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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CHARACTERIZATION AND PERFORMANCE OF VIZIANAGARAM SHEEP OF NORTH COASTAL ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-04) GANGARAJU, GOLLAMOORI; SARJAN RAO, K(MAJOR); JAGADEESWARA RAO, S; RAGHUNANDAN, T; GNANA PRAKASH, MABSTRACT: A study was undertaken on the a) distribution of local Vizianagaram sheep b) biometric and morphological characters of the breed c) productive and reproductive performance of the breed and d) managemental practices being followed by farmers of Vizianagaram breeding tract in north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh comprising of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts. Based on nlultistage stratified random sampling technique, the study was carried out in 7 mandals each from every district and from each mandal 7 villages were selected. From each village 2-3 sheep farmers maintained local Vizianagaram sheep with an average flock size of 60-75 were selected for the study resulted in a sample size of 775. 1244 and 153 Vizianagaram sheep from Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts. The data recorded from farmers flocks were compared with the data of LRS, Garividi. The chest girth, body length and keight at withers (cm) were 35.2w0.33, 29.46M.37 and 40.3M.32 for ram lambs of below 1 year and 73.0W0.71. 60.91*0.82 and 68.84*0.62 for rams of 10-12 months. respectively. Significant (PThesisItem Open Access PRODUCTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER RABBITS UNDER TWO HOUSING SYSTEMS SUPPLEMENTED WITH DIETARY PROBIOTICS AND ENZYMES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-08) SARAT CHANDRA, A; MAHENDER, M(MAJOR); RAGHUNANDAN, T; RAMESH GUPTA, B; GNANA PRAKASH, M; KONDAL REDDY, KABSTRACT : Studies were conducted on 144 weaned rabbits reared in cage and backyard rearing systems up to 16 weeks of age to study the influence of housing system and supplementation of probiotics and enzymes or both, on the productive and reproductive performance and health. A digestibility trial was conducted to assess the effect of different rations on digestibility of nutrients. Forty eight rabbits were slaughtered at 16 weeks of age and remaining rabbits were reared until first kindling to assess their reproductive performance. The overall least-squares mean body weights at 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 weeks of age were 568.29 ± 4.82, 690.34 ± 4.77, 963.44 ± 9.45, 1141.44 ± 7.69, 1322.17 ± 6.27 and 1499.15 ± 6.30 g, respectively with cage reared rabbits recording significantly (P≤0.05) higher body weights. In rabbits reared under cage and backyard systems, the effects of breed and ration were significant at most of the ages. In general, rabbits fed rations supplemented with enzymes and probiotics or both had significantly higher body weights at all ages. The overall least-squares mean ADGs were 18.21 ± 0.55, 20.72 ± 0.72, 18.19 ± 0.44, 13.15 ± 0.57, 10.89 ± 0.49 and 12.52 ± 0.62 g during 4 to 6, 6 to 8, 8 to 10, 10 to 12, 12 to 14 and 14 to 16 weeks of age, respectively. Cage reared rabbits recorded significantly higher ADG at most of the ages studied. Ration had significant (P≤0.05) effect on the ADGs during 4 to 6, 10 to12 and 12 to 14 weeks only. Backyard reared rabbits fed T4 and T2 rations recorded significantly higher ADG 4 to 6. The overall least-squares mean voluntary dry matter intake was 115.07 ± 4.48 g . Rabbits fed rations T3 and T4 recorded significantly (P≤0.05) higher DMI in both the systems of housing. The digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract and nitrogen free extract were 72.64 ± 1.26, 73.10 ± 1.23, 78.61 ± 1.03, 71.59 ± 1.32, 81.12 ± 1.34 and 70.80 ± 1.46 respectively. In both the housing systems, rabbits fed experimental diets recorded significantly higher digestibility coefficients than control group. Significantly higher pre-slaughter weight (2014.29 + 47.21), dressed weight (994.40 + 26.01), fore and mid cut weights (296.25 + 10.36 and 230.63 + 6.48) and inedible offals (374.25 + 9.73 vs. 346.71 + 9.73) were recorded by cage reared rabbits. The overall mean dressing percentage and weights of hind cut, head and feet, pelt and edible offals and the length of caecum were 49.38 + 0.19, 457.13 + 10.14, 253.46 + 5.19, 198.21 + 3.91 and 67.85 + 0.84 g and 49.06 + 0.40 cm, respectively. Influence of experimental diets was significant on hind cut weight and length of caecum in cage system while all the carcass traits except pelt weight were significantly influenced in backyard system. Meat protein and fat percentage were significantly high in cage reared rabbits. The overall mean dry matter (%), total ash (%), protein (%), fat (%) and cholesterol (mg %) contents of meat were 20.66 + 0.08, 1.29 + 0.01, 21.29 + 0.12, 4.05 + 0.02 and 0.10 + 0.00, respectively. The protein content was significantly high in the rabbits fed ration 3 and 4 while the fat content was significantly high in the rabbits fed with control ration in cage reared and backyard reared rabbits. Rabbits housed in cages had lower AFK (217.25 + 1.69 days). The overall mean litter size and weight at birth were 6.83 + 0.26 bunnies and 337.64 + 12.73 g, respectively. Mean total erythrocyte count, leucocyte count, haemoglobin content, PCV, neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes, blood glucose, serum cholesterol, SGPT, SGOT, Serum protein, Albumin, Globulin and AG ratio were 7.52 0.12 x106/mm³, 6.29 0.08 x103/mm³, 10.77 0.06 g/dl, 34.25 0.37%, 35.71 1.03%, 60.27 1.38%, 1.35 0.14%, 1.92 0.13, 123.79 2.69 mg/dl, 123.67 ± 1.66 mg/dl, 18.17 ± 0.50 IU/dl, 28.04 ± 0.73 IU/dl, 6.20 ± 0.09 g/dl, 4.08 ± 0.08 g/dl, 2.11 ± 0.06 g/dl and 1.93 ± 0.09, respectively. The overall mean SRBC titre was 6.63 ± 0.20 log2 units. In both the housing systems, significantly high SRBC titers were recorded by rabbits fed rations 3 and 4. In general, it was observed that rabbits kept in backyard were more active, aggressive and burrowing was observed. Immediately after weaning and during nights, rabbits preferred to stay together in backyard system. Rabbits in the backyard preferred to stay on the cemented kerb. The cost of feed per kg gain was reduced by Rs. 1.20, 3.63 and 2.89 in cage reared rabbits and Rs. 1.10, 5.61 and 4.4 in backyard reared rabbits fed rations supplemented with enzymes (T1), probiotic (T2) and probiotic +enzymes (T3) over control ration, respectively. The present study recorded higher growth in broiler rabbits, but the difference in the body weight of broiler rabbits under two systems of housing was not significant, suggesting that rabbit farming for meat production can profitably be taken up under backyard system, which requires less capital investment and provides valuable animal protein and remunerative income to the farmers. The inclusion of enzymes and probiotics to the diets had a positive effect on the utilization of dietary nutrients and also reduced the cost per kg weight gain, which emphasizes that the cost of feeding in rabbit farming can be reduced by utilization of forages especially legumes and by products replacing the costly feed ingredients. Thus, rabbit farming as a small enterprise can be recommended for small and marginal farmers, to improve the quality of diet and as a steady source of income.ThesisItem Open Access ADAPTABILITY AND PERFORMANCE OF SAHIWAL AND JERSEY x SAHIWAL CROSSBRED COWS IN TROPICAL CONDITIONS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-05) SREEDHAR, SURATANI; Sarjan Rao, K(MAJOR); Suresh, J; Moorthy, P.R.S; Padmanabha Reddy, VABSTRACT: A study was conducted on adaptability and performance of pure Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred cows, performance of bulls of Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal crossbreds and on farm studies on the performance of the Jersey x Sahiwal crosses in tropical conditions. The physiological responses, biochemical constituents of the above animals were recorded. The production traits, reproduction traits and milk constituents were studied on twelve cows each from Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). To study the performance of bulls, tour Sahiwal bulls were selected at Dairy Experimental Station, and four Jersey x Sahiwal bulls from farmers house hold. The meteorological parameters viz. Temperature Humidity Index, Relative Humidity (%), evaporation (mm), wind velocity (kmph) and sun shine (hours) recorded during the study period of 2 1 days were ranged from 81.3-86.9, 37.0-61.0. 2.7-8.6, 5.1-1 1.3 and 2.0-9.3 with mean values of 84.4, 47.5. 6.8. 6.7 and 5.5. respectively. The rectal temperature ("F) of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows during the adaptability period of 21 days were ranged from 101.43*0.04 to 103.6MO.18, 101.1&0.02 to 103.13+0.16 and 101.35*0.03 to 103.65f0.18, respectively. The respiration rate of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged from 28.4k0.1 to 41.7k0.6, 26.8 +0.10 to 38.8+0.40 and 28.3&0.10 to 43.5k0.40 breaths per minute, respectively. The rectal temperature and respiration rate were highly significantly (p<0.01) different among Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows. The changes in pulse rate of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged £+om 59.33* 0.45 to 76.0-1 -50, 59.67 *0.3 1 to 75.33k1.56 and 60.67*0.40 to 78.17*1.36 per minute, respectively. A non significant difference was observed for pulse rate between Sahiwal heifers and Sahiwal cows whereas a highly significant @<0.01) variation was recorded with Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred cows in relation to environmental traits. Temperature Humidity Index (THI) was highly significantly w0.01) wrrelated with rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate in Sahiwal heifers and Sahiwal cows and significantly (pe0.05) correlated in Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred cows. The average temperature significantly (p<0.05) influenced the rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate in all the three groups of experimental animals, while the evaporation was significantly (pC0.05) wrrelated with rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate of Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred wws. Negative correlation was observed between wind velocity and rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate of three groups of experimental animals. The sunshine was found to have highly significant (~0.01)co rrelation with rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate of Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred wws. The IHTC and BCA of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged from 74.0W0.42 to 95.67k1.8, 94.2+0.5 to 95.w0.5 and 73.5M0.31 to 96.5W2.89 and 2.24k0.01 to 2.84*0.03, 2.17+0.01 to 2.72f0.02 and 2.24*0.01 to 2.92+0.02, respectively. The IHTC and BCA values were highly significantly @<0.01) different among Sahiwal heifers, cows and Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred cows. The DSI of Sahiwal heifers, cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged from 0.95+0.61 to 1.1 1k0.01, 0.94*0.01 to 1.09-1.0.01 and 0.95*0.01 to 1.1 1+0.01, respectively. The DSI values were comparable between Sahiwal heifers and Sahiwal cows but highly significantly (p<0.01) different with Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred cows. The average values of IHTC, BCA and DSI in Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows became nearest to their respective optimum values of 100, 2.0 and 1 .O, respectively, within short period (3 days) in Sahiwal cows and longer period (9 days) for Jersey x Sahiwal cows. The haematocrit values (%) of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged from 29.17+1.22 to 68.0& 1.06, 3 1 -0W1.46 to 67.0M 1.06 and 3 1.17k1.17 to 75.83*0.59, respectively. A non significant difference was observed in haematocrit values of Sahiwal heifers and cows, whereas a highly significant (p<0.01) variation was recorded with Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred cows. The serum glucose, urea and creatinine levels (mddl) of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged fiom 61.9-1.34 to 97.32k0.63, 58.61k1.20 to 96.9M0.65 and 59.26k0.58 to 113.33k0.71, 11.72k0.94 to 47.21k0.64, 1 1.7W0.65 to 45.44k0.42 and 14.0M0.58 to 63.99k0.41 and 1.251t0.07 to 9.81+0.13, 1.2W0.09 to 9.90.tO. 17 and 1.43k0.10 to 16.18k0.15, respectively. The average serum glucose values were highly significantly (p<0.01) different among all the experimental animals during adaptability. The serum calcium, phosphorous and magnesium levels (mgldl) of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged from 10.5W0.29 to 27.17M.29, 10.84+0.27 to 26.61+0.46 and 10.45+0.33 to 36.76*0.71, 5.85*0.05 to 18.91+0.2 1, 5.94k0.08 to 18.87k0.12 and 5.88k0.10 to 20.8W0.13 and 1 -95d0.03 to 1 1.16&0.09, 2.0W.06 to 10.85*0.19 and 1.95k0.03 to 15.120.15. respectively. A non significant difference was observed in serum calcium and phosphorous levels for Sahiwal heifers and Sahiwal cows, whereas a highly significant @<0.01) variation was recorded for Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred cows in relation to adaptability. The sodium and potassium levels (mgldl) of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged from 140.23*2.09 to 183.62st1.25, 137.37k1.38 to 178.521.02 and 137.91A0.75 to 185.6%1.15 and 4.47.tO.20 to 13.21+0.15, 4.38A0.08 to 12.88rt0.08 and 4.41*0.13 to 18.8&0.11, respectively. The average sodium and potassium levels were highly significantly (~0.01)d ifferent among Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows. The influence of environmental traits on liver function tests from SGOT and SGPT levels (units/l) of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged from 91.15zk3.62 to 178.87A1.49, 95.37~t2.52 to 165.74+1.11 and 82.78&0.29 to 188.48rt0.32 and 25.04*1.50 to 57.19rt0.72, 27.8-2.29 to 57.27a.77 and 17.52*0.40 to 74.72M.93, respectively. Highly significant (pc0.01) variation was recorded with SGOT levels in Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred cows and SGPT levels of all the three experimental animals during 2 1 days adaptation period. The average birth weight (kg) of Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal calves were 23.8w0.87 and 26.98+0.97, respectively. The mean body weight gain (kg) of Sahiwal calves and Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred calves were 34.08*5.69 and 34.47+5.99, respectively at the end of 24 weeks. The maximum body weight gain was observed at 24 weeks in Jersey x Sahiwal calves. The mean ADG of Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal calves were 344*7.9 and 365Zk11.0, respectively. The maximum average daily gain was observed at 8-10 weeks in Sahiwal calves whereas in Jersey x Sahiwal cows, peak ADG obtained at 6-8 weeks during 16-1 8 weeks of growth period. The mean 90 days milk yield, lactation milk yield, peak yield, average daily milk yield and 305 days milk yield in Sahiwal cows were 793.17*7.75, 2039.5zk30.14, 1 1.03*0.14, 6.90rt0.09 and 2109~k27.68 kg, respectively. The days to attain peak yield and lactation length in Sahiwal cows were 33.33*1.25 and 295.58*2.95 days and the persistence index observed as 2.53+0.04. The