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ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON ASSOCIATIVE EFFECT OF NON-STARCH POLYSACHARIDE DEGRADING ENZYMES WITH PHYTASE, PREBIOTICS AND PROBIOTICS ON PERFORMANCE IN BROILERS AND LAYERS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-09) NARASIMHA, JATOTH; NAGALAKSHMI, D(MAJOR); RAMANA REDDY, Y; RAJASEKHARA REDDY, A; SUDHAKAR, K; VIROJI RAO, S.TABSTRACT: A study was undertaken to develop a suitable NSP enzyme combination to improve nutrient utilization from corn-soybean meal based diets for broilers and layers by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Also the associative effect of NSP enzymes with prebiotics, probiotics and phytase was investigated. The broiler and layer diets were supplemented with eight concentrations of xylanase (1000, 2500, 5000, 7500, 10000, 20000, 40000 and 60000 IU/kg), cellulase (50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200 and 6400 IU/kg) and β-D-glucanase (50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200 and 6400 IU/kg), three best concentrations of each NSP enzyme was selected for both broiler and layer diets. With these enzyme concentrations, twenty seven (3x3x3) combinations were formulated and among them, the significantly (P<0.01) higher sugars release was recorded for combination of xylanase -7500, cellulase -100 and β-D-glucanase -100 IU/kg/diet for broiler diet and for layer, the NSP enzyme combination was xylanase-10000, cellulase-400 and β-D-glucanase-100 IU/kg and these were selected for conducting in vivo experiments in broilers and layers. The synergistic effect of NSP enzyme and protease was observed in broilers with supplementation of 2000 IU/kg diet. In broiler Experiment-I, 360 day old broiler chicks were weighed, wing banded and randomly distributed in to twelve experimental groups, six replicates per group and five birds per replicate and raised in electrically heated battery brooders to evaluate the effect of the NSP enzyme combination selected from in vitro studies along with or without protease supplemented to four corn-soybean meal based broiler diets varying in energy concentration i.e. standard energy (SD) and three low energy diets, [(-75 (LE1), -150 (LE2) and -225 (LE3) kcal lower ME than SD] on performance, nutrient retentions, carcass traits, gut conditions and cost economics. Significant (P<0.01) interaction of dietary energy concentration and NSP enzymes was observed for body weight gain from week 1 to 6, during starter (0-3 weeks), finisher (4-6 weeks) and total gain (0-6 weeks). The total weight gain was significantly (P<0.01) higher in enzyme supplemented groups in SD, LE1 and LE3. The total body weight gain reduced (P<0.01) with reduction of 225 kcal/ME in diet (LE3) compared to SD. No further improvement was observed with additional supplementation of protease. The feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly (P<0.05) improved with supplementation of NSP enzymes, alone or in combination with protease, irrespective of level of energy. The supplementation of NSP enzymes increased (P<0.05) the organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), ether extract (EE), nitrogen free extract (NFE) and gross energy (GE) retentions and further improvement was observed with addition of protease. Tibia ash content in broilers was not influenced by either the level energy or NSP enzymes supplementation. Irrespective of level of energy, enzyme supplementation with or without protease reduced (P<0.05) intestinal pH, viscosity and E. coli count (cfu/ml). Sections of intestines revealed elongated villi with uniform distribution of goblet cell in NSP enzyme supplemented diets fed birds, where as congested and moderately short ruptured villi were observed in no enzyme fed ones. Dressing and breast yield was un effected by dietary energy but NSP enzyme supplementation increased (P<0.01) the yields. Abdominal fat (%) was lower in LE2, LE3, but no effect of NSP enzyme and protease was observed. Feed cost of production per kg live weight gain for overall period was comparable in SD, LE1 and LE2 