Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati

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Open Access
A STUDY ON EFFECT OF FINGER MILLET FLOUR AND DIFFERENT ANTIOXIDANTS ON QUALITY AND STORAGE STABILITY OF FUNCTIONAL PORK SAUSAGES
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2023-05) VASU DWARAPUREDDY; AMBEDKAR .Y.R (MAJOR); ESWARA RAO .B; SUBHASHINI .N
A study was conducted to investigate the effect of finger millet flour and different antioxidants on the quality and storage stability of pork sausages. During first phase six trails were conducted by incorporating finger millet flour at three different levels viz., 1, 2 and 3 per cent. Among different treatments, 3 per cent finger millet flour incorporated pork sausages showed higher physical (per cent moisture, per cent crude fiber and calcium level), physico-chemical (cooking yield) and sensory scores than control. So in the second phase natural antioxidants that are moringa leaf powder at 1% (T1), ponnaganti leaf powder at 1% (T2) and Butylated Hydroxy Toluene (BHT) at 0.01% (T3) levels were added separately to the 3 per cent finger millet flour incorporated pork sausages. The antioxidant treated samples along with control were stored at refrigeration (4±1°C) temperature and were analysed for a period of 11 days at 0, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11thday interval. Storage studies revealed that pork sausages incorporated with 1% moringa leaf powder showed significantly (P<0.05) lower values in pH, 2-TBARS, tyrosine, total plate count and yeast and mould count than other treatments and its values increased significantly (P<0.05) as the refrigeration (4±1°C) storage period progressed from 0 to 11 days. There was a non-significant (P>0.05) difference in per cent cooking loss among the treatments, but there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in the per cent cooking loss as the refrigeration storage period progressed from 0 to 11 days. Sensory evaluation revealed a progressively decreasing trend in all sensory quality parameters in control and treatments during refrigeration storage period. Based on the result obtained in the study it might be concluded that pork sausages could be prepared satisfactorily on addition of 1% moringa leaf powder and can be stored upto 11 days without adversely affecting the quality of the products under refrigeration storage.
Open Access
A STUDY ON EFFECT OF HOUSING SYSTEM ON THE PERFORMANCE OF WEANED NELLORE BROWN LAMBS
(2023-03) VIJAYA LAKSHMI SIDDABATHINA; ANITHA. A; VENKATA SESHAIAH .CH; VINOO .R
An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of housing system on the dry matter intake, body weights, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, morphometry, body condition scores, cleanliness scores, hoof condition and lameness scores, conjunctival mucosa colour, faecal egg count, physiological parameters and behaviour of weaned Nellore Brown lambs. Under this study, 20 weaned lambs of 3 to 7 months age from Livestock Farm Complex of NTR College of Veterinary Sciences, Gannavaram were randomly allotted to 2 groups viz., in slatted (T1) and moorum (T2) housing. The study was carried out for a period of 90 days with an acclimatization period of 15 days for lambs at sheep unit of Livestock Farm Complex (LFC). The study revealed significantly (P<0.05) higher body weights (kg) in slatted floor (17.03±0.38) compared to moorum floor (16.08±0.24). The overall mean average daily gain (g) was 79.54±5.25 in slatted floor and 58.35±3.98 in moorum floor which differed significantly (P<0.05). The overall mean DMI (kg) was significantly (P<0.01) high in slatted floor (0.66±0.03) compared to moorum floor (0.59±0.02). The overall mean FCR was 5.43±0.12 and 6.53±0.28 in slatted and moorum floors, respectively which differed significantly (P<0.01). The overall mean body length (cm) was 54.09±0.32 and 53.49±0.29 in T1 and T2, respectively. The overall mean height at withers (cm) of slatted and moorum floors was 9.40±0.33 and 59.28±0.29. The overall mean chest girth (cm) was 63.93±0.52 and 63.10±0.46 in slatted and moorum floors, respectively. The overall mean abdominal girth (cm) was 65.87±0.44 and 64.90±0.44 in T1 and T2, respectively. The overall mean thigh circumference (cm) was significantly higher (P<0.05) in slatted floor (28.70±0.55) than moorum floor (26.44±0.36). The initial mean BCS was 1.75±0.11 which was increased to 2.90±0.10 by the end of the study period under slatted floor. The mean initial BCS was 1.70±0.11 which was increased to 2.75±0.31 by the end of the study period under moorum floor. Overall BCS of lambs was 2.35±0.65 and 2.19±0.53 in slatted and moorum floors, respectively. Cleanliness scoring of lambs was done based on two parameters viz., fleece cleanliness and faecal soiling. Fleece cleanliness scores were significantly lower (P<0.05) in the slatted floor (1.3±0.15) at the end of the experiment and also the overall mean score was significantly lower (P<0.05) in slatted floor (1.10±0.54). The overall mean faecal soiling scores were significantly (P<0.01) lower in T1 (1.28±0.11) compared to T2 (1.77±0.61). The lower scores recorded in slatted floor indicated that the lambs are cleaner compared to moorum floor. Higher incidence of hoof lesions was observed in moorum floor (60%). The overall mean lameness score was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T2 (0.32±0.07) compared to T1 (0.1±0.03). Colour of the conjunctival mucous membrane was scored using FAMACHA chart to see the level of anemia and it showed relatively lower scores under slatted floor (1.74±0.07) than moorum floor (2.0±0.10). Faecal examination showed lower eggs per gram (EPG) under slatted floor (155±68.85) compared to moorum floor (325±68.85). The mean heart rate (beats/min) was 83.52±1.39 and 83.37±1.33 in slatted and moorum floors, respectively. The mean pulse rate (beats/min) was 82.05±1.45 under slatted floor and 82.27±1.41 under moorum floor. The mean respiration rate (breaths/min) was 26.92±0.50 and 26.34±0.55, under slatted and moorum floors respectively. The mean rectal temperature (0F) was 102.15±0.10 in T1 and 102.22±0.10 in T2. Housing system did not have any significant effect on the physiological parameters. The behavioural activities recorded in Nellore Brown lambs revealed that the mean standing time (min/day) was 311.79±10.77 and 367.56±9.89 under slatted and moorum floors, respectively. The mean lying time (min/day) was 803.08±13.64 under slatted floor and 777.56±13.88 under moorum floor. The mean eating time (min/day) was 325.16±6.77 and 294.88±10.49 under slatted and moorum floors, respectively. It was observed that significantly lower (P<0.05) standing time was present under slatted floor than moorum floor. Relatively higher lying and eating time were present in slatted floor indicating more comfort of the lambs compared to moorum floor.