average 90 days milk yield, lactation milk yield, peak yield, average daily milk yield and 305 days milk yield in Jersey x Sahiwal cows were 1099.2* 10.96, 3 156.6*3 1.16, 14.2 1 1t0.14, 10.33Zk0.11 and 3164.8k32.53 kg, respectively. The days to attain peak yield and lactation length in Jersey x Sahiwal cows were 26.0M1.26 and 305.75~k1.95 days and the persistence index observed as 3.05k0.03. At farmer's house hold the average 90 days milk yield, lactation milk yield, peak yield, average daily milk yield and 305 days milk yield in Jersey x Sahiwal cows were 997.6+8.48, 3131.7*31.02, 10.2+0.16, 8.86+0.10 and 2777.2+26.15 kg, respectively. The days to attain peak yield and lactation length in Jersey x Sahiwal cows were 45.2~k1.33 and 3541t4.77 days and the persistence index observed was 2.84~k0.03. The analysis of variance revealed that all the milk yield traits were highly significantly (p<0.01) different between Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows both at dairy experimental station and Jersey x Sahiwal cows of Progeny Testing Programme at farmers house hold. The mean fat percent of the milk in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows was 4.91k0.19 and 4.54*0.16, respectively, whereas the fat percent was decreased from 1'' to 3d week and later gradually increased up to 131h week of lactation. Maximum fat yield (%) was observed in 12'~w eek for Sahiwal (5.3M0.20) and 13w~eek for Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred (4.9-0.12) wws. The mean SNF percent of the milk in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows was 9.02&0.07 and 8.67*0.10, respectively, whereas the SNF percent was decreased from la to 3d week and later gradually increased up to 13* week of lactation. Maximum levels of SNF were recorded during 13& week in Sahiwal cows and 7* week in Jersey x Sahiwal wws. 8.67*0.10. The protein content (%) of the milk in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were 3.5W0.04 and 3.5W0.01, respectively. Maximum levels of protein were recorded during 11" week in Sahiwal cows and 7" week in Jersey x Sahiwal wws. The mean density of the milk in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal wws were 30.97*0.24 and 30.1B0.22, respectively. The fat and SNF contents of milk were highly significantly (~(0.01) different between Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows, whereas Sahiwal cows had higher fat and SNF yield. Highly significant @<0.01) variation was also observed between Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows, during different weeks of lactation. Non significant difference was observed with respect to protein content of the milk in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows whereas highly significant w0.01) variation was found in the density of milk from Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows. The mean fat (%), SNF (%), protein (%) and density of the milk in Jersey x Sahiwal cows at farmer's household were 4.91rt0.1, 7.97*0.15, 3.08*0.05 and 28.93*0.32, respective1 y. The mean age at first calving, gestation period, dry period, service period and calving interval (days) in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows at dairy experimental station were 1223.25+9.77, 282.67*0.53, 1 5 1.0M3.27, 163.92j14.20 and 446.58k4.16 and 985.17k11.41. 281.58&0.38. 123.33~t5.28. 148.0M5.97 and 429.58*6.10. respectively. At farmers household, the above reproductive traits in Jersey x Sahiwal cows were 1237.%13.09, 282.3f0.37, 198.3k3.77, 270~k5.06 and 552.3*5.02 days. The results showed that the mean age at first calving, dry period, service period and calving interval in Jersey x Sahiwal cows were lower than Sahiwal cows. The mean values of the same reproductive traits in Jersey x Sahiwal cows of Progeny Testing Programme were higher than the mean values of Sahiwal cows. The mean gestation period was similar in all groups. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant (pThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF UDDER MORPHOLOGY, METHOD OF MILKING AND HOUSING SYSTEMS ON MILKING CHARACTERISTICS, UDDER HEALTH AND BEHAVIOUR OF MURRAH BUFFALOES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-05) Maruthivara Prasad, R; Sudhakar, K(MAJOR); Raghava Rao, E; Ramesh Gupta, B; Mahendar, MABSTRACT: An investigation was undertaken to study the influence of udder morphology, method of milking and housing systems on the milk yield, udder health and behaviour in Murrah buffaloes. In this study Murrah buffaloes maintained at the Buffalo Research Station, Venkataramannagudem, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University and in the field were utilized. A total of 200 buffaloes were considered to study the udder and teat morphology with 100 buffaloes each from research station and field. The individual behavioural responses of Murrah buffaloes in different lactations and effect of method of milking on teat condition, milk flow traits, udder health and milk composition was also studied. A comparative study on the milk yield and the maintenance behaviour was also studied in two