and decreased (P<0.01) in LE3. Supplementing NSP enzyme increased (P<0.01) the feed cost of production and further with addition of protease. Based on the Experiment-I findings, LE3 diet was selected for 2nd broiler experiment to study the associative effect of NSP enzymes with prebiotics, probiotics and phytase on broiler performance. Supplementing BD (LE3 diet of Experiment-I) with NSP enzymes with or without prebiotics and phytase had no effect on total body weight gain, while addition of probiotics or synbiotics along with NSP enzymes significantly (P<0.05) improved the total weight gain. Supplementing all feed additives to BD had increased the gain by 7.48%. The overall feed intake was not affected in broilers fed BD or BD supplemented with NSP enzymes along with either, prebiotics, probiotics, phytase or synbiotics. Similarly, supplementation of all feed additives had no effect on feed intake. The FCR improved with addition of NSP enzymes along with either, prebiotics, probiotics or synbiotics. While no associative effect of phytase was observed on FCR. The FCR improved with addition of all feed additives to BD compared to both BD and SD. The retention of OM, CP and GE was significantly (P<0.05) improved with addition of NSP enzymes along with either prebiotics, probiotics or phytase. NSP enzymes with synbiotics had no effect on nutrient retention except GE. BD supplemented with NSP enzymes with phytase and all feed additives improved the retention of OM, CP, NFE, GE and phosphorus indicating synergistic effect of these feed additives. Addition of either prebiotics, probiotics and phytase, individually or combination of all along with NSP enzymes to BD reduced (P<0.05) intestinal pH and viscosity, cost of feeding and cost of production per kg live weight gain compared to BD and SD. The selected enzyme combination for layers from in vitro studies was supplemented to four layer diets varying in dietary energy concentration to investigate the possibility of reducing the energy concentration in the diets with NSP enzymes supplementation. The diets were standard energy diet (2600 kcal ME/kg) (SD) and other three were low energy diets having 100 (LE1), 200 (LE2) and 300 (LE3) kcal lower ME/kg diet than the SD and were fed for three laying periods of twenty eight days. Significant (P<0.01) interaction of dietary energy concentration and NSP enzymes was observed on percent hen day production during 2nd period and such interaction was not observed for 1st and 3rd period. During 2nd period, NSP enzymes supplementation increased the percent hen day production for SD and LE2 and a trend of improvement was observed for LE1 diet with NSP enzymes supplementation. Feed intake was comparable among various groups, in 1st, 2nd and third period. The feed intake was higher (P<0.05) in LE3 compared to SD and LE1 and no effect of NSP enzyme supplementation was observed. No effect of dietary energy or NSP enzymes supplementation was observed on weight changes, dressing yield, abdominal fat, weight of liver and gizzard, tibia ash, egg weight, egg mass, shell thickness and specific gravity of egg. However, breast yield reduced (P<0.05) gradually with lowering of dietary energy and heart weight was higher in SD compared to low energy dietary groups. NSP enzyme supplementation increased (P<0.01) intestinal length. Albumen and yolk index was lower in (P<0.01) LE2 and LE3 groups compared to SD. The mean shell weight in birds fed LE2 or LE3 was significantly (P<0.05) higher than those fed SD and LE1. Irrespective of level of energy, NSP enzymes addition significantly (P<0.01) improved the utilization of DM, OM, CP, CF, EE, NFE and GE. Intestinal pH, viscosity and E. coli count was reduced (P<0.01) in NSP enzymes supplemented groups compared to un supplemented ones. The sections of intestines revealed elongated broad and dividing villi with increased number of goblet cell in NSP enzymes supplemented groups irrespective of level of energy. The feed cost to produce dozen eggs was higher (P<0.05) for LE3 compared to SD and irrespective of dietary energy, NSP enzymes supplementation reduced