Rs. 7,32,690 and Rs. 7,34,415 for the corresponding years. The trend that was noticed in group I with regard to components of costs was more or less found in group II emu farms also. In pooled farms the total costs during I, II and III year of laying period were Rs. 13,74,904, Rs. 13,82,562 and Rs. 13,99,901 respectively. The egg production that was obtained by group I farmers was 640, 900 and 1100 per unit of 50 pairs during I , II and III year , respectively. In group II, the egg production for the corresponding years was 680, 925 and 1200, respectively. The cost of production per egg was Rs. 2132, Rs. 2284 and Rs. 1255 for group I and Rs. 2073, Rs. 1539 and Rs. 1221 for group II during I, II and III year, respectively. Gross income was Rs. 11,48,625, Rs. 16,11,150, Rs. 19,71,980 for group I farmers for the three years and in respect of group II farmers it was Rs. 12,20,787, Rs. 16,56,278 and Rs. 21,48,991 respectively.Gross income of group II was found to be more because group II farms had 100 to200 birds, hence maintenance costs were less. Net income was negative during first year for group I farmers as it stood at Rs. -2,15,954 while in second and third year the net income obtained was Rs. 2,40,884 Rs. 5,91,582 respectively. As in group I, in group II also net income was negative with Rs. -1,88,547 while it was positive in next 2 years, Rs. 2,32,714 and Rs. 6,84,061 respectively. The returns per rupee of investment were 0.84 in the I year Rs. 1.18 and Rs. 1.43 for the II and III year in respect of group I farms. The returns per rupee of investment was Rs. 0.87 Rs. 1.16 and Rs. 1.47 for first, second and third years in respect of group II farms. Net Present Worth (NPW) was found to be Rs. 28,03,008.72 at 12% discount rate Rs. 19,02,102.92 at 15%, Rs. 86,60,808.99 at 20% and Rs. 1,99,660.93 at 25% discount rates for group I. For group II the NPW was Rs. 75,21,324.95, Rs. 53,80,006.08, Rs. 29,84,142.80 and Rs. 14,91,837.30 at 12, 15, 20, 25% discount rates, respectively. IRR was estimated to be 27.01 % in group I farms and 34.13% for group II farms. As far as emu birds are concerned there are no organized markets as such. Farmers approach the owners of the already established farms in their area for the purchase of eggs or chicks. As the enterprise is in its infancy, the problems identified in the study area were lack of credit from the bank, lack of processing units for oil, skin, feathers etc. unwareness among the consumers about emu meat and lack of technical knowledge about slaughtering, storage of emu meat and by products.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID AND VITAMIN E ON THE PERFORMANCE, ANTIOXIDATION AND IMMUNE RESPONSE IN BROILER CHICKEN(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-11) SRILATHA, T; RAVINDER REDDY, V(MAJOR); Qudratullah, S; Raju, M.V.L.NABSTRACT : The present experiment was conducted to study the effects of graded levels of alpha-lipoic acid (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 mg/kg), vitamin E (10, 50 mg/kg) and their combination in a 5 x 2 factorial manner on the performance, antioxidation and immune response of broiler chicken. A total of 400 day-old male commercial broilers were divided into 10 treatment groups with 8 replications (5 broilers in each) and fed one of the test diets till 6 weeks of age (starter 0-4 weeks and finisher 5–6 weeks). Body weight gain of broilers was not influenced by inclusion of Lipoic acid during starter phase. However, lipoic acid at 80 mg/kg had significantly (P< 0.05) higher body weight gain during finisher phase and also in over all period. Supplementation of various levels of lipoic acid, vitamin E and their combination did not influence feed intake of broilers. The inclusion of lipoic acid did not affect the FCR of broilers in over all period. Vitamin E did not influence FCR in starter and finisher periods. However, vitamin E at 50 mg/kg improved FCR in the over all period. Combination of lipoic acid and vitamin E also did not affect the FCR in the over all period. Livability was not influenced. The dressing yields and weights of liver, heart and gizzard were not influenced by various dietary treatments, but vitamin E at 50 mg/kg significantly (P<0.05) increased gizzard weights compared to control. Supplementation of lipoic acid at various levels did not affect the abdominal fat deposits, except at 20 mg/kg where the abdominal fat content was significantly (P<0.05) lowered. Lipoic acid at 20 and 80 mg/kg had significantly (P<0.05) higher breast yield percent than control. Lipoic acid at 60 mg/kg had significantly (P<0.05) higher spleen weight than control. Weight of bursa was not influenced by the inclusion of lipoic acid. The level of Vitamin E did not influence the weight of spleen and bursa. The combination of lipoic acid and vitamin E level influenced the weight of spleen but not bursa. The humoral immune response to NDV at 28 days of age significantly (P<0.05) increased with the inclusion of lipoic acid at 20 and 80 mg/kg plus vitamin E 50 mg/kg than control. Similarly, vitamin E at 50 mg/kg significantly (P<0.05) increased HI titres compared to its lower level of 10 mg/kg. At the age of 42 days, HI titers were significantly (P<0.05) higher in all diets supplemented with lipoic acid than control. Cell mediated immunity in terms of CBH response was significantly (P<0.05) higher on diets that contained lipoic acid at 60 and 80 mg/kg than control. Similarly, vitamin E at 50 mg/kg also had significantly (P<0.05) higher CBH than vitamin E at 10 mg/kg. Combination of lipoic acid and vitamin E did not influence CBH. Supplementation of lipoic acid and vitamin E influenced the activities of lipid peroxidase. MDA levels were significantly (P<0.05) reduced on all dietary treatment groups compared to the control diet. Supplementation of lipoic acid in all dietary treatment groups increased glutathione peroxidase levels. RBC catalase levels significantly (P<0.05) increased on diets contained lipoic acid at 60 mg/kg. It is concluded that Lipoic acid at 80 mg/kg and Vitamin E at 50 mg/kg may be supplemented to the broiler diet for improved growth, antioxidant status and better immune responses.ThesisItem Open Access Relative Efficiency Of Selection Based On Part Period And Annual Egg Production Records In White Leghorn Layers(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2001-08) Ganesh Kumar, G; Mahipal Reddy, P(MAJOR); Praharaj, N.K; Ramesh Gupta, B; Satyanarayana, AThesisItem Open Access Eggs Quality And Hatchability Of Ducks Eggs As Influenced BY Period Of Storage And Dirtiness And Their Improvement BY Different Cleaning Methods(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2000-01) Seeta Rama Raju, M; Qudratullah, S(MAJOR); Ravindra Reddy, V; Srinivasa Reddy, M