different housing systems viz., conventional tie stall and loose housing. The results showed that among the different udder shapes, the bowl shapes were very common followed by globular, pendulous and goaty shapes and their occurrences were 61.0 %, 17.0 %, 13.0 % and 9.0 %, respectively, and the occurrence of cylindrical teats was maximum with a percentage of 52.5 followed by pear, bottle, conical and funnel type of teats with 18.0, 11.0, 10.5 and 8.0% respectively. The mean length, width and depth of the udder in different lactations ranged from 52.21 ± 0.61 to 55.71 ± 0.59, 48.61 ± 0.60 to 53.87 ± 0.70 and 15.46 ± 0.17 to 15.78 ± 0.18 cm, respectively. Positive and significant correlations were observed among all the udder measurements. The average length of left fore, right fore, left hind and right hind teats were 7.37 ± 0.15, 7.53 ± 0.16, 8.23 ± 0.18 and 8.12 ± 0.17 cm, respectively, and the mean diameters in the same order were 2.65 ± 0.02, 2.71 ± 0.03, 2.80 ± 0.03 and 2.89 ± 0.04 cm. The average daily milk yield in Murrah buffaloes with various udder shapes observed was 6.41 ± 0.33, 5.91 ± 0.26, 5.61 ± 0.32 and 6.31 ± 0.16 Kg in bowl, globular, goaty and pendulous type of udders, respectively. It was found that the average daily milk yield in buffaloes with cylindrical shaped teats was highest followed by bottle, funnel, pear and conical shaped teats. Out of the total buffaloes, the occurrence of different temperaments were 53.5, 16.0, 15.5, 9.5 and 5.5 percent for docile, slightly restless, restless, aggressive and nervous temperaments, respectively and neither the udder shape nor the teat shape affected the temperament of the buffaloes. It was observed that the restless and slightly restless buffaloes were more frequent in primiparous buffaloes (35.18 and 33.33 %, respectively) followed by docile (24.07 %), aggressive and nervous type (3.7% each). In the buffaloes under second, third and fourth lactations, docile buffaloes were more frequent (73.33, 57.40 and 59.37 %, respectively) when compared to other temperaments. It was observed that kicking (16.4 %), urination (4.8 %) and vocalization (4.4 %) were more frequent in machine milked buffaloes where as the stepping (46.8%) and defecation (2.4%) were more frequent in hand milked buffaloes. However, forceful throwing of head behaviour was equally frequent in both methods of milking (12 %). The machine milked buffaloes had a better teat condition score in the present study. The percentage of machine milked buffaloes with the teat condition of smooth skin (1.0), slight drying of the skin (1.5), dried skin (2.0), dry skin with cracks (2.5) and cracks with chaps (3.0) were 34, 17, 30, 13 and 6 %, respectively, whereas the number of buffaloes in the same order under hand milking were16, 2, 52, 27 and 3 %, respectively. The average evening milk yield of buffaloes under machine and hand milking was 3.62 ± 0.08 kg and 3.51± 0.08 kg, respectively. The mean percentages of milk fat, SNF and total solids under machine and hand milking were 6.01± 0.08 vs 6.57 ± 0.09, 9.19 ± 0.10 vs 8.79 ± 0.10 and 14.80 ± 0.13 vs 15.36 ± 0.13 %, respectively. The stripping time and the total milking time were higher in hand milking while the strip yield and average flow rate were higher in machine milking. In the present study, it was found that there was no significant difference in the somatic cell count of buffalo milk under machine and hand milking. The milk yield in the present study was higher in loose housing (8.12 ± 0.02 Kg) when compared to conventional housing (7.77 ± 0.02 Kg). The cleanliness score was higher in loose housing system (2.80 ± 0.05) compared to that of conventional housing (2.41 ± 0.05). More number of buffaloes had shown the lameness in the conventional system of housing. Out of 12 buffaloes observed for behavioural patterns, 36.48, 62.95, 44.90, 25.05 and 26.10 percent were found lying, standing, feeding idling and ruminating, respectively under conventional housing system while 47.29, 50.24, 37.91, 36.29 and 26.10 percent were observed for same behavioural patterns under loose housing system and the differences between the two housing systems were found to be statistically significant for lying, standing and idling behaviours.ThesisItem Open Access PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE AND IMMUNOCOMPETENCE OF COLOUR LAYER BIRDS WITH 25% NATIVE INHERITANCE UNDER BACKYARD AND DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF MANAGEMENT(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-11) CHINNI PREETAM, VELUPULA; QUDRATULLAH, S(MAJOR); RAVINDER REDDY, V; RAJASHEKHAR REDDY, A; RAMAKOTI REDDY, M; NAGALAKSHMI, DABSTRACT: A study was conducted to evaluate the growth and production performance, economics of rearing and immune competence of 4-breed backcross layer type coloured female birds with 25% native inheritance, developed at Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University. Five hundred day-old chicks were reared up to 6 weeks of age under intensive system at the Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad and the data on parameters of