Open Access
A STUDY ON EFFECT OF TYPE OF FLOORING ON PERFORMANCE AND BEHAVIOUR OF MURRAH BUFFALO CALVES
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2023-03) TONY UPPIRETLA; ANANDA RAO .K (MAJOR); ASHALATHA .P; VINOO .R
The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of type of flooring on performance and behaviour of Murrah Buffalo calves. A total of 18 healthy Murrah buffalo calves of either sex aged 6-8 months, maintained at Buffalo Research Station (BRS), Venkataramannagudem, were randomly selected and housed in three separate pens for a period of 3 months from August 2022 to October 2022. Calves of first group were reared on concrete flooring (T1), the calves of second group were reared on Rubber mat flooring (T2) and the calves of third group were reared on soil flooring (T3). The animals were exposed to their respective floorings round the clock. The final mean body weights (kgs) of the corresponding groups T1, T2 and T3, after 90 days were 151.53 ± 1.23, 164.48 ± 1.41 and 156.23 ± 1.17 respectively, in which T2 was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than T1 and T3. The overall mean ADG (g) differed significantly (P < 0.01) and followed the trend T2 > T3 > T1 (477.53 ± 12.35, 389.86 ± 7.95, 331.78 ± 6.66) respectively. The mean body lengths (cm) of the Murrah buffalo calves of three treatment groups T1, T2 and T3, at the end of the experiment were 104.78 ± 0.85, 106.68 ± 1.85 and 106.68 ± 1.31 respectively, which did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). The overall mean chest girths (cm) differ significantly (P < 0.01) and followed a trend T2 > T3 > T1 (137.57 ± 1.47, 132.81 ± 0.93, 129.24 ± 0.86) respectively. The overall mean height at withers (cm) of T2 (111.05 ± 1.21) was significantly higher than T1 (106.56 ± 0.62) and T3 (108.33 ± 0.70), but there was no difference between T1 and T3. The overall mean poll lengths (cm) of the Murrah buffalo calves of three treatment groups T1, T2 and T3 were 21.29 ± 0.28, 21.92 ± 0.39 and 21.08 ± 0.25 respectively which did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). The overall mean tail length (cm) of T2 (58.45 ± 0.68) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than T1 (55.49 ± 0.79) and T3 (56.21 ± 0.79), but there was no significant difference between T1 and T3. The overall mean rectal temperature (˚F) of T3 (100.58 ± 0.08) was significantly (P < 0.01) lower than T1 (101.25 ± 0.16) and T2 (100.95 ± 0.12). The overall mean pulse rates also differ significantly (P < 0.01) between the groups. The overall mean pulse rate of T3 (65.48 ± 0.99) was significantly lower than T2 (70.14 ± 1.40) followed by T1 (73.95 ± 1.61). The overall mean respiration rate of T3 (22.71 ± 0.29) was significantly (P < 0.01) lower than T2 (23.76 ± 0.33) followed by T1 (25.05 ± 0.44). The overall mean cleanliness score of T3 (2.54 ± 0.11) was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than T1 (2.26 ± 0.10) followed by T2 (1.95 ± 0.07). The overall mean skin health score of T1 (1.52 ± 0.04) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than T3 (1.29 ± 0.04) followed by T2 (1.36 ± 0.05) but there was no significant difference between T2 and T3. The overall mean heel erosions of T1 (0.64 ± 0.07) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than T3 (0.33 ± 0.07) but doesn’t differ from T2 (0.48 ± 0.08) and there was no significant difference between T1, T2 and T2, T3. There was a significant difference (P = 0.05) in average hoof concavity score observed in the last fortnight between the treatments, in which T1 (1.00 ± 0.01) was significantly higher (P = 0.05) than T2 (0.33 ± 0.21) but doesn’t differ significantly from T2 (0.50 ± 0.22). There was a significant difference (P = 0.05) in average hoof overgrowth score observed in the last fortnight between the treatments, in which T3 (1.00 ± 0.01) was significantly higher (P = 0.05) than T1 (0.33 ± 0.21) but doesn’t differ significantly from T2 (0.50 ± 0.22). The overall mean standing time of the treatment groups for T1, T2 and T3 were 662.90 ± 6.08, 649.07 ± 8.96 and 640.86 ± 14.00 respectively, which was higher in T1 and lower in T3 but doesn’t differ significantly (P > 0.05). The overall mean sitting time of T2 (592.55 ± 13.94) was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than T3 (531.45 ± 15.07) but doesn’t differ significantly from T1 (576.71 ± 14.39). The overall mean eating time of T1(440.29 ± 16.13) was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than T3 (399.07 ± 13.78) followed by T2 (355.24 ± 13.51). The overall mean rumination time (min/day) of T2 (383.57 ± 16.08) was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than T3 (306.98 ± 12.31) followed by T1 (268.36 ± 8.19). The overall mean social licking time (sec/day) of T3 (734.31 ± 51.08) was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than T2 (409.67 ± 30.27) followed by T1 (174.02 ± 12.10). The overall mean sleeping time of T1 (154.26 ± 6.85) was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than T2 (224.19 ± 8.92) and T3 (228.90 ± 10.84) but there was no significant difference between T2 and T3. The cost/kg body weight gain was highest in T1 (168.90) and was lowest in T3 (109.62). It can be concluded that provision of proper flooring like, rubber mat or soil floor can improve the comfortability of the dairy calves which in turn will have positive influence on the growth and ADG, thus calves can attain sexual maturity at an early age, improving the productive life span of the animals and increasing the profitability of dairy enterprise. For better economic reasons a mixed flooring can be followed like resting area can be installed with rubber mat flooring, open area with soil floor and rest of the area with other better alternate flooring.
