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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CHARACTERIZATION AND PERFORMANCE OF VIZIANAGARAM SHEEP OF NORTH COASTAL ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-04) GANGARAJU, GOLLAMOORI; SARJAN RAO, K(MAJOR); JAGADEESWARA RAO, S; RAGHUNANDAN, T; GNANA PRAKASH, MABSTRACT: A study was undertaken on the a) distribution of local Vizianagaram sheep b) biometric and morphological characters of the breed c) productive and reproductive performance of the breed and d) managemental practices being followed by farmers of Vizianagaram breeding tract in north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh comprising of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts. Based on nlultistage stratified random sampling technique, the study was carried out in 7 mandals each from every district and from each mandal 7 villages were selected. From each village 2-3 sheep farmers maintained local Vizianagaram sheep with an average flock size of 60-75 were selected for the study resulted in a sample size of 775. 1244 and 153 Vizianagaram sheep from Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts. The data recorded from farmers flocks were compared with the data of LRS, Garividi. The chest girth, body length and keight at withers (cm) were 35.2w0.33, 29.46M.37 and 40.3M.32 for ram lambs of below 1 year and 73.0W0.71. 60.91*0.82 and 68.84*0.62 for rams of 10-12 months. respectively. Significant (PThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON ENDOSULFAN RESIDUES IN MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS OBTAINED FROM DIFFERENT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2010-07) SURESH BABU, DASINENI; SARJAN RAO, K (Major) MURTHY, P.R.S; SANKAR REDDY, I; SURESH, JABSTRACT : A study was carried out on Endosulfan pesticide residues in milk and milk products obtained from four different production systems existing in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. The study area was selected based on a Stratified Random Sampling Technique. The study group comprises 4 mandals x 5 villages x 5 farmers = 100 farmers sample size. Farmers selected were representing the production systems under study and the information was collected using pretested questionnaire by personal interview and observation. The information about cropping pattern, reasons for the usage pattern of Endosulfan, economic advantage, feeding pattern and animal husbandry status was derived by using the questionnaire and personal interview. 24 milk samples (4x6, RBD) and 40 (4x10, RBD) milk product samples of four varieties and another 36 (6x6, RBD) Endoslulfan fortified milk samples were analysed for the residues of Endosulfan by Gas Chromatography equipped with Electron Capture Detector system using multiresidue method. Apart from that 24 (4x6, RBD) milk samples were analysed for their chemical composition with Lactan-1-4 equipment. The milk samples were collected from small holders production system, organized dairy farms, cooperative societies and commercial dairy plants and collection system. The samples were collected at two months interval over a period of one year and analyzed for Endosulfan residues. 10 samples each of paneer, ghee, curd and doodh peda (4x10, RBD) were analysed for the residues of Endosulfan. 24 pooled milk samples (4x6, RBD) were collected and fortified with Endosulfan 35% EC at the rate of 0.04mg per kg level for heat treatments namely Thermization, Pasteurization, Boiling and Sterilization. Besides 6 positive control samples 6 negative control samples were also analysed for Endosulfan residues. The cattle population in the mandals studied ranged from 8652 to 15953 contributing 0.78 and 1.4 per cent of district population and buffalo population ranged from 419 to 10206 and the per cent contribution to the district was 0.31 and 7.5 respectively. The cattle and buffalo population in the Chittoor district was 1104349 and 134759 respectively. All the four production systems were functioning in the district .There were 54 bulk milk cooling units and 28 private dairy plants existing in the district. Among the food crops, paddy was cultivated to the highest extent. The total area under paddy cultivation in the study mandals ranged from 2.9 to 42.2 per cent while in the Chittoor district it was 5.0 to 35.3 per cent. Among fruits, vegetables and pulses, sugarcane and mango were cultivated to a considerable extent. The per cent area cultivation of sugarcane in the study mandals ranged from 4.2 to 19.7 and in the Chittoor district it was 9.8 to 20.6 per cent. The per cent area cultivation of mango in the mandals studied and in the Chittoor district ranged from 2.0 to 19.2 and 0.2 to 17. Among non-food crops, groundnut was predominating in the mandals studied and in the Chittoor district. The per cent area under groundnut cultivation in the mandals studied ranged from 38.1 to 66.1 and in Chittoor district it ranged from 19.6 to 48.0. Endosulfan was sprayed in all the food as well as non food crops to control pests and to increase crop yields. The economic advantage derived by using Endosulfan was ranging from 25 to 100 per cent. 76 to 88 per cent of the respondent farmers in the study were spraying Endosulfan at the rate of 300 ml or 140 gai per acre and most of the farmers were spraying two times (88-92 per cent). All the farmers in the study area were feeding crop residues, concentrates, green fodder and also allowing the animals for grazing. 