economic importance like body weight, feed consumption, FCR, livability and carcass yields, besides immunological parameters were collected. At 7 weeks of age, four hundred female birds were selected and distributed into 5 treatment groups having 4 replicates of 20 birds each with similar body weights. The first group was fed grower mash ad lib. and reared under intensive system to serve as control (T1), while T2 and T3 groups were offered 20 and 40% of ad lib. feed, respectively and maintained under semi intensive system. The remaining two treatment groups were reared under extensive system (scavenging), T4 at farm and T5 in an adopted village of the Krishi Vigana Kendra (KVK), Central Research Institute on Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), Hyderabad. All parameters of economic importance during grower and layer phases were studied. Males were introduced at 40 weeks of age to study the treatments effect on fertility and hatchability. Economics were worked out for the cost of rearing the test birds up to pullet age and to determine profits during laying phase from 20 – 60 weeks of age. Another experiment was conducted separately to evaluate the immune competence of 4-breed backcross layer bird together with the parent stocks involved in its genesis. The results of chick phase indicated that the mean 6-week body weight of 4-breed backcross layer type birds with 25% native inheritance was 266.9 g, while cumulative feed intake was 863.7 g with an FCR of 3.33. The mean livability was 99.6 %. The dressed, eviscerated and ready to cook yields were 80.2, 68.7 and 67.7%, respectively. During growth phase (7-20 weeks of age), ad lib. fed birds (control) recorded significantly (P < 0.05) the highest body weight (1361.6 g) than 40% ad lib fed birds (1083.7 g), while significantly the least weight was recorded in rest of the treatments, 938.28 g in 20% ad lib group, and 901.6 & 866.6 g under scavenging on farm and in farmers back yard, respectively. The feed intake was significantly (P<0.05) the highest in control (94.0 g) followed by 40% and 20% ad lib groups (21.9 and 35.2 g/bird/d, respectively) with the corresponding FCR of 3.32 and 4.28. The livability was 93.8, 87.5 and 90% in control, 20 and 40% ad lib. groups, respectively. The age at first egg (AFE) was significantly (P< 0.05) better with ad lib. fed group (146.5 d) followed by scavenging groups (176.4 and 171.5 d in T4 and T5, respectively) and 40 and 20% ad lib. groups (188 and 184.5 d, respectively), all values being significantly (P< 0.05) inferior to control. Thus AFE increased with decreasing feed intake and was better under intensive system than semi intensive or scavenger system. Similar trend was observed for age at 50% production. The mean percent hen day production over 10 laying periods of 28 d each differed significantly (P<0.05) from each other, with the best being recorded in ad lib. group (54.1%) and the least in 20 and 40% ad lib groups. Scavenging in farmers’ backyard gave 35.8% hen day production, whereas at farm it was 32.5%. The mean feed intake was significantly higher in ad lib group (94.0 g/b/d) followed by 40% ad lib (45.5 g/b/d) and 70% ad lib (26.7 g/b/d) groups, all values being significantly different from each other. The FCR was significantly better (2.14 and 2.29) with ad lib and 20% ad lib feeding than 40% ad lib feeding (3.09). The mean egg weights ranged between 50.4 and 53.9 g. The egg quality parameters like Haugh Unit score, albumen Index, shell percent and shell thickness were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by treatment groups, but did not show any specific trend. Yolk index was not influenced, while yolk colour was significantly (P< 0.05) better under both the scavenging systems. Overall livability was significantly better with intensive system (**) and least with scavenging system, especially at farmers backyard, where half of the mortality was due to predators. Fertility ranged between 88.4 and 94.9 %, while the hatchability ranged between 80.9 and 88.9% and 90. 9 and 93.8 % for total eggs set and fertile eggs set, respectively. At 8 weeks of age, humoral immune response to SRBC and ND vaccine were 8.3 and 6.8 log2 titers, respectively, while CMI response to PHA-P was 0.46. During 20 weeks of age, significant differences (P>0.05) were observed in treatment groups for immune response to ND vaccine, which was high to medium (10.1 to 9.3) in all groups maintained at farm, the highest being in control group (10.1) and the values for scavenging at farmers backyard were constantly low at 20 weeks (8.1) and 40 weeks (6.1) of age, but were above protective levels. There were no significant differences in SRBC titers at 20 and 40 weeks of age and CMI response to PHA-P indicating system of management did not effect the immune response to SRBC and PHA-P. The results of the immunity trial on back cross and its parent stock indicated that the immune response to SRBC, PHA-P and ND vaccine were high in NDN bird, whereas the immunity of 4-breed back cross was comparable with all other genotypes. The mass of spleen and bursa was directly