Open Access
A STUDY ON PERCEPTION OF DAIRY FARMERS ABOUT ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN DAIRY ANIMALS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2023-04) SIRISHA BORA; SUBRAHMANYESWARI .B (MAJOR); SIREESHA .P; SUDHAKAR .K
The present research work “A STUDY ON PERCEPTION OF DAIRY FARMERS ABOUT ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN DAIRY ANIMALS” was focused on assessment of awareness and perception of dairy farmers about AMR in dairy animals. The veterinarians’ challenges and suggestions in combating AMR in dairy animals also studied. An ex-post-facto and exploratory research designs were followed in the present investigation. Andhra Pradesh state was selected purposively covering the three administrative zones and a total of 120 farmers from small dairy farms and 30 farmers from large dairy farms were selected through simple random and snowball sampling methods. The data from veterinarians was collected through questionnaire (google form) and the responses of dairy farmers through a structured interview schedule. Appropriate statistical procedures were employed to analyse and interpret the data. Majority of the dairy farmers from small and large dairy farmers were middle and young aged, respectively were male and belonged to backward caste and open categories, respectively. Nearly half of the farmers from small dairy farms were illiterate and more than one-third of farmers from large dairy were graduates. Majority of the farmers from small dairy farms had marginal land holding and equal per cent of the farmers from large dairy farms had marginal and large land holdings. Majority of the farmers from small and large dairy farms had small herd size, with cross-bred cattle, with medium levels of dairy farming experience and milk production and with low level of milk consumption. Majority of them marketing their milk to dairy cooperatives and had medium level of dairy income. Majority of the farmers from small and large dairy farms had medium level of social participation and cent per cent of farmers from both the groups didn’t attend any training in the areas of antibiotic usage and AMR. Among personal cosmopolite sources extension worker/veterinarians and para-veterinarians were the frequently used by farmers from both small and large dairy farms. Whereas, among impersonal cosmopolite sources the frequently used information sources were internet and mobile telephony by majority of farmers from large dairy farms. Majority of the farmers from small and large dairy farms utilised services of veterinarians like vaccination, disease treatment, AI, PD and availability on-call services. Majority of the farmers from small and large dairy farms had medium level of awareness and perception about AMR in dairy animals. The farmers from large dairy farms were having high level of awareness and perception than the famers from small dairy farms. Nearly half of the field veterinarians were old aged and more than three-fourth were male. Nearly two third of veterinarians were working as Veterinary Assistant Surgeons and majority had high level of work experience. Whereas, nearly half of the veterinarians from scientific community of SVVU were young, female and working as Assistant Professors and had low level of work experience as VAS in the field. The major challenges perceived by veterinarians in combating AMR were misuse and overuse of antimicrobials by unqualified practitioners and reliance of farmers on them, farmer not approaching veterinarians in early stages of the disease, not following milk withdrawal period during antibiotic usage, ignorance of farmer about the effects of antibiotics in animals, lack of public awareness about antibiotic usage and AMR, lack of data on regional antibiogram, lack of Continuing Veterinary Education (CVE) to field veterinarians, lack of focused research and studies on the effects of antibiotic usage and AMR, lack of stringent rules and monitoring in usage of antibiotics and production of antibiotic residue free products. Timely vaccination, better dairy management practices, following of milk withdrawal period during antibiotic usage, proper disposal of residual antibiotics by hospitals and farms, judicious use of antibiotics, appropriate dosage and diagnosis-based prescription by veterinarians, usage of alternative therapies, periodical screening for antibiotic residues in dairy products, Continuing Veterinary Education (CVE) on AMR and creating awareness to all the stakeholders of dairy industry about AMR and its subsequent effects, strengthening of EASs among field veterinarians for wider awareness on effects of antibiotics like AMR, establishment of quality control wing and implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programmes were the major suggestions expressed by veterinarians working in the field as well as in the university.
Open Access
A STUDY ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF JAPANESE QUAIL FED VARIOUS LEVELS OF RAPESEED MEAL (RSM) (Brassica napus).
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2024-02) GIRISH HEMANTH KOLATI; Susmita .T (MAJOR0; Narendra Nath .D; Kavitha .P
A biological trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary incorporation of Rapeseed meal (RSM) in diets of Japanese quail on growth performance, serum biochemical profile, carcass traits, sensory parameters and cost economics of Japanese quail. Day old Japanese quails (n=150) were distributed randomly into five treatment samples each with three replicates containing ten birds each and were maintained under uniform management conditions. Experimental diets were prepared with incorporation of RSM at 0% (T1: control diet), 10% (T2), 15% (T3) 17.5% (T4) and 20% (T5) levels by marginal adjustment of other feed ingredients. All the rations were made iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. The birds were housed in battery cages during the experiment period of 0-5 weeks. Chemical analysis indicated that RSM contained 93.78% DM, 91.61% OM, 41.80% CP, 1.14% EE, 13.31% CF, 35.79% NFE, 8.39% total ash and 1.97% AIA. The results of current study revealed that mean body weights, mean body weight gains, mean feed intake and FCR had no significant effect. Two birds per replicate and total of six birds per treatment were slaughtered at the end of fifth week and the blood samples were collected. Serum triglycerides and serum VLDL-C levels were significantly (p<0.01) decreased with increasing levels of RSM. But, serum total protein, serum albumin, globulin, albumin: globulin ratio, serum total cholesterol, serum HDL-C, serum LDL-C, SGOT, SGPT, serum calcium, serum phosphorus, serum glucose, BUN and creatinine levels were not affected by different levels of RSM. The carcass traits such as mean dressing percentage, mean carcass weight, mean per cent weights of heart, liver, gizzard and giblet of quails revealed that incorporation of RSM up to 20% level had no effect. The meat quality parameters such as pH, extract release volume (ERV) and water holding capacity (WHC) of meat of quails revealed that incorporation of RSM up to 20% level had no effect. In sensory evaluation of meat, mean scores for all the parameters like colour, juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability of meat revealed that incorporation of RSM up to 20% level had no effect. The percent retention of organic matter (OM), crude fiber (CF) and nitrogen free extract (NFE) were not significantly affected. Whereas the percent retention of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) were significantly (p<0.05) decreased with increasing levels of RSM up to 20% but did not show any significant effect up to 15%. The feed cost / kg gain was significantly lower (p<0.01) in quails fed with 20% RSM as compared with other treatment groups. The study indicated that the feed cost /kg gain were ₹ 126.31, 129.78, 122.94, 118.87 and 113.50 for T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. It was concluded that RSM can safely be incorporated up to 20% level in the diet without any adverse effect on performance of quails.