the feed cost of production. The LE3 diet was selected to test the additive effect of supplementing NSP enzymes with prebiotics or probiotics and phytase. The percent hen day production was not affected by supplementation of NSP enzymes along with prebiotics or probiotics but improved with addition of phytase or synbiotics with NSP enzymes. Feed intake (g/bird/day), FCR (g/feed/g egg) and egg quality traits and slaughter attributes were not affected by supplementation of various feed additives (NSP enzymes, prebiotics, probiotics and phytase) alone or their combination. The DM, OM and NFE retention was comparable among the experimental groups. Supplementation of NSP enzymes along with other feed additives, (probiotics and phytase) improved (P<0.05) retention of CP, CE, EE, GE and phosphorus and no associative effect of prebiotics was observed on nutrient retention. Intestinal pH, viscosity and E. coli count in feed additives supplemented groups was significantly (P<0.05) reduced compared to un supplemented ones. The feed cost per dozen eggs did not increase with supplementation of NSP enzymes alone or along with either of prebiotics, probiotics, phytase or synbiotics and was comparable to SD. While supplementing all the feed additives to BD significantly (P<0.05) reduced to the feed cost per dozen eggs compared to BD and SD. From this study, it can be concluded that supplementing NSP enzyme combinations developed from in vitro studies improved body weight gain feed conversion efficiency in broilers and egg production in layers fed corn-soybean meal based diets varying in energy concentration with improvement in nutrient retentions and gut health. Associative effect of NSP enzymes with either prebiotics, probiotics or phytase was observed for nutrient retentions and gut health at reduced cost of production in both broilers and layers.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF FEEDING PRACTICES FOR OPTIMUM GROWTH AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS IN WEANED/GROWING RAM LAMBS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-02) MALISETTY VENKATESWARLU, U; RAMANA REDDY, Y(MAJOR); NAGALAKSHMI, D; RAJASEKHAR KEDDY, A; MAHENDER, MABSTRACT: The first experiment was conducted to develop a suitable feeding system to early weaned Nellore ram lambs by feeding traditional creep (R-I), creep plus berseem hay (R-11) and sorghum straw (unconventional) based creep (R-111) for the first one month followed by sorghum straw based wmplete ration (50:50) for remaining four months period to all the three groups for obtaining optimum growth at lower cost. The second investigation was carried out by feeding sorghum straw (Sorghum bicolor) based wmplete rations at the ratio of 70:30 (CR-I), 60:40 (CR-II), 50:50 (CR-111) and 40:60 (CR-IV) for I80 days to find out suitable ratio of sorghum straw and concentrate feed in the economic wmplete ration (mash form) for optimum growth, production and carcass characteristics in Nellore ram lambs. The third experiment was conducted on-farm in Nellore ram lambs by feeding intensively for five months period with sole maize silage (R-I), silage + concentrate at 0.5 per cent body weight (R-11). silage + concentrate at 1.0 per cent body weight (R-III), silage + wncentrate at 1.5 per cent body weight (R-IV), silage + lucerne hay (R-V) and silage + GN haulms (R-VI) to develilp a feeding system based on maize (Zea mays) silage with supplementation of wncentrate mixture and or legume hay/straw at appropriate level for optimum growth, production and carcass characteristics and compared with the performance of ram lambs fed sweet sorghum bagasse based complete diet (R-VII). The first experiment with early weaned ram lambs. the weight gain (kg) and average daily gains (g) were non significantly different among the lambs fed different creep rations. The FCR was significantly (Pc0.01) higher by 9.17 and 19.98 per cent in ram lambs fed R-I and R-I1 rations, respectively in comparison to lambs fed R-111 ration (unconventional creep). Cost (Rs.)