Loading...
Thesis
Browse
4 results
Search Results
ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF UDDER MORPHOLOGY, METHOD OF MILKING AND HOUSING SYSTEMS ON MILKING CHARACTERISTICS, UDDER HEALTH AND BEHAVIOUR OF MURRAH BUFFALOES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-05) Maruthivara Prasad, R; Sudhakar, K(MAJOR); Raghava Rao, E; Ramesh Gupta, B; Mahendar, MABSTRACT: An investigation was undertaken to study the influence of udder morphology, method of milking and housing systems on the milk yield, udder health and behaviour in Murrah buffaloes. In this study Murrah buffaloes maintained at the Buffalo Research Station, Venkataramannagudem, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University and in the field were utilized. A total of 200 buffaloes were considered to study the udder and teat morphology with 100 buffaloes each from research station and field. The individual behavioural responses of Murrah buffaloes in different lactations and effect of method of milking on teat condition, milk flow traits, udder health and milk composition was also studied. A comparative study on the milk yield and the maintenance behaviour was also studied in two different housing systems viz., conventional tie stall and loose housing. The results showed that among the different udder shapes, the bowl shapes were very common followed by globular, pendulous and goaty shapes and their occurrences were 61.0 %, 17.0 %, 13.0 % and 9.0 %, respectively, and the occurrence of cylindrical teats was maximum with a percentage of 52.5 followed by pear, bottle, conical and funnel type of teats with 18.0, 11.0, 10.5 and 8.0% respectively. The mean length, width and depth of the udder in different lactations ranged from 52.21 ± 0.61 to 55.71 ± 0.59, 48.61 ± 0.60 to 53.87 ± 0.70 and 15.46 ± 0.17 to 15.78 ± 0.18 cm, respectively. Positive and significant correlations were observed among all the udder measurements. The average length of left fore, right fore, left hind and right hind teats were 7.37 ± 0.15, 7.53 ± 0.16, 8.23 ± 0.18 and 8.12 ± 0.17 cm, respectively, and the mean diameters in the same order were 2.65 ± 0.02, 2.71 ± 0.03, 2.80 ± 0.03 and 2.89 ± 0.04 cm. The average daily milk yield in Murrah buffaloes with various udder shapes observed was 6.41 ± 0.33, 5.91 ± 0.26, 5.61 ± 0.32 and 6.31 ± 0.16 Kg in bowl, globular, goaty and pendulous type of udders, respectively. It was found that the average daily milk yield in buffaloes with cylindrical shaped teats was highest followed by bottle, funnel, pear and conical shaped teats. Out of the total buffaloes, the occurrence of different temperaments were 53.5, 16.0, 15.5, 9.5 and 5.5 percent for docile, slightly restless, restless, aggressive and nervous temperaments, respectively and neither the udder shape nor the teat shape affected the temperament of the buffaloes. It was observed that the restless and slightly restless buffaloes were more frequent in primiparous buffaloes (35.18 and 33.33 %, respectively) followed by docile (24.07 %), aggressive and nervous type (3.7% each). In the buffaloes under second, third and fourth lactations, docile buffaloes were more frequent (73.33, 57.40 and 59.37 %, respectively) when compared to other temperaments. It was observed that kicking (16.4 %), urination (4.8 %) and vocalization (4.4 %) were more frequent in machine milked buffaloes where as the stepping (46.8%) and defecation (2.4%) were more frequent in hand milked buffaloes. However, forceful throwing of head behaviour was equally frequent in both methods of milking (12 %). The machine milked buffaloes had a better teat condition score in the present study. The percentage of machine milked buffaloes with the teat condition of smooth skin (1.0), slight drying of the skin (1.5), dried skin (2.0), dry skin with cracks (2.5) and cracks with chaps (3.0) were 34, 17, 30, 13 and 6 %, respectively, whereas the number of buffaloes in the same order under hand milking were16, 2, 52, 27 and 3 %, respectively. The average evening milk yield of buffaloes under machine and hand milking was 3.62 ± 0.08 kg and 3.51± 0.08 kg, respectively. The mean percentages of milk fat, SNF and total solids under machine and hand milking were 6.01± 0.08 vs 6.57 ± 0.09, 9.19 ± 0.10 vs 8.79 ± 0.10 and 14.80 ± 0.13 vs 15.36 ± 0.13 %, respectively. The stripping time and the total milking time were higher in hand milking while the strip yield and average flow rate were higher in machine milking. In the present study, it was found that there was no significant difference in the somatic cell count of buffalo milk under machine and hand milking. The milk yield in the present study was higher in loose housing (8.12 ± 0.02 Kg) when compared to conventional housing (7.77 ± 0.02 Kg). The cleanliness score was higher in loose housing system (2.80 ± 0.05) compared to that of conventional housing (2.41 ± 0.05). More number of buffaloes