Open Access
A STUDY ON TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT OF BUFFALO FARMERS IN ANDHRA PRADESH
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2023-05) MAHESWARA REDDY KURRI; SIREESHA PULLA; SUBRAHMANYESWARI .B; ANITHA. A
One of the various animal husbandry practices that has significantly contributed to the livelihood of rural people is buffalo farming. The buffalo farming is believed to be a "treasure" for India's rural economy. Majority of the rural households benefit from having gainful employment. Keeping this in view, the present study entitled “A STUDY ON TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT OF BUFFALO FARMERS IN ANDHRA PRADESH” was carried out. The present study was undertaken in the three administrative zones of the state of Andhra Pradesh and a total of 180 buffalo farmers were selected through random sampling technique. The objective of this study was to document the socio-economic profile of the buffalo farmers, knowledge of buffalo farmers and perceived training needs of buffalo farmers. The data was collected through personal interview and appropriate statistical procedures were employed to analyze and interpret the data. The study revealed that nearly half (49.44%) of the buffalo farmers belonged to middle age group and two-fifth (40.55%) of the buffalo farmers had no formal education. More than half (53.88%) of the buffalo farmers belonged to Backward caste (BC) and cent per cent of the buffalo farmers were dependent on buffalo farming along with agriculture as main occupation. More than one-fourth (26.11%) of the buffalo farmers had land holding and nearly two-third (63.88%) of the buffalo farmers belonged to medium income category. Majority (80.00%) of the buffalo farmers possessed medium dairy herd size (2.152-5.808 AUE). The frequently used information sources were progressive farmers and extension worker/veterinarian among the various personal localite channels and personal cosmopolite channels, respectively. Whereas, frequently used impersonal cosmopolite information sources were television. Majority (92.22%) of the buffalo farmers had membership in one organization and only few (12.22%) of buffalo farmers had leadership in any one organization. More than three fourth (78.33%) of the buffalo farmers had medium level of experience in buffalo farming and more than one-third (38.88%) of the respondents in the study belonged to early and late majority categories of innovativeness. More than two-fifth (42.77%) of the buffalo farmers had medium level of economic motivation and more than half (58.33%) of the buffalo farmers had medium level of scientific orientation. Regarding the knowledge level of buffalo farmers, it was reported that majority of the respondents possessed medium level of knowledge about all the practices viz. breeding (59.44%), feeding (57.77%), health care (68.88%) and management (52.77%) of buffalo farming. The results revealed that majority of respondents perceived the training needs in all the practices of buffalo farming namely breeding, feeding, health care and management. Majority of the respondents preferred training on repeat breeding management of breeding practices (TNI=60.74). Whereas, majority of respondents preferred training on high yielding varieties of fodder in feeding practices (TNI=90.00%) followed by healthcare and management practices where majority of the respondents preferred training on vaccination schedule for calf and adult animals and integrated livestock farming with training need index TNI=94.30 and TNI=82.41, respectively.
Open Access
An Abattoir Study On The Incidence Of Abmormalities And Pathological Conditions Of female Genital Organs Of Buffaloes
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2000-01) Ramu, B; Sudhir Chandra Reddy, V(MAJOR); Solmon Raju, K.G; Thirumal Rao, D.S; Ram Reddy, M
Open Access
An Abattoir Survey On The Female Reproductive Tract Of Goats
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1995-11) Chandra shekar Reddy, K; Sudhir Chandra Reddy, V(MAJOR); Seshagiri rao, A; Muralidhar reddy, J
Open Access
Abdominal Wall Reconstruction With External Abdominal oblique Myofascial Flap And With Polypropylene Mesh In Dogs: A Comparative Experimental study
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1996-01) venu, Chepyaala; Raghavendar, K.B.P(MAJOR); Haragopal, V; Rafeeq Ahmed, S
Open Access
Abdominal Wall Reconstruction With External Abdominal oblique Mysofascial Flap In dogs: An Experimental Study
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1995-08) Anil Kumar Goud, J; Raghavendar, K.B.P(MAJOR); Haragopal; Padmanabha iyyangar, M
Open Access
Accupuncture Therapy Following Experimental Muscular And Joint Injury In Dogs
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1997-10) Balaji, B; Venkateswara rao, N(MAJOR); Venkateswara rao, K; Venu gopal naidu, K
Open Access
Acupuncture Anaesthesia In Dogs With particular Reference To Abdominal Surgery
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P) INDIA, 1988-07-21) krishnamurthy, K; Lakshmipathy, G.V(MAJOR); Ramakrishna, O; Venkatamuni Chetty, A
Open Access
Acupuncture Theraphy For Radial Paralysis In Dogs
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1989-12) Venkataramana, K; LakshmiPathi, G.V(MAJOR); Ramakrishna, O; Venkatamuni Chetty, A
Open Access
ADAPTABILITY AND PERFORMANCE OF SAHIWAL AND JERSEY x SAHIWAL CROSSBRED COWS IN TROPICAL CONDITIONS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI – 517 502 (A.P) INDIA, 2011-08) SREEDHAR, SURATANI; SARJAN RAO, K (Major); Suresh, J; Moorthy, P R S; Padmanabha Reddy, V
ABSTRACT : A study was conducted on adaptability and performance of pure Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred cows, performance of bulls of Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal crossbreds and on farm studies on the performance of the Jersey x Sahiwal crosses in tropical conditions. The physiological responses, biochemical constituents of the above animals were recorded. The production traits, reproduction traits and milk constituents were studied on twelve cows each from Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). To study the performance of bulls, four Sahiwal bulls were selected at Dairy Experimental Station, and four Jersey x Sahiwal bulls from farmers house hold. The meteorological parameters viz. Temperature Humidity Index, Relative Humidity (%), evaporation (mm), wind velocity (kmph) and sun shine (hours) recorded during the study period of 21 days were ranged from 81.3-86.9, 37.0-61.0, 2.7-8.6, 5.1-11.3 and 2.0-9.3 with mean values of 84.4, 47.5, 6.8, 6.7 and 5.5, respectively. The rectal temperature (0F) of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows during the adaptability period of 21 days were ranged from 101.43±0.04 to 103.60±0.18, 101.18±0.02 to 103.13±0.16 and 101.35±0.03 to 103.65±0.18, respectively. The respiration rate of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged from 28.4±0.1 to 41.7±0.6, 26.8 ±0.10 to 38.8±0.40 and 28.3±0.10 to 43.5±0.40 breaths per minute, respectively. The rectal temperature and respiration rate were highly significantly (p<0.01) different among Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows. The changes in pulse rate of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged from 59.33± 0.45 to 76.00±1.50, 59.67 ±0.31 to 75.33±1.56 and 60.67±0.40 to 78.17±1.36 per minute, respectively. A non significant difference was observed for pulse rate between Sahiwal heifers and Sahiwal cows whereas a highly significant (p<0.01) variation was recorded with Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred cows in relation to environmental traits. Temperature Humidity Index (THI) was highly significantly (p<0.01) correlated with rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate in Sahiwal heifers and Sahiwal cows and significantly (p<0.05) correlated in Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred cows. The average temperature significantly (p<0.05) influenced the rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate in all the three groups of experimental animals, while the evaporation was significantly (p<0.05) correlated with rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate of Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred cows. Negative correlation was observed between wind velocity and rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate of three groups of experimental animals. The sunshine was found to have highly significant (p<0.01) correlation with rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate of Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred cows. The IHTC and BCA of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged from 74.00±0.42 to 95.67±1.8, 94.2±0.5 to 95.5±0.5 and 73.50±0.31 to 96.50±2.89 and 2.24±0.01 to 2.84±0.03, 2.17±0.01 to 2.72±0.02 and 2.24±0.01 to 2.92±0.02, respectively. The IHTC and BCA values were highly significantly (p<0.01) different among Sahiwal heifers, cows and Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred cows. The DSI of Sahiwal heifers, cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged from 0.95±0.01 to 1.11±0.01, 0.94±0.01 to 1.09±0.01 and 0.95±0.01 to 1.11±0.01, respectively. The DSI values were comparable between Sahiwal heifers and Sahiwal cows but highly significantly (p<0.01) different with Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred cows. The average values of IHTC, BCA and DSI in Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows became nearest to their respective optimum values of 100, 2.0 and 1.0, respectively, within short period (3 days) in Sahiwal cows and longer period (9 days) for Jersey x Sahiwal cows. The haematocrit values (%) of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged from 29.17±1.22 to 68.00±1.06, 31.00±1.46 to 67.00±1.06 and 31.17±1.17 to 75.83±0.59, respectively. A non significant difference was observed in haematocrit values of Sahiwal heifers and cows, whereas a highly significant (p<0.01) variation was recorded with Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred cows. The serum glucose, urea and creatinine levels (mg/dl) of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged from 61.90±1.34 to 97.32±0.63, 58.61±1.20 to 96.90±0.65 and 59.26±0.58 to 113.33±0.71, 11.72±0.94 to 47.21±0.64, 11.70±0.65 to 45.44±0.42 and 14.00±0.58 to 63.99±0.41 and 1.25±0.07 to 9.81±0.13, 1.29±0.09 to 9.90±0.17 and 1.43±0.10 to 16.18±0.15, respectively. The average serum glucose values were highly significantly (p<0.01) different among all the experimental animals during adaptability. The serum calcium, phosphorous and magnesium levels (mg/dl) of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged from 10.59±0.29 to 27.17±0.29, 10.84±0.27 to 26.61±0.46 and 10.45±0.33 to 36.76±0.71, 5.85±0.05 to 18.91±0.21, 5.94±0.08 to 18.87±0.12 and 5.88±0.10 to 20.80±0.13 and 1.95±0.03 to 11.16±0.09, 2.00±0.06 to 10.85±0.19 and 1.95±0.03 to 15.12±0.15, respectively. A non significant difference was observed in serum calcium and phosphorous levels for Sahiwal heifers and Sahiwal cows, whereas a highly significant (p<0.01) variation was recorded for Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred cows in relation to adaptability. The sodium and potassium levels (mg/dl) of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged from 140.23±2.09 to 183.62±1.25, 137.37±1.38 to 178.52±1.02 and 137.91±0.75 to 185.69±1.15 and 4.47±0.20 to 13.21±0.15, 4.38±0.08 to 12.88±0.08 and 4.41±0.13 to 18.86±0.11, respectively. The average sodium and potassium levels were highly significantly (p<0.01) different among Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows. The influence of environmental traits on liver function tests from SGOT and SGPT levels (units/l) of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged from 91.15±3.62 to 178.87±1.49, 95.37±2.52 to 165.74±1.11 and 82.78±0.29 to 188.48±0.32 and 25.04±1.50 to 57.19±0.72, 27.89±2.29 to 57.27±0.77 and 17.52±0.40 to 74.72±0.93, respectively. Highly significant (p<0.01) variation was recorded with SGOT levels in Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred cows and SGPT levels of all the three experimental animals during 21 days adaptation period. The average birth weight (kg) of Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal calves were 23.89±0.87 and 26.98±0.97, respectively. The mean body weight gain (kg) of Sahiwal calves and Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred calves were 34.08±5.69 and 34.47±5.99, respectively at the end of 24 weeks. The maximum body weight gain was observed at 24 weeks in Jersey x Sahiwal calves. The mean ADG of Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal calves were 344±7.9 and 365±11.0, respectively. The maximum average daily gain was observed at 8-10 weeks in Sahiwal calves whereas in Jersey x Sahiwal cows, peak ADG obtained at 6-8 weeks during 16-18 weeks of growth period. The mean 90 days milk yield, lactation milk yield, peak yield, average daily milk yield and 305 days milk yield in Sahiwal cows were 793.17±7.75, 2039.5±30.14, 11.03±0.14, 6.90±0.09 and 2109±27.68 kg, respectively. The days to attain peak yield and lactation length in Sahiwal cows were 33.33±1.25 and 295.58±2.95 days and the persistence index observed as 2.53±0.04. The average 90 days milk yield, lactation milk yield, peak yield, average daily milk yield and 305 days milk yield in Jersey x Sahiwal cows were 1099.2±10.96, 3156.6±31.16, 14.21±0.14, 10.33±0.11 and 3164.8±32.53 kg, respectively. The days to attain peak yield and lactation length in Jersey x Sahiwal cows were 26.00±1.26 and 305.75±1.95 days and the persistence index observed as 3.05±0.03. At farmer’s house hold the average 90 days milk yield, lactation milk yield, peak yield, average daily milk yield and 305 days milk yield in Jersey x Sahiwal cows were 997.6±8.48, 3131.7±31.02, 10.2±0.16, 8.86±0.10 and 2777.2±26.15 kg, respectively. The days to attain peak yield and lactation length in Jersey x Sahiwal cows were 45.2±1.33 and 354±4.77 days and the persistence index observed was 2.84±0.03. The analysis of variance revealed that all the milk yield traits were highly significantly (p<0.01) different between Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows both at dairy experimental station and Jersey x Sahiwal cows of Progeny Testing Programme at farmers house hold. The mean fat percent of the milk in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows was 4.91±0.19 and 4.54±0.16, respectively, whereas the fat percent was decreased from 1st to 3rd week and later gradually increased up to 13th week of lactation. Maximum fat yield (%) was observed in 12th week for Sahiwal (5.30±0.20) and 13th week for Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred (4.92±0.12) cows. The mean SNF percent of the milk in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows was 9.02±0.07 and 8.67±0.10, respectively, whereas the SNF percent was decreased from 1st to 3rd week and later gradually increased up to 13th week of lactation. Maximum levels of SNF were recorded during 13th week in Sahiwal cows and 7th week in Jersey x Sahiwal cows. 8.67±0.10. The protein content (%) of the milk in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were 