/kg live weight gain was significantly (P<0.01) lower by 14.60 and 16.56 per cent in lambs fed R-I and R-I11 rations, respectively in comparison to those fed R-I1 ration. The DCP intake (g/d or g/kg w0 ") was significantl y (P<0.05) higher by 1 1.9 1, 1 8.75 and 1 3.90 and 1 5.14 per cent in ram lambs fed R-I ration in comparison to those fed R-I1 and R-Ill rations, respectively. TDN (g/d) and ME (W/d) intake in early weaned ram lambs fed R-I, R-I1 and R-I11 rations were comparable among the creep rations. In the second growth trail with complete rations containing different ratios of sorghum straw and concentrate in Nellore ram lambs, the ADG was significantly (PK0.05) different among the four experimental complete rations. No difference was found in ADG between CR-I and CR-I1 rations and also between CR-111 and R-IV rations. There was 69.35, 39.58 and 17.72 per cent higher gain, respectively in lambs fed CR-IV ration than CR-I, CR-I1 and CR-I11 rations. The FCR was lower (P<0.01) by 1 1.87, 16.91 and 22.54 per cent with CR-111, CR-I1 and CR-I rations, respectively in comparison to CR-IV ration. Cost (Rs.) per kg live weight gain was significantly (P<0.01) highest in the ram lambs fed CR-rV ration and was lowest in CR-I and it was lower by 4.53, 14.33 and 20.84 per cent, respectively in comparison to CR-11, CR-I11 and CR-IV rations. The DM1 (g/d) increased significantly (P<0.05) as the level of concentrate increased in the complete rations. No significant difference was found in digestibilities of DM, OM, EE, CF and NFE. However, CP digestibility was higher either significantly or non significantly by 2.12, 5.50 and 9.36 per cent, respectively in lambs fed CR-I1 (P>0.05), CR-111 (P>0.05) and CR-IV (P4.05) rations in comparison to lambs fed CR-I ration. Further, CP digestibility was higher by 7.09 and 3.66 per cent in lambs fed CR-IV ration than those fed CR-I1 (P<0.05) and CR-I11 (PB0.05) ration. The average NDF, ADF, hemicelluloses and cellulose digestibility coefficients were non significantly different among the four rations. The DCP content of complete rations was progressively increased significantl y (P<0.05) by 19.49, 4 1.1 7 and 64.12 per cent in CR-11. CR-111 and CR-IV rations, respectively in comparison to CR-I ration as the level of concentrate increased from 30% to 60% in the diet. TDN (%), DE (MJkg DM) and ME (MJAcg DM) values were higher either significantl y or non significantly by 5.13-5.16, 9.39-9.51 and 14.65-14.67 per cent in lambs fed CR-I1 (P>O.OS), CR-I11 (Pc0.05) and CR-IV (Pc0.05) rations, respectively. The N intake (g/d) was significantly (PO.O5), 133.46 (P<0.01) and 198.87 (Pc0.01) per cent with CR-11, CR-I11 and CR-IV rations, respectively in comparison to CR-I ration. The N balance expressed as per cent intake or per cent absorbed was comparable among the four complete rations. The DCP intake (g/d) was significantly higher by 34.26, 56.80 and 99.86 per cent, respectively with CR-11, CR- 111 and CR-IV rations in wmparison to CR-I ration. Intakes of TDN (gld), DE (MJId) and ME (MJ/d) were significantly (PThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING SWEET SORGHUM BAGASSE (SSB) BASED DIETS ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND PERFORMANCE IN NATIVE SHEEP(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-02) NALINI KUMARI, N; RAMANA REDDY, Y(MAJOR); BLUMMEL, Y; NAGALAKSHMI, D; SUDHAKAR, K; RAVINDER REDDY, VABSTRACT: Sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) is a by-product of ethanol industry and gaining importance in the country. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the nutritional value of SSB and SSB silage based rations, to optimize the SSB to concentrate ratio and evolve an economically viable and easily adaptable processed SSB based complete diet, documented with the performance of growing lambs in terms of growth rate, nutrient utilization and carcass characteristics. ' Dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, nitrogen free extract, total ash, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, hemicellulose, cellulose and lipin content of SSB was 92.5, 90.75, 3.94, 1.89, 37.58, 47.34, 9.25, 74.76, 42.93, 3 1.84, 37.75 and 4.24 