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Open Access
PHENOTYPIC AND MOLECULAR GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF DAHLEM RED LAYERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006-03) SHIVA PRASAD, Ch.; Ramesh Gupta, B(MAJOR); Venkatramaiah, A; Chatterjee, R.N
ABSTRACT: Thc investigation was made on full sib, half sib and non-inbred groups of Dahlem Red birds maintained at the Project Directorate on Poultry. Hyderabad. to characterize then phenotypically and by RAPD markers. The phenotypic characterization war undertaken on a total of 328 Dahlem Red birds belonging to full sib mated (45). half sib mated (64) and non-inbred groups (219). The overall icast squares means of body weight at 4. 8. 20, 40. weeks of age. ASM. EP 40. EW 32 and EW 40 were 146.88. 374.28. 1150.70. 1678.57 g. 181.02 days, 71.06, 52.81g and 56.25 g. rcspectivoly. The mean performance of non-inbred group was in general. superior to inbred groups in dl the traits studied. The estimates of heritability obtained by half sib mehod for the full sib. half sib and non-inbred groups were 0.02. 0.61 and 0.49. respectively for BW 4 and 0.19, 0.20 and 0.53. rrspectrvely for BW 40. For egg weights. the highest heritabilities were obtained in half sib group and the lowest in non-inbred group. Majority of the genetic comlations of BW 20 md BW 40 wih egg weight were positive. The genetic comlii~ionosf ASM with EP 40 and egg weights were negative. The EP 40 was also found to be correlated negatively with EW 32 and EW 40. Majonfy of tht phcnotyp~cc omlations between the body weight and egg we~ghtw ere positive, while che comlations of ASM with EP 40 were negative. The phenotyp~c conrlarions of ASM with EW 32 and EW 40 mgcd from -0.18 to 0.17. where&\ the comlations between EP 40 and egg weights were negative in half sib and non-inbred grvups * - - - -- Fn an --A ,,, ...-:nt,, 0 13 The phenotypic comlations estimated by full sib method among the body weights were in general positive and ranged from -0.11 t 0.34 in full sib group. The BW 4 and BW 8 were comlated negatively with ASM. while BW 20 and BW 40 were also correlatd negatively with EP 40. The phenotypic correlations of BW 4. BW 8, and BW 40 with egg weights were found to be positive. The ASM was comlated negatively with EP 40 (-0.58). whereas, the correlations of EP 40 with EW 32 and EW 40 were positive. The phenotypic comlations among the body weights in half sib group ranged from -0.06 to 0.46; The phenotypic correlations between body weights and ASM varied from -0.19 to 0.30, whereas the comlations of body weights with EP 40 ranged from -0.10 to 0.34. The phenotypic correlations between body weights and egg weights at various ages were all positive. For molecular genetic characterization, a total of 48 Dahlem Red birds. ( 16 birds each of the group) with equal representation of sexes, were utilized. A total of 100 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers were tested, of which, 21 primers generated appreciable polymorphism. A total of 341 RAPD bands were produced, out of which 204 wen found to be polymorphic. The overall mean number of bands produced by the primer varied from 12 to 23. The size of amplified bands varied from 100 bp to 3409 bp. The analysis of the fingerprint patterns of individual DNA samples revealed that the full sib group was unique by the pre.xnce of one 1866 bp fingerprint when amplified by the primers PDP157F and 496 bp and 380 bp fingerprints only when amplified by the primer PDP176F. The half sib group wa\ unique by the presence of 1788 bp fingerprint when amplified by the primer PDPSOF. The non-inbred group could be distinguished by the prcsence of a unique 42 1 hp band bawd upon PCR amplification with primer PDP54F and PDP73F. The overall genetic sirn~lwitiesh a.sed on band sharing within the full sib, half sib and non-lnhred group were 87.90. 87.85 and 83.94 per cent. respectively, whereas the genetic similarities between full sib and half sib, half sib and non-inbred and full sib and non-inbred groups were 90.18. 88.51 and 88.07 percent, respectively. The overall genetic similarities based on band frequency within full sib, half sib and non-inbred groups were 85.25. 85.09 and 8 1.14 per cent, respectively, whereas those between full sib and half sib, half sib and non-inbred and full sib and non-inbred groups were 79.53, 74.34 and 72.78 per cent, respectively. The genetic distance between full sib and non-inbred groups was found to be the maximum (0.3 176). while the minimum genetic distance (0.2290) was observed between full sib and half sib groups. The RAPD markers in the present study were able to detect the polymorph~sm between the three groups of Dahlem Red i.e., full sib mated, half sib mated and non-inbred and could establish the genetic relationships
Open Access
GENETIC STUDIES ON PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION TRAITS OF ONGOLE CATTLE
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006-02) SUSHMA, G; Ramesh Gupta, B(MAJOR); Vinoo, R; Narasa Reddy, G.V.