3.50±0.04 and 3.50±0.01, respectively. Maximum levels of protein were recorded during 11th week in Sahiwal cows and 7th week in Jersey x Sahiwal cows. The mean density of the milk in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were 30.97±0.24 and 30.12±0.22, respectively. The fat and SNF contents of milk were highly significantly (p<0.01) different between Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows, whereas Sahiwal cows had higher fat and SNF yield. Highly significant (p<0.01) variation was also observed between Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows, during different weeks of lactation. Non significant difference was observed with respect to protein content of the milk in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows whereas highly significant (p<0.01) variation was found in the density of milk from Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows. The mean fat (%), SNF (%), protein (%) and density of the milk in Jersey x Sahiwal cows at farmer’s household were 4.91±0.1, 7.97±0.15, 3.08±0.05 and 28.93±0.32, respectively. The mean age at first calving, gestation period, dry period, service period and calving interval (days) in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows at dairy experimental station were 1223.25±9.77, 282.67±0.53, 151.00±3.27, 163.92±4.20 and 446.58±4.16 and 985.17±11.41, 281.58±0.38, 123.33±5.28, 148.00±5.97 and 429.58±6.10, respectively. At farmers household, the above reproductive traits in Jersey x Sahiwal cows were 1237.9±13.09, 282.3±0.37, 198.3±3.77, 270±5.06 and 552.3±5.02 days. The results showed that the mean age at first calving, dry period, service period and calving interval in Jersey x Sahiwal cows were lower than Sahiwal cows. The mean values of the same reproductive traits in Jersey x Sahiwal cows of Progeny Testing Programme were higher than the mean values of Sahiwal cows. The mean gestation period was similar in all groups. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant (p<0.01) variation among the cows of three groups for all the reproductive traits except for gestation period. Highly significant (p<0.01) correlations were observed among lactation milk yield, average daily milk yield, 305 days milk yield and persistence index in Sahiwal cows. The dry period, service period and calving interval of Sahiwal cows were highly significantly (p<0.01) correlated. Lactation length was significantly (p<0.05) correlated with service period and calving interval and negatively correlated with days to attain peak yield. Highly significant (p<0.01) correlations were observed among lactation milk yield, average daily milk yield and 305 days milk yield. The dry period, service period and calving interval were highly significantly (p<0.01) correlated. Further it was also observed that the lactation length was significantly (p<0.05) correlated with service period and calving interval. Highly significant (p<0.01) correlation was observed between average daily milk yield and 305 days milk yield. The significant (p<0.05) correlation was observed among lactation length, average daily milk yield and persistence index. The service period was highly significantly (p<0.01) correlated with calving interval. Further it was observed that the lactation length was highly significantly (p<0.01) correlated with service period and significantly (p<0.05) correlated with calving interval. Average of temperament score and libido score in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred bulls were 1.42±0.05 and 3.08±0.36, and 6.96±0.18 and 7.33±0.14, respectively. Highly significant (p<0.01) difference in temperament score and no significant difference in libido score were observed in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred bulls. Similarly no significant difference was recorded between the bulls for the same traits. The average of erection score, protrusion score, Intensity of Thrust score and reaction time (seconds) in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred bulls were 2.71±0.10 and 3.71±0.08, 2.58±0.14 and 3.59±0.05, 3.46±0.08, and 23.85±0.82 and 7.29±1.42, respectively. The results showed that significant (p<0.01) difference exists for the above sexual traits of Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred bulls with a non significant difference between the bulls for the same traits. Average dismounting time and total time taken for mounts (seconds) in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal bulls were 3.17±0.17 and 2.67±0.15, and 55.00±2.21 and 36.75±5.24, respectively. Analysis of variance revealed no significant difference in dismounting time but with regard to total time taken for mounts, a highly significant (p<0.01) difference was noticed between Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred bulls. The physical appearance of semen revealed that 25 percent were thick creamy, 33.33 percent were thin creamy and milky and only 8.33 percent were watery in Sahiwal bulls. Similarly in Jersey x Sahiwal bulls, 29.17 percent were thick creamy and milky, 33.33 percent were thin creamy and only 8.33 percent were watery. No significant difference was observed in the physical appearance of semen in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred bulls. The average semen volume (ml) and mass activity in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred bulls were 3.68±0.04 and 4.95±0.05, and 2.54±0.04 and 3.54±0.08, respectively. The results showed that a highly significant (p<0.01) difference was observed in semen volume and mass activity of the breeds but the difference between the bulls of Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal was non significant. In Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred bulls the average progressive motility and concentration (million sperms/ml) were 60.30±0.15 and 63.86±0.69 percent, and 1159.38±8.05 and 961.46±6.67, respectively. Highly significant (p<0.01) difference was observed in progressive motility and sperm concentration of the Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal breeds but the difference between the bulls of the same breed was non significant. In Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred bulls, the average total sperm per ejaculation (millions) was 4256.56±79.35 and 4751.88±78.12, respectively. The average head abnormalities (%) in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred bulls were 4.51±0.14 and 4.53±0.13, respectively with overall mean of 4.52±0.01. The analysis of variance revealed that a highly significant (p<0.01) difference was observed in total sperm / ejaculation between the breeds with a non significant difference between the bulls of Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal. Head abnormalities were highly significantly (p<0.01) differed between the bulls of two breeds whereas it was non significant between the two breeds. The average mid piece and tail abnormalities (%) in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred bulls were 13.33±0.24 and 9.38±0.31, and 3.38±0.09 and 3.70±0.05, respectively. The mid piece abnormalities were highly significantly (p<0.01) different between Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal bulls whereas no significant difference was observed between the bulls. Significant (p<0.05) variation was recorded among the breeds and between the bulls of Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal. Scrotal circumference had positive correlation with semen volume, sperm concentration and total number of spermatozoa in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal bulls.