per cent, respectively. The major elements calcium, phosphorus and trace elements like Cu, Mn, Zn and Fe content were 0.82, 0.47 per cent and 57.40, 47.67, 48.78 and 0.27 ppm, respectively. The IVDMD (%) of SSB was 40.27k1.68. The gas. volume (m1/200mg) produced during 24 hr of incubation of SSB was 42.67*0.17 and IVOMD (mg), ME (MJ/kg DM), PF, TDOM (mg), MBP (mg) and EMBP (%) were 93.87rt0.37, 8.13*0.02, 2.79*0.01, 1 19.08*0.34, 25.2 1*0.35, 2 1.1 7dz0.28, respectively. The bulk density of SSB was 4.W0.06 and 6.5 *0.25 kglcft, respectively for chopped and ground forms. The modulus of uniformity, modulus of fineness, particle size (p) and molasses absorbability (%) of SSB were 5:2:3, 5.33,665.303*1.52 and 33.0, respectively. The nutritive value of SSB was estimated in adult Deccani rams by using difference method of digestibility trial with sunflower cake. The digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP, EE, CF and NFE of SSB were 52.57k0.93, 57.48h1.85, 47.2 1k2.50, 58.62*1.24, 50.83*1.09 and 57.32k3.86 per cent, respectively. The SSB contained 1.86*0.10 and 50.5W1.79 per cent DCP and TDN, respectively. The SSB was made into silage in chopped and unchopped forms and evaluated for nutrient utilization in Deccani ram lambs with concentrate supplementation. Chopping significantly (Pc0.05) depressed the DM and CF digestibility of SSB silage. There was no significant difference observed in the digestibility of CP, EE, NFE and fibre fractions, nitrogen balance, DCP and TDN intakes of ram lambs fed unchopped and chopped SSB silage. The optimum ratios of SSB to concentrate in complete feed were determined by using in vitro gas technique with eight SSB to concentrate ratios of 100:O (Ration I), 90:lO (Ration II), 80:20 (Ration 111), 70:3G (Ration TV), 60:40 (Ration V), 50:50 (Ration VI), 40:60 (RationVII) and 30:70 (Ration VIII), respectively. The in vitro gas production volume and IVOMD was significantly (Pc0.01) higher for the ration I11 to VIII. Among all the rations, VIII has shown higher (Pc0.01) ME and TDOM compared to other rations and the trend observed in ME, TDOM values reflected that, as the concentrates proportion increased, these values were also proportionately increased. The rations fiom I1 to VIII were significantly (Pc0.01) higher in PF, MBP and EMBP. However, no significant difference was observed for PF and EMBP among the rations from V to VIII. Based on the in vitro studies, rations containing 60 (CR-I), 50 (CR-11), 40 (CR-111) and 30 per cent (CR-IV) SSB were selected as best levels of inclusion in complete diets and evaluated in a growth trial (180 d) using twenty four Nellore x Deccani cross ram lambs. No significant difference was observed in total weight gain, ADG, FCR, whereas costlkg gain was significantly (P<0.01) higher in lambs fed CRIV ration. The digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CF, NFE and fibre fractions were not significantly different among the rations. The CP and EE digestibilities were significantly (Pc0.01) higher in CR-IV ration. The average daily intakes of GE, DE and ME were similar among the lambs fed experimental rations. The N balance was significantly (Pe0.05) lower in lambs fed CR-1 ration than CR-I11 and IV. All lambs were in positive Ca and P balance. The DCP content of the diets exhibited significant (P<0.01) linear increase with increased proportion of concentrate in the diet. The TDN values were similar among the experimental rations. No significant difference was observed in carcass characteristics and meat quality of experimental animals. In another growth trial, a complete ration with 50:50 SSB to concentrate was processed into mash (SSBM), expander extruded pellets (SSBP) and chopped SSB mixed with concentrate (SSBC) and evaluated in twenty four Nellore x Deccani cross ram lambs in comparison to sorghum stover based complete ration (50 SS: 50C) in mash (SSM) fonn. The total weight gain, ADG, FCR of ram lambs fed SSBP was sibaificantly (P<0.01) higher than SSM, SSBC, SSBM diets, but the values were comparable among the SSBM, SSM and SSBC diets. The SSBP diet was more (PcO.01) economical