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2010 - 20152
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Subject: Levestock Production Management × End date: 2015 × Start date: 2010 × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IMPACT STUDIES ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF BULK MILK COOLING UNITS IN SELECTED DISTRICTS OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2010-12) POORNACHANDRA RAO, K.N; SURESH, J (Major); SARJAN RAO, K; VEERABRAHMAIAH, K
    ABSTRACT : The study had a focus on the impacts of establishment of bulk milk cooling units both on quality of milk as well as socio-economic impact on the milk producer community in Chittoor and Prakasam districts of Andhra Pradesh. The research was conducted by adopting ex-post-facto design. Of the 56 units functioning in the Chittoor district, 9 units were randomly selected while only BMC functioning in Prakasam district was selected purposively. The list of milk producers supplying milk to the BMC unions was prepared and a uniform sample of 15 farmers comprising 10 female respondents and 5 male respondents were randomly selected. The ultimate sample for the study stood at 10 BMC’s and 150 respondents. The required information was collected by personal interview by the researcher with the respondents through a structured schedule. The data were subjected to statistical analysis employing means, standard deviation, percentages, Chi-2 test of significance, multiple regression analysis and correlation coefficients. To study the effectiveness of bulk milk coolers quantitative methods were employed to measure the standard plate count (SPC) and coliform count (CC) before and after cooling the milk in bulk milk coolers along with fat and SNF percentages. The study regarding the effectiveness of bulk milk coolers on the quality of milk revealed that there was substantial reduction in SPC and coliform count after cooling. The percentage reduction of SPC and CC was approximately 36% and 43%, respectively. However the quality of milk by grade remained fair as per BIS even after cooling with BMC units. There was a significant difference (P<0.01) with regard to SPC and CC before and after subjecting the milk through BMC’s both in terms of maximum and minimum counts. The annual milk collection through BMC units ranged from a minimum of 5,21,000 litres to a maximum of 16,91,000 litres. The mean quantity of milk collected through all BMC units was 10,35,000 litres. The BMC’s have approximately took away 17% of share of milk procurement from different channels like head loads, private dairies etc. This indirectly will strengthen the fact that quality milk of low bacterial load to the extent of 17% is now being supplied to the consumers compared to the earlier situation. X2 analysis indicated that the relation between milk yield with some of the socio-economic parameters like education, size of the farm, total household income and quality of concentrate feed offered to the animal were found to be significant (P<0.05). The multiple regression analysis carried out to study the influence of selected independent variables and dairy income due to establishment of BMC units revealed that in respect of pooled sample, the most powerful factors to influence the dairy income were caste, hand holdings, size of the farm, education level, household income and dairy farming experience. The coefficient of multiple determination was 0.67 duly indicating that 67% of the variation in dairy income was explained by the independent variables included in the function. The correlation coefficients between dairy income due to establishment of BMC units and selected socio-economic parameters pertaining to pooled sample revealed that size of the dairy herd had highest association with dairy income, very closely followed by farming experience and land holding. Household income and level of education also exhibited positive correlations with dairy income. The impact of BMC units as perceived by the respondents revealed that tie-up for bank loans has been an easy affair and this item obtained first rank. There has been a substantial increase in dairy income brought in due to BMC’s and it was offered second rank. Another important impact was fairer payment for the milk supplied which was ranked three. Spoilage of milk was averted to a great extent (rank IV). BMC’s enabled the farmers to demand for higher milk price which was ranked fifth. Increase in milk quality was yet another benefit of BMC. Other interesting impacts include society development, increased milk production improvement in health of the animals, increase in milk production, increase in herd size and improved extension contacts. Some important constraints faced by the beneficiaries were brought to the lime light and few of them required to be addressed immediately by the authorities. Irregular power supply which may pose a threat of spoilage of milk was the prime concern. Setting up of a generator as a back-up facility was the suggestion. Under-utilization of coolers to the fullest capacity of either 3,000 or 5,000 litres especially during lean months resulted in increased overhead charges. It was suggested that more number of milk producers be inducted into the BMC union and others are encouraged to divert their milk supply from head loads and private dairies to BMC’s. Further, the farmers are expecting more training programmes on production technologies, better extension services, organization of animal health camps and loan melas etc. to help them to produce more milk per unit animal.