Open Access
ADAPTABILITY AND PERFORMANCE OF SAHIWAL AND JERSEY x SAHIWAL CROSSBRED COWS IN TROPICAL CONDITIONS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-05) SREEDHAR, SURATANI; Sarjan Rao, K(MAJOR); Suresh, J; Moorthy, P.R.S; Padmanabha Reddy, V
ABSTRACT: A study was conducted on adaptability and performance of pure Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred cows, performance of bulls of Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal crossbreds and on farm studies on the performance of the Jersey x Sahiwal crosses in tropical conditions. The physiological responses, biochemical constituents of the above animals were recorded. The production traits, reproduction traits and milk constituents were studied on twelve cows each from Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). To study the performance of bulls, tour Sahiwal bulls were selected at Dairy Experimental Station, and four Jersey x Sahiwal bulls from farmers house hold. The meteorological parameters viz. Temperature Humidity Index, Relative Humidity (%), evaporation (mm), wind velocity (kmph) and sun shine (hours) recorded during the study period of 2 1 days were ranged from 81.3-86.9, 37.0-61.0. 2.7-8.6, 5.1-1 1.3 and 2.0-9.3 with mean values of 84.4, 47.5. 6.8. 6.7 and 5.5. respectively. The rectal temperature ("F) of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows during the adaptability period of 21 days were ranged from 101.43*0.04 to 103.6MO.18, 101.1&0.02 to 103.13+0.16 and 101.35*0.03 to 103.65f0.18, respectively. The respiration rate of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged from 28.4k0.1 to 41.7k0.6, 26.8 +0.10 to 38.8+0.40 and 28.3&0.10 to 43.5k0.40 breaths per minute, respectively. The rectal temperature and respiration rate were highly significantly (p<0.01) different among Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows. The changes in pulse rate of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged £+om 59.33* 0.45 to 76.0-1 -50, 59.67 *0.3 1 to 75.33k1.56 and 60.67*0.40 to 78.17*1.36 per minute, respectively. A non significant difference was observed for pulse rate between Sahiwal heifers and Sahiwal cows whereas a highly significant @<0.01) variation was recorded with Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred cows in relation to environmental traits. Temperature Humidity Index (THI) was highly significantly w0.01) wrrelated with rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate in Sahiwal heifers and Sahiwal cows and significantly (pe0.05) correlated in Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred cows. The average temperature significantly (p<0.05) influenced the rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate in all the three groups of experimental animals, while the evaporation was significantly (pC0.05) wrrelated with rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate of Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred wws. Negative correlation was observed between wind velocity and rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate of three groups of experimental animals. The sunshine was found to have highly significant (~0.01)co rrelation with rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate of Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred wws. The IHTC and BCA of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged from 74.0W0.42 to 95.67k1.8, 94.2+0.5 to 95.w0.5 and 73.5M0.31 to 96.5W2.89 and 2.24k0.01 to 2.84*0.03, 2.17+0.01 to 2.72f0.02 and 2.24*0.01 to 2.92+0.02, respectively. The IHTC and BCA values were highly significantly @<0.01) different among Sahiwal heifers, cows and Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred cows. The DSI of Sahiwal heifers, cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged from 0.95+0.61 to 1.1 1k0.01, 0.94*0.01 to 1.09-1.0.01 and 0.95*0.01 to 1.1 1+0.01, respectively. The DSI values were comparable between Sahiwal heifers and Sahiwal cows but highly significantly (p<0.01) different with Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred cows. The average values of IHTC, BCA and DSI in Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows became nearest to their respective optimum values of 100, 2.0 and 1 .O, respectively, within short period (3 days) in Sahiwal cows and longer period (9 days) for Jersey x Sahiwal cows. The haematocrit values (%) of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged from 29.17+1.22 to 68.0& 1.06, 3 1 -0W1.46 to 67.0M 1.06 and 3 1.17k1.17 to 75.83*0.59, respectively. A non significant difference was observed in haematocrit values of Sahiwal heifers and cows, whereas a highly significant (p<0.01) variation was recorded with Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred cows. The serum glucose, urea and creatinine levels (mddl) of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged fiom 61.9-1.34 to 97.32k0.63, 58.61k1.20 to 96.9M0.65 and 59.26k0.58 to 113.33k0.71, 11.72k0.94 to 47.21k0.64, 1 1.7W0.65 to 45.44k0.42 and 14.0M0.58 to 63.99k0.41 and 1.251t0.07 to 9.81+0.13, 1.2W0.09 to 9.90.tO. 17 and 1.43k0.10 to 16.18k0.15, respectively. The average serum glucose values were highly significantly (p<0.01) different among all the experimental animals during adaptability. The serum calcium, phosphorous and magnesium levels (mgldl) of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged from 10.5W0.29 to 27.17M.29, 10.84+0.27 to 26.61+0.46 and 10.45+0.33 to 36.76*0.71, 5.85*0.05 to 18.91+0.2 1, 5.94k0.08 to 18.87k0.12 and 5.88k0.10 to 20.8W0.13 and 1 -95d0.03 to 1 1.16&0.09, 2.0W.06 to 10.85*0.19 and 1.95k0.03 to 15.120.15. respectively. A non significant difference was observed in serum calcium and phosphorous levels for Sahiwal heifers and Sahiwal cows, whereas a highly significant @<0.01) variation was recorded for Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred cows in relation to adaptability. The sodium and potassium levels (mgldl) of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged from 140.23*2.09 to 183.62st1.25, 137.37k1.38 to 178.521.02 and 137.91A0.75 to 185.6%1.15 and 4.47.tO.20 to 13.21+0.15, 4.38A0.08 to 12.88rt0.08 and 4.41*0.13 to 18.8&0.11, respectively. The