to gain one kg of body weight than the SSBC and SSM diet and it was comparable in ram lambs fed SSBM and SSM diets. The SSBP had significantly higher (P<0.01) DM, OM, CP, CF (Pc0.05) digestibility than the other three diets SSM, SSSBC and SSBM, but these were comparable between SSBM and SSM diets. The cellulose digestibility was significantly higher in lambs fed SSBP diet than SSM and SSBC diets. Significantly (P<0.01) higher ME was taken by the lambs fed SSBP than the other three diets. There was significantly higher N (P<0.05), Ca (P<0.01) and P (Pc0.05) balance in lambs fed SSBP diet compared to those fed the other three rations. SSBP was significantly (P<0.01) higher in DCP, TDN, DE and ME values compared to SSM, SSBC and SSBM rations. The DCP, DE and ME values were comparable between SSBM and SSM diets, but TDN was higher (Pc0.01) in SSBM diet. The average DCP and TDN intake (g/d and g/ kg wO.") of lambs fed SSBP diet was significantly (P<0.01) higher than those fed the other three rations, whereas these were comparable between SSBM and SSM diet. The pre slaughter weight was significantly (P<0.05) higher in SSBP ration compared to other three rations. Processing could not influence the other carcass characteristics and meat quality. The SSB can be included at 50-60 per cent level in the complete rations of growing ram lambs for economic meat production and it could be better utilized, if processed into expander extruder pellets.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF ENZYMES AND HERBAL RESIDUES ON THE PERFORMANCE, NUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF CROSS-BRED PIGS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2010) SURYANARAYANA, M.V.A.N; RAVI, A (Major); RAMANA, J.V; SUDHAKARA REDDY, P; ESWARA PRASAD, PABSTRACT: In a completely randomized design five dietary treatments were evaluated for their effect on performance during creep, grower and finisher phases of growth, nutrient utilization during grower and finisher phases, caracass characteristics, lipid profile in serum, fatty acid profile in pork and economics of production of crossbred (LWY x Desi) entire male pigs. The dietary treatments were standard (control, T1), economic (T2) with cocktail enzymes, T2 supplemented with herbal residues such as Turmeric (T3), Amla (T4) or Ginger (T5). Before proceeding with the animal experimentation, the effect of enzyme cocktail with low, medium or high activities for xylanase, _- glucanase, cellulase and phytase on in vitro organic matter digestibility and energy content of T1 and T2 was evaluated by in vitro studies to arrive at the best enzyme cocktail for inclusion in the diets of pigs during growth trial. The herbal residues were also evaluated in vitro at 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 % concentration for their inhibitory effect on gut pathogens on agargel plates and were included in pig diets at 2 % where maximum inhibitory effect was observed. Among the herbal residues, ginger contained higher CP, CF, hemicellulose, cellulose, total NSP, amla contained higher TA while turmeric contained higher EE, NDF and ADF. The herbal residues were in the order of ginger>turmeric>amla for their inhibitory effect on bacteria pathogens. The maximum in vitro organic matter digestibility (OMdv) and energy digestibility (Ed) for standard (T1) and economic (T2) for creep, grower and finisher diets was observed with enzyme cocktail containing high (3500, 2500, 1250 and 3000) than with medium (3000, 2000, 1000 and 2500) or low (2500, 1500,750 and 2000) activity (U /kg) of xylanase, _-glucanase, cellulase and phytase activities, respectively All the experimental diets were isonitrogenous, but T2 to T5 contained higher TA, CF, P, NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin due to inclusion of sunflower cake and higher levels of DORB than T1 during the three phases of growth. There was a corresponding increase in the NSP components such as pentosans, pectins and total NSP along with a decrease in starch content in T2 to T5 than in T1. During grower phase, higher (P<0.01) DM digestibility in T1 and T4 and lower (P<0.05) OM digestibility in T2 than in other treatments were observed. The CP digestibility (%) was higher (P<0.01) in T1 (80.31) than in T2 (72.18) and T4 (67.54) fed pigs while it was comparable with T3 (76.73) and T5 (76.01). 