proportional to immune competence in chickens. Significant differences were observed in lymphoid organ weight. The relative spleen weight of 4-breed back cross was similar to that of all other genotypes, except DR and 2-breed cross. The relative weight of bursa in 4-breed back cross bird was similar to that of WLH, DR, 3BC and 4BC. (INDICATE THE FULL FORM OF THESE GENOTYPES) MENTION ECONOMICS ALSOThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF FEEDINC; SHEANUT CAKE (VITELLARIA PARADOXA) BASED COMPLETE DIETS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GRADED MURRAH BUFFALOES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-11) KISHAN KUMAR, M; SUDHAKAR, K(MAJOR); MAHENDER, M; RAMESH GUPTA, B; VIROJI RAO, S.CABSTRACT: Two complete diets were formulated using palm press fibre (20% & 15%) and chopped jowar straw (20% & 25%) as roughage source and sheanut cake (18.5% & 28%) along with locally available concentrate ingredients with roughage concentrate ratio of 4050 and processed into mash (R 11 ) and (R 111). These two diets were compared with conventional ration (R I) containing chopped jowar straw. green jo~arfo dder and concentrate mixture fed separately to study their effect on nutrient digestibilit). quantit? and qualit! of milk. cost of production. eating and rumination behaviour in lactating graded Murrah buffaloes The same rations were also fed to growing graded Murrah buffalo c.nl\rs to >tud> the cfTcct of three ration\ on nutrient util~zat~on, growth rate. feed con\*er lactating buffaloes were comparable mony the rations R I. RII and R Ill. The J;gestibilit> coefficients of dq matter. organic matter, crude protein. and ether estract and nitrogen free estract were significantly (P< 0.01) higher. where as crude fibre and NDF (P K 11 (474.00 g) and R 1 (11 5.67 g). The DM1 per kg weight gain was non significant in dicth K 111 (8.50) and K 11 (9.15) uhen compared to R 1 (9.61). The cost of feed per Lg weight gain \\as comparable among three dict. The buffalo calves on diet 111 recorded higher growth rate and consumed less feed pcr kg gain resulting in superior FCR than other two diets (R I and R 11). Rumcn liquor pH decreased (P<0.01). where as ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total volatile fat5 acids (TVFA) concentration increased (PC 0.01) in complete diets (R II and R 111) when compared with conventional diet (R I). Time of sampling had a significant (P 0.01) effect on NHJ-N and TVFA concentrations. which peaked at 3 h post feeding irrespective of experimental rations. Eating and rumination hchaviour indicated that eating time. rumination time. rumination period and chewing time were significantl? (P4.01) higher. wherc as resting time uas loser on conventional diet (K I ) u hen ccrmparcd \r it11 coniplcte dicts (K II and R Ill) in b~thla ctating buffaloes and calves rumination tirnc. I'he pcrccnt elf time spent for rumination and chelving time were significantly (PThesisItem Open Access Effect Of Supplementation Of Urea Molasses Mineral Blocks (UMMB) On Nutrient Utilisation, Growth Rate And Milk Production In Dairy Animals(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2000-07) Sudhakar, Kaza; Krishna Reddy, G.V(MAJOR); Krishna, N; Narasimha Rao, G; Ranganadham, M; Satyanarayana, AThesisItem Open Access APPLICATION OF BODY CONDITION SCORE (BCS) SYSTEM FOR MURRAH AND GRADED MURRAH BUFFALOES FOR IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-12) ASHALATHA, P; SARJAN RAO, K(MAJOR); JAGADEESWARA RAO, S; MOORTHY, P.R.S; RAVINDRA REDDY, Y; RAMANA, J.VThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON ENDOSULFAN RESIDUES IN MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS OBTAINED FROM DIFFERENT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2010-07) SURESH BABU, DASINENI; SARJAN RAO, K (Major) MURTHY, P.R.S; SANKAR REDDY, I; SURESH, JABSTRACT : A study was carried out on Endosulfan pesticide residues in milk and milk products obtained from four different production systems existing in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. The study area was selected based on a Stratified Random Sampling Technique. The study group comprises 4 mandals x 5 villages x 5 farmers = 100 farmers sample size. Farmers selected were representing the production systems under study and the information was collected using pretested questionnaire by personal interview and observation. The information about cropping pattern, reasons for the usage pattern of Endosulfan, economic advantage, feeding pattern and animal husbandry status was derived by using the questionnaire and personal interview. 24 milk samples (4x6, RBD) and 40 (4x10, RBD) milk product samples of four varieties and another 36 (6x6, RBD) Endoslulfan fortified milk samples were analysed for the residues of Endosulfan by Gas Chromatography equipped with Electron Capture Detector system using multiresidue method. Apart from that 24 (4x6, RBD) milk samples were analysed for their chemical composition with Lactan-1-4 equipment. The milk samples were collected from small holders production system, organized dairy farms, cooperative societies and commercial dairy plants and collection system. The samples were collected at two months interval over a period of one year and analyzed for Endosulfan residues. 