ABSTRACT : The data on Ongole cattle at Cattle Project, Livestock Research Station, Lam farm, Guntur and Cattle Breeding Farm, Chadalawada, Prakasam district from 1987 to 2005 were analyzed for studying the mean performance and estimation of genetic parameters of various production and reproduction traits. The overall least squares means of body weights at birth, 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of age were 26.27, 47.77, 69.38, 102.81, 147.77, 197.43 and 251.15 kg, respectively. The body weights of Ongole cattle were significantly affected by the period of birth from 1 to 24 months of age whereas season of birth influenced the body weights at birth and one month age only. The sex of the animal influenced the body weights of the animals at all the ages studied. The overall least squares means for height at withers, chest girth and body length of Ongole cattle from birth to 24 months of age ranged from 73.09 to 133.30 cm, 69.24 to 145.73 cm, and 59.54 to 125.58 cm, respectively. The overall least squares means for total lactation milk yield, 305-days lactation milk yield, lactation length, peak yield, days to reach peak yield, milk yield per day of lactation and milk yield per day of calving interval were 620.49 kg, 607.91 kg, 232.26 days, 3.90 kg, 49.94 days, 2.77 kg and 1.37 kg, respectively. The effect of farm was significant on all the production traits studied, except on milk yield per day of calving interval. Period of calving and order of lactation influenced all the production traits, except days to reach peak yield, while season of calving had no significant influence on any of the production traits studied. The overall least squares means of age at first calving, gestation period, service period, dry period, calving interval, number of inseminations per conception and breeding efficiency by Jain’s formula, Tomar’s formula and Wilcox’s formula were 1448.48 days, 221.24 days, 242.92 days, 294.04 days, 534.82 days, 1.78 and 87.07 %, 77.36 % and 72.07 %, respectively. The farm and period of calving significantly influenced the age at first calving, service period, dry period, calving interval and breeding efficiency by all the three formulae. Season of calving had no significant influence on any of the reproduction traits studied. Order of lactation significantly affected the gestation period, service period, dry period, calving interval and breeding efficiency estimated by all the three methods. The heritabilities of body weights ranged from 0.05 + 0.05 at birth to 0.51 + 0.24 at 12 months age in males and from 0.04 + 0.06 at 6 months age to 0.25 + 0.16 at 24 months age in females. The heritabilities of height at withers, chest girth and body length ranged from 0.02 to 0.35, 0.04 to 0.44 and 0.05 to 0.63, respectively in males and from 0.17 to 0.33, 0.07 to 0.39 and 0.15 to 0.30, respectively in females. The genetic correlations of body weight with height at withers, chest girth and body length ranged from 0.56 to 0.82, 0.33 to 0.89 and –0.06 to 0.84 in males and from 0.06 to 0.82, 0.47 to 0.96 and –0.38 to 0.60, respectively in females. The chest girth was highly correlated with body weight at various ages. The magnitude of such correlations varied from 0.15 to 0.39 in males and 0.13 to 0.39 in females. The phenotypic correlations of height at withers with chest girth and body length at various ages ranged from 0.07 to 0.27 in males and from –0.22 to 0.34 in females. The phenotypic correlations between the chest girth and body length ranged from 0.07 to 0.33 in males and 0.02 to 0.36 in females. The heritabilities of calving interval, total lactation milk yield and breeding efficiencies based on Jain’s, Tomar’s and Wilcox’s formulae were 0.49, 0.61, 0.43, 0.75 and 0.40, respectively. The genetic correlations of calving interval and total lactation milk yield with all the measures of breeding efficiency were negative. The calving interval was generally positively correlated with total lactation milk yield (0.46 + 0.05). The genetic correlations among the three formulae of breeding efficiency ranged from 0.46 to 0.84. The phenotypic correlations of calving interval and total lactation milk yield with breeding efficiency by all the three formulae ranged between –0.62 to 0.14, whereas these correlations between three formulae of breeding efficiency were all positive and ranged from 0.28 to 0.37. The estimates of heritability based on overall lactations for total lactation milk yield, 305-days lactation milk yield, lactation length, peak yield, days to reach peak yield, milk yield per day of lactation and milk yield per day of calving interval were 0.46, 0.48, 0.33, 0.45, 0.10, 0.45 and 0.46, respectively. The heritabilities for gestation period, service period, dry period and calving interval were 0.18, 0.10, 0.23 and 0.12, respectively. The genetic correlations of total lactation milk yield with other production traits ranged from 0.40 to 1.00. Its correlation with reproduction traits varied from –0.63 to 0.07 The genetic correlations of 305-days lactation milk yield ranged from 0.38 to 0.97 with other production traits and from –0.63 to 0.05 with reproduction traits. The genetic correlations of lactation length varied from 0.47 to 0.97 with other milk production traits and with the reproduction traits the estimates ranged between–0.78 and -0.11. The phenotypic correlations of total lactation milk yield with other production and reproduction traits varied from –0.26 to 0.50 and 305-days lactation milk yield with other traits ranged from –0.26 to 0.47. The lactation length was correlated positively with all the other production traits and negatively with gestation period (-0.12) and dry period (-0.28). The milk yield per day of lactation and milk yield per day of calving interval were phenotypically correlated negatively with all the reproduction traits studied. The overall phenotypic correlations of gestation period were 0.01, 0.09 and 0.02 with service period, dry period and calving interval, respectively while these estimates of service period with dry period and calving interval were 0.39 and 0.50, respectively.