20 The digestibility of CF, EE, NFE, cellulose, hemicellulose, NDF, ADF and calcium was comparable among treatments. The digestibility (%) of phosphorus was higher (P<0.01) in pigs fed T2 to T5 than in T1 and the values were 56.36, 64.59, 65.94, 68.89 and 66.74 for T1 to T5 respectively. The N retained (g/d) was comparable among treatments and the values were 29.93, 28.79, 28.80, 27.39 and 29.80 in T1 to T5 fed pigs, respectively. The N retained (% intake) was higher in T5 than in T4 while for other treatments, it was comparable with T4 or T5. The N retained (% absorbed) was comparable among treatments. The Ca retained (g/d) or as % on intake was higher in T2 than in other treatments and as % of absorbed it was comparable among treatments. A trend to a higher (P>0.05) P retention (% intake or % absorbed) was observed in T2 to T5 than in T1 fed pigs. The digestibility (%) of DM, OM, CF, EE, NFE, cellulose, hemicellulose, NDF, ADF, calcium and P was comparable among treatments during finisher phase. The CP digestibility in T1 (77.08) was higher (P<0.01) than in T2 (60.68), T4 (69.18) and was comparable with T3 (70.7) or T5 (70.73) fed pigs. The N retained (g/d) or as % of intake during finisher phase was higher in T1 than in T2 or T4 fed pigs while the calcium retained (g/d) or % of intake was higher in T5 than in T1 fed pigs. The P retained (g/d) was higher in pigs fed T2 to T5 than those fed T1 and when expressed as % of intake or % of absorbed it was comparable among treatments. The ADG (g) in pigs fed creep diets was lower (P<0.05) in T1 than in other diets and the values were 184, 223, 227, 233 and 246 for T1 to T5, respectively. The ADFI (kg) was in the range of 0.16 to 0.19 and the differences among treatments were not significant. The feed /kg gain in T1 (0.93) was higher (P<0.05) than in T2 (0.72), T3 (0.79), T4 (0.82) or T5 (0.69) fed pigs. During grower phase, the ADG (P<0.01), ADFI (kg) and the feed /kg gain (P>0.05) were 435, 403, 418, 378 and 419 ; 1.54, 1.57, 1.51, 1.49 and 1.52 and 3.54, 3.89, 3.61, 3.94 and 3.62 in pigs fed T1 to T5 respectively. During finisher phase the ADG (g), ADFI (kg) and the feed /kg gain (P<0.01) were 487, 336, 380, 346 and 409; 2.92, 2.38, 2.19, 2.27 and 2.31 and 5.99, 7.08, 5.76, 6.55 and 5.65 in pigs fed T1 to T5, respectively. The cost of feed /kg gain (Rs) was 13.6, 10.5, 11.5, 11.9 and 10.0 (creep phase); 50.3, 54.1, 50.3, 54.8 and 50.2 (grower phase) and 79.1, 89.2, 72.9, 82.9 and 71.5 (finisher phase) for diets T1 to T5, respectively and the differences among treatments were not significant. The carcass traits such as hot carcass weight, carcass length, loin eye area, average back fat thickness, primal cuts and dressing percentage were not significantly different among the treatments. Lower (P<0.01) serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and higher (P<0.01) HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) was observed in pigs fed T2 to T5 than those fed T1. The saturated fatty acids, C14, C16 and C18 content in pork of pigs fed T1 to T5 was not significantly different among treatments. The unsaturated fatty acid C16:1 in T3, C18:1 in T4 was higher (P<0.01) than in other treatments. The other unsaturated fatty acids, C18:2, C18:3 and C20:4 were comparable among treatments. The EPA was higher (P<0.05) in the pork of pigs fed T1 or T2 than other treatments while the DHA was comparable among treatments. Higher (P<0.05) LCFA and lower (P<0.05) MCFA was observed in pork of pigs fed T3 than in other treatments. It is concluded that the effect of enzymes and herbal residues in improving the growth performance of pigs was more pronounced during creep phase. During growing and finisher phases, enzymes along with herbal residues were more beneficial than enzymes alone. Among the herbal residues, the beneficial effect was in the order of ginger>turmeric> amla.