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A STUDY ON THE MILKING MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND QUALITY OF MILK IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF YSR KADAPA DISTRICT
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI – 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2015-09) SWATHI, YANDRAPU; Ravindra Reddy, Y (Major); Suresh Babu, D; Sreenivasa Rao, D
    ABSTRACT : An investigation was carried out to study the socio economic conditions, milking management practices and quality of milk with 120 milk producers in rural and urban areas of YSR Kadapa district in Andhra Pradesh. Majority of respondents rearing crossbred cows (75.00%) and buffaloes (58.33%) belonged to male groups involving in dairy activities. Majority of the crossbred cow farmers (43.33%) had the education up to high school level whereas in buffalo farmers majority (41.66%) was illiterate in the entire study area. Dairying was the main occupation after agriculture for 40.00 per cent of crossbred cattle and 33.33 per cent of buffalo milk respondents. Maximum percentage of farmers belonged to medium size family (4–6 members) with nuclear family type in both crossbred cow and buffalo milk respondents. Majority belonged to landless category (43.33%) in crossbred cow farmers whereas in buffalo milk respondents, majority belonged to 2-5 acres land holding category. In the selected area of study, majority (55.00%) of crossbred cow farmers had extension contact with veterinarians as against majority of (56.67%) of buffalo farmers had extension contact with para veterinarians. In both crossbred cow and buffalo milk respondents, majority of farmers had no exposure to any type of mass media related to animal husbandry activities. Majority of crossbred cow (96.67%) and buffalo (93.33%) farmers practiced wet hand milking in the study area. None of the crossbred cow and buffalo farmers practiced machine method of milking. Maximum number of crossbred cow and buffalo respondents adopted knuckling method of milking at starting of milking operations followed by stripping at the end of milking. Minimum per cent of respondents among crossbreds (13.33%) and buffalo milk producers (11.67) adopted full hand method of milking in the study area. None of the respondents practiced dipping of teats in antiseptic solution. After milking the usual practice of straining of milk with muslin cloth was not followed by majority of milk producers while cleaning of milk utensils was done with disinfectant by majority of the crossbred and buffalo milk producers. Before milking of animals, washing of hands with water was practiced by majority of milk producers in the study area. Most of the crossbred cow (90.00%) and buffalo (75.00 %) farmers were cleaning the udder alone. Majority of the crossbred cow (70.00%) farmers and 46.67 per cent of buffalo farmers were using pucca flooring in the animal houses. More than 50.00 per cent of the farmers were cleaning the animal sheds twice daily. The quality of milk was analyzed by chemical composition of milk with Lactan 1 – 4 milk Analyzer and somatic cell counts with Delaval Somatic cell counter. The pooled averages of Fat, SNF, Protein per cent along with SCC (x103/ml) of the crossbred cow milk in the study area were 3.61 ± 0.09, 8.20 ± 0.04, 3.41 ± 0.06 and 473.65 ± 94.58.The pooled averages of Fat, SNF, Protein per cent and SCC (x103) of buffalo milk in the entire study area were 7.07 ± 0.21, 9.19 ± 0.10, 3.78 ± 0.05 and 167.68 ± 28.80, respectively. The Protein per cent of crossbred cow milk in rural areas showed a significant variation (P<0.05) with that of urban areas. In rural areas, there was a significant (P<0.05) negative correlation found between SCC and protein per cent in crossbred cow milk. In buffaloes, Fat per cent, SNF per cent and Protein per cent of urban areas varied significantly (P<0.05) with that of rural areas. Somatic cell counts did not differ significantly with parity in both crossbred cows and buffaloes but differ significantly (P>0.01) with stage of lactation in crossbred cows and buffaloes. Method of milking practices have shown a significant variation (P<0.01) on the mean SCC in both cows and buffaloes. In case of crossbred cows hygiene of milkmen, floor type and cleanliness of animal sheds significantly (P<0.05) influenced the somatic cell counts whereas in buffaloes floor type alone significantly (P<0.05) influenced the SCC.