Open Access
MOLECULAR GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF BROILER STRAINS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2003-09) KRISHNA LATHA, K.V.; RAMESH GUPTA, B(MAJOR); SHARMA, R.P; HAZARY, R.C; NARASIMHA RAO, G
ABSTRACT : The potential use of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was evaluated as a source of genetic markers for characterization of five genetically distinct broiler strains of chicken to establish genetic relationship among these lines based on the genomic variation observed and to identify strain specific markers, if any. A total of 40 decamer primers were used to amplify the DNA fingerprints in 48 genomic DNA samples of five broiler lines – Cornish High (10), Cornish Mid (10), Cornish Low (5), PB2 (12), a synthetic broiler parent strain and Px (11), a heavy commercial breeder line, maintained at the Project Directorate on Poultry (PDP), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The Cornish breed was classified as Cornish High (6.57  0.23), Cornish Mid (5.77  0.11) and Cornish Low (3.63  0.37) based on their antibody titers against Sheep Red Blood Cells (SRBC). Out of 40 oligonucleotide primers screened, 11 primers generated appreciable polymorphism, which were subjected to further analysis. Among a total of 196 bands amplified, 118 (60.2 %) were found to be polymorphic and the number of bands generated per primer varied from 14 to 22. The polymorphism generated by the primers ranged from 35.7 to 81.8 per cent and the size of the amplicons varied from 100 bp to 2600 bp. Analysis of the pooled DNA samples revealed that some of the polymorphic fingerprint profiles generated by the individual DNA samples were found to be absent in the fingerprint profiles generated by the same primer when pooled samples were used, indicating the genetic information of the population rather than the individuals. The analysis of fingerprints generated by the individual genomic DNA samples revealed that the Cornish High line could be distinguished from the others by the presence of a unique 568 bp fragment upon amplification using primer PDP 50F. Cornish Low group was characterized by the absence of 400 bp and 600 bp fragments when amplified by the primers PDP 50F and PDP 73F, respectively. A unique 400 bp fragment was found to be specific to PB2 line when amplified by primer PDP 64F, while the Px line could be characterized by the absence of 100 bp and 580 bp fragments amplified by the primers PDP 73F and PDP 50F, respectively. In addition, the 600 bp and 750 bp fragments were absent specifically in Px line when amplified by the primer PDP 58F. The overall mean genetic similarity within the strains estimated using the individual DNA samples based on Nei’s coefficient method ranged from 81.0 per cent in Px line to 85.53 per cent in Cornish Low and the genetic similarities within the Cornish High, Cornish Mid, Cornish Low, PB2 and Px lines ranged from 59.58 to 82.62, 72.17 to 94.01, 70.01 to 91.50, 64.80 to 92.03 and 63.51 to 86.12 per cent, respectively. The overall mean genetic similarity between the lines using the pooled DNA samples ranged from 77.86 per cent between PB2 and Cornish Mid to 89.54 per cent between Cornish Mid and Cornish Low. The overall mean genetic similarities based on the band frequency (WFi) method in Cornish High, Cornish Mid, Cornish Low, PB2 and Px lines were 61.11, 67.09, 69.44, 64.02 and 67.38 per cent, respectively. The genetic identity indices (BFij) between the five lines varied from 0.63  0.03 between Cornish Low and Px to 0.77  0.04 between Cornish Mid and Cornish Low. The genetic distance between Cornish Low and Px was maximum (0.48  0.05), while the genetic distance between Cornish Low and Cornish Mid was minimum (0.27  0.04). Results of the present study revealed the existence of low genetic variation within the lines and high genetic similarity between the five broiler lines studied. From the present study, it may be concluded that RAPD markers are effective in detecting polymorphisms between and within broiler populations, which is sufficient enough to throw light on their genetic constitution (through sampling) and population structure. This technology provides enough scope for making intermittent genetic assessment of the closed broiler populations of chicken vis-a-vis their selection and breeding histories for facilitating the development of line or breed or trait specific markers for further exploitation.