60-72 per cent of the farmers were maintaining upto 3 dairy animals mostly crossbred cows and 68-80 per cent were possessing less than 2 hectares of land.72-80 per cent of the farmers were producing upto 30 litres of milk per day and 88-92 per cent were disposing milk to collection centres of cooperative societies and private dairy plants. The chemical constituents were significantly (P<0.01) different among different production systems. The mean fat per cent of milk from the four production systems ranged from 4.088±0.0457 (small holder production system) to 4.44±0.0642 (commercial dairy plants and collection system). The mean solids not fat (SNF) per cent of milk from the four production systems ranged from 7.62±0.159 (small holder production system) to 7.948±0.0392 (organized dairy farms).The mean protein per cent of the milk analysed from different production systems ranged from 2.88±0.0044 (small holders production system) to 2.98±0.0122 per cent (organized dairy farms).The density as indicated by mean lactometer reading of milk obtained from four production systems ranged from 25.38±0.0450 (commercial dairy plants and collection system) to 26.743±0.0071 (organized dairy farms).The mean freezing point in the present study ranged from -0.495 ± 0.94 (cooperative societies) to -0.529 ± 0.94 (small holder production system) The mean added water per cent in the present study ranged from 5.0±0.683 (organized dairy farms) to 9.0±0.258 (small holder production system) The results on the study of pesticide residues in milk and milk products showed that there was no contamination with Endosulfan. The level of Endosulfan was Below Detectable Limits (BDL) of less than 0.0003 ppm in comparison to MRLs for Endosulfan, it was 0.004 ppm on milk basis and 0.1ppm on 4% fat basis. The mean quantity recovery of Endosulfan from milk samples subjected for Thermization, Pasteurization, Boiling and Sterilization were 0.0043±0.00004, 0.0038±0.00004, 0.0025±0.00004 and 0.0023±0.00004 respectively. While the recovery from positive and negative controls were 0.0330±0.00007 and Nil, respectively and the percent recovery was 10.90±0.096, 9.62±0.096, 6.25±0.134 and 5.84±0.094, respectively where as in the positive control it was 82.5±1.82. No traces of Endosulfan were found in the negative control. Among the different methods of heat treatment, sterilization was the most effective followed by boiling and pasteurization. The least effective method was thermization. There was a significant (P<0.01) variation observed for the mean quantity recovery and per cent recovery of Endosulfan residues among different heat treatment methods under evaluation.ThesisItem Open Access ANALYSIS OF SHEEP PRODUCTION SYSTEMS OF NORTH COASTAL ZONE OF ANDHRA PRADESH(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2010-05) ANANDA RAO, K; SARJAN RAO, K (Major); JAGADEESWARA RAO, S; VENUGOPAL NAIDU, K; RAVI, AABSTRACT : In the present study a detailed survey was conducted to analyse the sheep production systems of North Coastal Zone of Andhra Pradesh. The study was conducted on 960 sheep farmers, 320 each from Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts using stratified random sampling techniques (3 districts x 2 divisions x 4 mandals x 4 villages x 10 farmers = 960). The socio economic status of sheep farmers revealed that agriculture (69.06%) was main occupation supported by animal husbandry (23.23%), Hindus (95.33%) were the main religion followed by Christians (4.67%) and most of them belongs to backward community (75.31%), followed by scheduled castes (8.96%) other castes (8.65%) and scheduled tribes (7.08%). Majority of the farmers were illiterates belongs to nuclear family type (78.44%) and were in middle age group (53.23%), followed by old age (31.15%). Significant (P<0.01) difference was observed among the above parameters within the districts except for religion, literacy level and age groups. Among the total farmers 31.14 per cent reared cattle, goat and poultry along with sheep flocks whereas 9.37 per cent reared sheep alone. Majority (71.04%) of the farmers had annual income of Rs.1878.92 in the North Coastal Zone. About half (47.29%) of