had shown the lameness in the conventional system of housing. Out of 12 buffaloes observed for behavioural patterns, 36.48, 62.95, 44.90, 25.05 and 26.10 percent were found lying, standing, feeding idling and ruminating, respectively under conventional housing system while 47.29, 50.24, 37.91, 36.29 and 26.10 percent were observed for same behavioural patterns under loose housing system and the differences between the two housing systems were found to be statistically significant for lying, standing and idling behaviours.ThesisItem Open Access PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE AND IMMUNOCOMPETENCE OF COLOUR LAYER BIRDS WITH 25% NATIVE INHERITANCE UNDER BACKYARD AND DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF MANAGEMENT(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-11) CHINNI PREETAM, VELUPULA; QUDRATULLAH, S(MAJOR); RAVINDER REDDY, V; RAJASHEKHAR REDDY, A; RAMAKOTI REDDY, M; NAGALAKSHMI, DABSTRACT: A study was conducted to evaluate the growth and production performance, economics of rearing and immune competence of 4-breed backcross layer type coloured female birds with 25% native inheritance, developed at Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University. Five hundred day-old chicks were reared up to 6 weeks of age under intensive system at the Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad and the data on parameters of economic importance like body weight, feed consumption, FCR, livability and carcass yields, besides immunological parameters were collected. At 7 weeks of age, four hundred female birds were selected and distributed into 5 treatment groups having 4 replicates of 20 birds each with similar body weights. The first group was fed grower mash ad lib. and reared under intensive system to serve as control (T1), while T2 and T3 groups were offered 20 and 40% of ad lib. feed, respectively and maintained under semi intensive system. The remaining two treatment groups were reared under extensive system (scavenging), T4 at farm and T5 in an adopted village of the Krishi Vigana Kendra (KVK), Central Research Institute on Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), Hyderabad. All parameters of economic importance during grower and layer phases were studied. Males were introduced at 40 weeks of age to study the treatments effect on fertility and hatchability. Economics were worked out for the cost of rearing the test birds up to pullet age and to determine profits during laying phase from 20 – 60 weeks of age. Another experiment was conducted separately to evaluate the immune competence of 4-breed backcross layer bird together with the parent stocks involved in its genesis. The results of chick phase indicated that the mean 6-week body weight of 4-breed backcross layer type birds with 25% native inheritance was 266.9 g, while cumulative feed intake was 863.7 g with an FCR of 3.33. The mean livability was 99.6 %. The dressed, eviscerated and ready to cook yields were 80.2, 68.7 and 67.7%, respectively. During growth phase (7-20 weeks of age), ad lib. fed birds (control) recorded significantly (P < 0.05) the highest body weight (1361.6 g) than 40% ad lib fed birds (1083.7 g), while significantly the least weight was recorded in rest of the treatments, 938.28 g in 20% ad lib group, and 901.6 & 866.6 g under scavenging on farm and in farmers back yard, respectively. The feed intake was significantly (P<0.05) the highest in control (94.0 g) followed by 40% and 20% ad lib groups (21.9 and 35.2 g/bird/d, respectively) with the corresponding FCR of 3.32 and 4.28. The livability was 93.8, 87.5 and 90% in control, 20 and 40% ad lib. groups, respectively. The age at first egg (AFE) was significantly (P< 0.05) better with ad lib. fed group (146.5 d) followed by scavenging groups (176.4 and 171.5 d in T4 and T5, respectively) and 40 and 20% ad lib. groups (188 and 184.5 d, respectively), all values being significantly (P< 0.05) inferior to control. Thus AFE increased with decreasing feed intake and was better under intensive system than semi intensive or scavenger system. Similar trend was observed for age at 50% production. The mean percent hen day production over 10 laying periods of 28 d each differed significantly (P<0.05) from each other, with the best being recorded in ad lib. group (54.1%) and the least in 20 and 40% ad lib groups. Scavenging in farmers’ backyard gave 35.8% hen day production, whereas at farm it was 32.5%. The mean feed intake was significantly higher in ad lib group (94.0 g/b/d) followed by 40% ad lib (45.5 g/b/d) and 70% ad lib (26.7 g/b/d) groups, all values being significantly different from each other. The FCR was significantly better (2.14 and 2.29) with ad lib and 20% ad lib feeding than 40% ad lib feeding (3.09). The mean egg weights ranged between 50.4 and 53.9 g. The egg quality parameters like Haugh Unit score, albumen Index, shell percent and shell thickness were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by treatment groups, but did not show any specific trend. Yolk index was not influenced, while yolk colour was significantly (P< 0.05) better under both the scavenging systems. Overall livability was significantly better with intensive system (**) and least with scavenging system, especially at farmers backyard, where half of the mortality was due to predators. Fertility ranged between 88.4 and 94.9 %, while the hatchability ranged between 80.9 and 88.9% and 90. 