10 samples each of paneer, ghee, curd and doodh peda (4x10, RBD) were analysed for the residues of Endosulfan. 24 pooled milk samples (4x6, RBD) were collected and fortified with Endosulfan 35% EC at the rate of 0.04mg per kg level for heat treatments namely Thermization, Pasteurization, Boiling and Sterilization. Besides 6 positive control samples 6 negative control samples were also analysed for Endosulfan residues. The cattle population in the mandals studied ranged from 8652 to 15953 contributing 0.78 and 1.4 per cent of district population and buffalo population ranged from 419 to 10206 and the per cent contribution to the district was 0.31 and 7.5 respectively. The cattle and buffalo population in the Chittoor district was 1104349 and 134759 respectively. All the four production systems were functioning in the district .There were 54 bulk milk cooling units and 28 private dairy plants existing in the district. Among the food crops, paddy was cultivated to the highest extent. The total area under paddy cultivation in the study mandals ranged from 2.9 to 42.2 per cent while in the Chittoor district it was 5.0 to 35.3 per cent. Among fruits, vegetables and pulses, sugarcane and mango were cultivated to a considerable extent. The per cent area cultivation of sugarcane in the study mandals ranged from 4.2 to 19.7 and in the Chittoor district it was 9.8 to 20.6 per cent. The per cent area cultivation of mango in the mandals studied and in the Chittoor district ranged from 2.0 to 19.2 and 0.2 to 17. Among non-food crops, groundnut was predominating in the mandals studied and in the Chittoor district. The per cent area under groundnut cultivation in the mandals studied ranged from 38.1 to 66.1 and in Chittoor district it ranged from 19.6 to 48.0. Endosulfan was sprayed in all the food as well as non food crops to control pests and to increase crop yields. The economic advantage derived by using Endosulfan was ranging from 25 to 100 per cent. 76 to 88 per cent of the respondent farmers in the study were spraying Endosulfan at the rate of 300 ml or 140 gai per acre and most of the farmers were spraying two times (88-92 per cent). All the farmers in the study area were feeding crop residues, concentrates, green fodder and also allowing the animals for grazing. 60-72 per cent of the farmers were maintaining upto 3 dairy animals mostly crossbred cows and 68-80 per cent were possessing less than 2 hectares of land.72-80 per cent of the farmers were producing upto 30 litres of milk per day and 88-92 per cent were disposing milk to collection centres of cooperative societies and private dairy plants. The chemical constituents were significantly (P<0.01) different among different production systems. The mean fat per cent of milk from the four production systems ranged from 4.088±0.0457 (small holder production system) to 4.44±0.0642 (commercial dairy plants and collection system). The mean solids not fat (SNF) per cent of milk from the four production systems ranged from 7.62±0.159 (small holder production system) to 7.948±0.0392 (organized dairy farms).The mean protein per cent of the milk analysed from different production systems ranged from 2.88±0.0044 (small holders production system) to 2.98±0.0122 per cent (organized dairy farms).The density as indicated by mean lactometer reading of milk obtained from four production systems ranged from 25.38±0.0450 (commercial dairy plants and collection system) to 26.743±0.0071 (organized dairy farms).The mean freezing point in the present study ranged from -0.495 ± 0.94 (cooperative societies) to -0.529 ± 0.94 (small holder production system) The mean added water per cent in the present study ranged from 5.0±0.683 (organized dairy farms) to 9.0±0.258 (small holder production system) The results on the study of pesticide residues in milk and milk products showed that there was no contamination with Endosulfan. The level of Endosulfan was Below Detectable Limits (BDL) of less than 0.0003 ppm in comparison to MRLs for Endosulfan, it was 0.004 ppm on milk basis and 0.1ppm on 4% fat basis. The mean quantity recovery of Endosulfan from milk samples subjected for Thermization, Pasteurization, Boiling and Sterilization were 0.0043±0.00004, 0.0038±0.00004, 0.0025±0.00004 and 0.0023±0.00004 respectively. While the recovery from positive and negative controls were 0.0330±0.00007 and Nil, respectively and the percent recovery was 10.90±0.096, 9.62±0.096, 6.25±0.134 and 5.84±0.094, respectively where as in the positive control it was 82.5±1.82. No traces of Endosulfan were found in the negative control. Among the different methods of heat treatment, sterilization was the most effective followed by boiling and pasteurization. The least effective method was thermization. There was a significant (P<0.01) variation observed for the mean quantity recovery and per cent recovery of Endosulfan residues among different heat treatment methods under evaluation.