the shepherd 11-10 years of experience in sheep farming. Majority (60.10%) shepherds were marginal farmers and landless farmers were also taken up the sheep farming as main occupation. The mean total land holding (acres) was 1.88±0.08 in the zone. Significant (P<0.01) differences were observed among the above parameters and within districts. The majority of sheep farmers (72.81%) followed stationary along with migratory system. The mean sheep flock size was 67.46±1.07 with a mean sex ratios ram : ewe of 43.81±0.52 and ewe lambs to ram lambs of 1.38:1. The main (33.33%) sources of addition in the flock was farm bred. Significant differences were observed among the above parameters and within the districts. Religion events were ranked first for disposal of breeding rams whereas old age was ranked first for disposal of breeding ewes. Monetary requirements were ranked last for disposal of breeding rams and ewes. The housing practices revealed that sheep were provided penning only during night time (88.75%), and the major housing pattern was penning (79.37%) in kutcha houses (76.14%). Kutcha flooring (84.27%) is prevalent with poor ventilation (93.22%) and sheep manure was stored by open method (88.02%). The manure was used for own farms (55.72%) whereas 13.95 per cent had sold the manure. The frequency of manure sale was yearly once (94.79%). The mean grazing time (hrs) and grazing distance (km) of sheep was 8.48±0.06 and 6.02±0.17 in summer and 6.08±0.05 and 3.78±0.03 in other seasonal period of the year respectively. The water sources for the sheep were tanks / small ponds (57.08%), streams (21.87%) and canals (19.89%). Almost half of the farmers (47.39%) dewormed sheep at every 6 months interval. The sheep were dewormed due to the insistence of Veterinarian (76.35%) and the mean deworming cost (Rs.) per sheep / annum was 5.69±0.18. The sheep flocks were vaccinated mainly against Enterotoxaemia (87.60%) and foot and mouth disease (71.87%). The sheep were marketed by himself and middlemen and the price fixation for live sheep was based on age, sex and physical appearance. The sheep were transported to the marketing point mainly by foot (44.47%) and the mean distance (km) to the marketing point was 12.95±0.05. The mean cost (Rs) of mutton per kg live weight was 107.58±3.20. Significant (P<0.01) differences were observed to above parameters within the districts except manure sale pattern. The major cause of mortality due to specific disease was Blue tongue (52.7%) and non specific disease was respiratory disorder syndrome (51.17%). About half (53.22%) of the sheep farmers sold the carcass for consumption. The major constraints as was perceived by the sheep farmers were in the order of disease attacks followed by shrinkage of grazing lands. The major factors that favoured sheep farming were in the order of revenue from penning, traditional occupation, demand for manure, meat and easy marketability. The values of reproductive performance of the sheep in the North Coastal zone showed the per cent lambing, twinning and weaning were 81.33±0.26, 0.48±0.04 and 85.53±0.16, respectively. The mean age at first mating was 12.85±0.10 and 21.17±0.07 in ewes and rams respectively. The main lambing season was winter (61.97%). The productive performance of the sheep showed that the mean body weight (kg) of ewes and rams at birth was 2.46±0.05 and 2.84±0.06, respectively. The values of mean body weight (kg) at weaning, 6 months, one year and above one year age were 8.96±0.14, 16.05±0.12, 20.39±0.16 and 26.31±0.15 for ewe lambs and 10.10±0.11, 15.48±0.09, 26.01±0.30 and 40.43±0.26, respectively for ram lambs. Significant (P<0.01) differences were observed among the above parameters except lambing seasons and body weight of the rams at one year age group within the districts. The study on the migratory tracts of sheep flocks in the North Coastal zone revealed that are XVI traditional migratory tracts were identified and there were 698 migratory sheep flocks. The major reasons for migration were, lack of feed resources (92.70%), income from penning (89.06%), traditional practice (87.50%), successive drought (84.37%) and lack of water resources (83.33%). The mean duration (days) and distance (km) of migration of the sixteen migratory sheep flocks were 181.25±0.63 and 75.87±0.78 respectively. The major problems during migration included disease outbreaks (85.95%) and lack of veterinary facilities (83.81%). The mean flock size of the stationary flocks was 67.46±1.07 and the mean man days spent per year was 297.87±3.91. The mean flock size of the migratory flocks was 297.87±3.91 and the mean man day spent per year for the migratory flocks was 116.31±0.38. Observations were made on various ethno veterinary medicments and practices being used by the sheep rearing farmers to cure various ailments.