9 and 93.8 % for total eggs set and fertile eggs set, respectively. At 8 weeks of age, humoral immune response to SRBC and ND vaccine were 8.3 and 6.8 log2 titers, respectively, while CMI response to PHA-P was 0.46. During 20 weeks of age, significant differences (P>0.05) were observed in treatment groups for immune response to ND vaccine, which was high to medium (10.1 to 9.3) in all groups maintained at farm, the highest being in control group (10.1) and the values for scavenging at farmers backyard were constantly low at 20 weeks (8.1) and 40 weeks (6.1) of age, but were above protective levels. There were no significant differences in SRBC titers at 20 and 40 weeks of age and CMI response to PHA-P indicating system of management did not effect the immune response to SRBC and PHA-P. The results of the immunity trial on back cross and its parent stock indicated that the immune response to SRBC, PHA-P and ND vaccine were high in NDN bird, whereas the immunity of 4-breed back cross was comparable with all other genotypes. The mass of spleen and bursa was directly proportional to immune competence in chickens. Significant differences were observed in lymphoid organ weight. The relative spleen weight of 4-breed back cross was similar to that of all other genotypes, except DR and 2-breed cross. The relative weight of bursa in 4-breed back cross bird was similar to that of WLH, DR, 3BC and 4BC. (INDICATE THE FULL FORM OF THESE GENOTYPES) MENTION ECONOMICS ALSOThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF FEEDINC; SHEANUT CAKE (VITELLARIA PARADOXA) BASED COMPLETE DIETS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GRADED MURRAH BUFFALOES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-11) KISHAN KUMAR, M; SUDHAKAR, K(MAJOR); MAHENDER, M; RAMESH GUPTA, B; VIROJI RAO, S.CABSTRACT: Two complete diets were formulated using palm press fibre (20% & 15%) and chopped jowar straw (20% & 25%) as roughage source and sheanut cake (18.5% & 28%) along with locally available concentrate ingredients with roughage concentrate ratio of 4050 and processed into mash (R 11 ) and (R 111). These two diets were compared with conventional ration (R I) containing chopped jowar straw. green jo~arfo dder and concentrate mixture fed separately to study their effect on nutrient digestibilit). quantit? and qualit! of milk. cost of production. eating and rumination behaviour in lactating graded Murrah buffaloes The same rations were also fed to growing graded Murrah buffalo c.nl\rs to >tud> the cfTcct of three ration\ on nutrient util~zat~on, growth rate. feed con\*er lactating buffaloes were comparable mony the rations R I. RII and R Ill. The J;gestibilit> coefficients of dq matter. organic matter, crude protein. and ether estract and nitrogen free estract were significantly (P< 0.01) higher. where as crude fibre and NDF (P K 11 (474.00 g) and R 1 (11 5.67 g). The DM1 per kg weight gain was non significant in dicth K 111 (8.50) and K 11 (9.15) uhen compared to R 1 (9.61). The cost of feed per Lg weight gain \\as comparable among three dict. The buffalo calves on diet 111 recorded higher growth rate and consumed less feed pcr kg gain resulting in superior FCR than other two diets (R I and R 11). Rumcn liquor pH decreased (P<0.01). where as ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total volatile fat5 acids (TVFA) concentration increased (PC 0.01) in complete diets (R II and R 111) when compared with conventional diet (R I). Time of sampling had a significant (P 0.01) effect on NHJ-N and TVFA concentrations. which peaked at 3 h post feeding irrespective of experimental rations. Eating and rumination hchaviour indicated that eating time. rumination time. rumination period and chewing time were significantl? (P4.01) higher. wherc as resting time uas loser on conventional diet (K I ) u hen ccrmparcd \r it11 coniplcte dicts (K II and R Ill) in b~thla ctating buffaloes and calves rumination tirnc. I'he pcrccnt elf time spent for rumination and chelving time were significantly (PThesisItem Open Access Effect Of Supplementation Of Urea Molasses Mineral Blocks (UMMB) On Nutrient Utilisation, Growth Rate And Milk Production In Dairy Animals(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2000-07) Sudhakar, Kaza; Krishna Reddy, G.V(MAJOR); Krishna, N; Narasimha Rao, G; Ranganadham, M; Satyanarayana, A