Open Access
GENETIC EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF SOVIET CHINCHILLA AND CALIFORNIAN WHITE RABBITS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2003-08) SRIVIDYA DEVI, D; RAMESH GUPTA, B(MAJOR); NARASIMHA RAO, G; SATYANARAYANA, A
ABSTRACT : The present study was conducted on 171 Soviet Chinchilla (SC) and 122 Californian White (CW) bunnies born during the years 1996 to 2001 in the Rabbit Production for Meat Scheme of the Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The influence of season of birth, year of birth, litter size at birth and sex of bunny on various traits from birth to 16 weeks of age was studied by the least squares analysis. Step-down multiple regression equations were developed to predict the body weights based on biometrical measurements. The heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated by half-sib correlation method based on the adjusted data. Season of birth had significant effect on pre-weaning litter weights of SC bunnies, while year of birth had no significant influence on litter weights of SC and CW breeds. Litter size at birth significantly influenced the litter weights. The pre-weaning body weights of SC bunnies at birth and 1week of age were significantly influenced by the season of birth, while the body weight of SC bunnies at one week and CW bunnies at 4 weeks of age were affected significantly by the year of birth. Litter size at birth exerted significant influence on the birth and weaning weights of SC and one and 2 week weights of CW bunnies. The post weaning body weights (5 to 16 weeks of age) of SC rabbits were affected significantly by the season of birth at 14 weeks of age, the year of birth at 6 weeks of age and the sex of bunny at 10 and 16 weeks of age but the influence of these effects were not significant in CW rabbits. The pre-weaning Average Daily Gain (ADG) and Cumulative ADG (CADG) of SC and CW bunnies were unaffected by the season of birth but the ADG during 3 weeks of age and CADG up to 3 and up to 4 weeks of age were affected significantly by the year of birth. Litter size at birth influenced the ADG and CADG of SC and CW bunnies significantly. The post weaning ADG at 7 and 8 weeks of age in SC was affected significantly by the season of birth and the ADG during 5 and 6 and 9 and 10 weeks of age in SC and during 5 and 6 and 11 and 12 weeks of age in CW rabbits were significantly influenced by the year of birth. Sex of bunny had no significant effect on post weaning ADG in the two breeds studied. The variations in the carcass traits between the various seasons and years of birth were insignificant in SC and CW breeds, except the significant effect of year of birth on edible offals weight in SC rabbits. Sex of bunny did not exert any significant influence on carcass traits of SC but this effect was significant on the weights of hot carcass, head, pelt mid-cut and hind cut of hot carcass in CW rabbits. The season and year of birth exhibited significant influence on biometrical measurements at various post weaning ages in SC and CW rabbits and with an exception on the chest girth at 6 weeks age in CW rabbits, sex of bunny had no significant influence on various body measurements of SC and CW rabbits. The R2-values of the step-down multiple regression equations for predicting the body weights based on biometrical measurements were low, indicating the low reliability of utilization of body measurements as indicators of the body weights. The heritability estimates of pre-weaning body weights, ADGs and CADGs ranged from low (up to 0.30) to medium (0.31 to 0.60) in SC and varied from low to high (more than 0.60) in CW bunnies and the genetic and phenotypic correlations varied from low to high in magnitude. The post weaning body weights and ADGs had heritabilities ranging from low to high in SC and from low to medium in CW and the corresponding genetic and phenotypic correlations were positive and ranged from low to high in SC rabbits. The carcass traits had heritabilities ranging from low to high in magnitude in SC and CW breeds. The genetic and phenotypic associations between various carcass traits varied from low to high in magnitude. The biometrical measurements had heritabilities ranging from low (0.13 for ear length at 8 weeks age in SC and 0.01 for paunch girth at 12 weeks age in CW) to high (0.92 for height at 12 weeks age in SC and 0.80 for height at 16 weeks age in CW). The genetic and phenotypic correlations among the biometrical measurements and between the body weights and biometrical measurements were, in general, positive and ranged from low to high.
Open Access
MOLECULAR GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF ONGOLE AND DEONI CATTLE
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2003-03) MURALIDHAR, M; Narasimha Rao, G(MAJOR); NAGARAJU, J; Ramesh Gupta, B; Babu Rao, K
ABSTRACT: The investigation was undertaken to study the genetic variability within and between Ongole and Deoni breeds of cattle using microsatellite markers. Ten microsatellite markers viz. ARO23, ARO62, ARO85, BMS1716, BMS2057, BMS2270, BMS2840, BMS2847, BtDIAS1 and PZE46 were used for this purpose. Eight markers were found to be polymorphic. Dinucleotides were observed to be more polymorphic than trinucleotides. The overall mean number of alleles per locus was found to be 3.8 in Ongole and 3.5 in Deoni breed. Statistical analysis of the data was done to calculate allele frequency, observed and expected heterozygosity and polymorphism information content. Few alleles were observed to be breed specific with 3 to 24 % frequency. Some other alleles were found to be present at higher frequency in one breed than in the other breed. The overall expected heterozygosity of Ongole breed was 0.46 and it was 0.50 for Deoni breed, where as the overall observed heterozygosity was 0.30 and 0.41 for Ongole and Deoni, respectively, while the polymorphism information content values ranged from 0.15 to 0.79 in Ongole and from 0.13 to 0.80 in Deoni. The F-statistics revealed moderate inbreeding within the breeds and a close relationship between the two breeds studied.
Open Access
Molecular Genetic Characterization of White Leghorn Chicken ILR-90 Jubilee and its Parent Strains
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2003-03) SUDHAKAR, VEERANKI; RAMESH GUPTA, B(MAJOR); NAGARAJU, J; NARASIMHA RAO, G; MAHIPAL REDDY, P
ABSTRACT : A study was undertaken to characterize the ILR-90 Jubilee and its parent strains IWD and IWF and to estimate the within genetic variability and genetic distances among two broiler (PB1 and PB2) and five layer (IWD, IWF, H, I, K and A) parent strains, two commercial layer hybrids (ILR and Bab), two indigenous breeds (Aseel and Bantam) and a dual purpose breed (RIR) using 10 microsatellite markers. A total of 77 birds of 13 populations were genotyped. Of the 10-microsatellite loci, 6 were polymorphic (CALB1, MCW4, MCW5, MYCN, VITIIG2 and HSF3A) among the populations investigated, with the number of alleles ranging between 3 and 15 per locus. The mean number of alleles per population ranged from 0.75 to 3.25. Among the two commercial hybrids (ILR and Bab) investigated, the CALB1 and MCW4 loci were found to be monomorphic in Bab, but were polymorphic in ILR. The VITIIG2 and HSF3A loci were monomorphic in both the commercial hybrids. However, the monomorphic allele at the locus HSF3A was found to be different in both the hybrids (251 bp in ILR and 243 bp in Bab). These microsatellite markers (CALB1, MCW4 and HSF3A) could distinguish the two commercial crosses, hence useful for fingerprinting purposes. The unbiased heterozygosity values per population varied from 0.17 to 0.57. Of the two commercial layer hybrids, ILR exhibited higher heterozygosity, which was more than twice that of the Bab. The CHORD genetic distances estimated using the GENEDIST option of the PHYLIP package varied from 5 to 43. Within the layer strains, the genetic distances between the strains A and I, K and I and IWD and IWF were found to be low (5, 8 and 9) while the highest genetic distance (26) was observed between the strain H and IWF. Among the three breeds studied, RIR and Aseel showed a lower genetic distance (23) between them. Bantam was placed relatively more distant from RIR and Aseel. The phylogenetic consensus tree was constructed by using UPGMA method of clustering which resulted in an idealistic grouping of the populations investigated, true to their breed of origin. The information on the parent strains generated by microsatellite analysis can be combined with phenotypic data for further genetic improvement of these strains.
Open Access
Biometrical Studies On Nellore And Deccani Breeds Of Sheep
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2001-12) Narasimham, S.A.L.; Narasimha Rao, G(MAJOR); Ramesh Gupta, B; Eswara Reddy, C; Satyanarayana, A;
Open Access
Studies On Body Measurements And Body Weights In Deccani Sheep Under Field Conditions
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2001-08) Sreenivasu, Banoth; Narasimha Rao, G(MAJOR); Ramesh Gupta, B; Satyanarayana, A
Open Access
Evaluation Of Performance Of Californian White Breed Of Rabbits
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2001-08) Poornima, Konegari; Ramesh Gupta, B(MAJOR); Narasimha Rao, G; Satyanarayana, A

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