average sodium and potassium levels were highly significantly (~0.01)d ifferent among Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows. The influence of environmental traits on liver function tests from SGOT and SGPT levels (units/l) of Sahiwal heifers, Sahiwal cows and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were ranged from 91.15zk3.62 to 178.87A1.49, 95.37~t2.52 to 165.74+1.11 and 82.78&0.29 to 188.48rt0.32 and 25.04*1.50 to 57.19rt0.72, 27.8-2.29 to 57.27a.77 and 17.52*0.40 to 74.72M.93, respectively. Highly significant (pc0.01) variation was recorded with SGOT levels in Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred cows and SGPT levels of all the three experimental animals during 2 1 days adaptation period. The average birth weight (kg) of Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal calves were 23.8w0.87 and 26.98+0.97, respectively. The mean body weight gain (kg) of Sahiwal calves and Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred calves were 34.08*5.69 and 34.47+5.99, respectively at the end of 24 weeks. The maximum body weight gain was observed at 24 weeks in Jersey x Sahiwal calves. The mean ADG of Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal calves were 344*7.9 and 365Zk11.0, respectively. The maximum average daily gain was observed at 8-10 weeks in Sahiwal calves whereas in Jersey x Sahiwal cows, peak ADG obtained at 6-8 weeks during 16-1 8 weeks of growth period. The mean 90 days milk yield, lactation milk yield, peak yield, average daily milk yield and 305 days milk yield in Sahiwal cows were 793.17*7.75, 2039.5zk30.14, 1 1.03*0.14, 6.90rt0.09 and 2109~k27.68 kg, respectively. The days to attain peak yield and lactation length in Sahiwal cows were 33.33*1.25 and 295.58*2.95 days and the persistence index observed as 2.53+0.04. The average 90 days milk yield, lactation milk yield, peak yield, average daily milk yield and 305 days milk yield in Jersey x Sahiwal cows were 1099.2* 10.96, 3 156.6*3 1.16, 14.2 1 1t0.14, 10.33Zk0.11 and 3164.8k32.53 kg, respectively. The days to attain peak yield and lactation length in Jersey x Sahiwal cows were 26.0M1.26 and 305.75~k1.95 days and the persistence index observed as 3.05k0.03. At farmer's house hold the average 90 days milk yield, lactation milk yield, peak yield, average daily milk yield and 305 days milk yield in Jersey x Sahiwal cows were 997.6+8.48, 3131.7*31.02, 10.2+0.16, 8.86+0.10 and 2777.2+26.15 kg, respectively. The days to attain peak yield and lactation length in Jersey x Sahiwal cows were 45.2~k1.33 and 3541t4.77 days and the persistence index observed was 2.84~k0.03. The analysis of variance revealed that all the milk yield traits were highly significantly (p<0.01) different between Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows both at dairy experimental station and Jersey x Sahiwal cows of Progeny Testing Programme at farmers house hold. The mean fat percent of the milk in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows was 4.91k0.19 and 4.54*0.16, respectively, whereas the fat percent was decreased from 1'' to 3d week and later gradually increased up to 131h week of lactation. Maximum fat yield (%) was observed in 12'~w eek for Sahiwal (5.3M0.20) and 13w~eek for Jersey x Sahiwal crossbred (4.9-0.12) wws. The mean SNF percent of the milk in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows was 9.02&0.07 and 8.67*0.10, respectively, whereas the SNF percent was decreased from la to 3d week and later gradually increased up to 13* week of lactation. Maximum levels of SNF were recorded during 13& week in Sahiwal cows and 7* week in Jersey x Sahiwal wws. 8.67*0.10. The protein content (%) of the milk in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows were 3.5W0.04 and 3.5W0.01, respectively. Maximum levels of protein were recorded during 11" week in Sahiwal cows and 7" week in Jersey x Sahiwal wws. The mean density of the milk in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal wws were 30.97*0.24 and 30.1B0.22, respectively. The fat and SNF contents of milk were highly significantly (~(0.01) different between Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows, whereas Sahiwal cows had higher fat and SNF yield. Highly significant @<0.01) variation was also observed between Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows, during different weeks of lactation. Non significant difference was observed with respect to protein content of the milk in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows whereas highly significant w0.01) variation was found in the density of milk from Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows. The mean fat (%), SNF (%), protein (%) and density of the milk in Jersey x Sahiwal cows at farmer's household were 4.91rt0.1, 7.97*0.15, 3.08*0.05 and 28.93*0.32, respective1 y. The mean age at first calving, gestation period, dry period, service period and calving interval (days) in Sahiwal and Jersey x Sahiwal cows at dairy experimental station were 1223.25+9.77, 282.67*0.53, 1 5 1.0M3.27, 163.92j14.20 and 446.58k4.16 and 985.17k11.41. 281.58&0.38. 123.33~t5.28. 148.0M5.97 and 429.58*6.10. respectively. At farmers household, the above reproductive traits in Jersey x Sahiwal cows were 1237.%13.09, 282.3f0.37, 198.3k3.77, 270~k5.06 and 552.3*5.02 days. The results showed that the mean age at first calving, dry period, service period and calving interval in Jersey x Sahiwal cows were lower than Sahiwal cows. The mean values of the same reproductive traits in Jersey x Sahiwal cows of Progeny Testing Programme were higher than the mean values of Sahiwal cows. The mean gestation period was similar in all groups. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant (p
Open Access
ADDITION OF A HERB TO A STATIN: A POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE INTERACTION? EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON DYSLIPIDAEMIAS IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-03) DILIP REDDY, GUNTURU; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, G; ANAND KUMAR, A; RAJASEKHAR REDDY, A
ABSTRACT : A total of 56 male Sprague dawley rats of uniform weight and age were randomly divided into seven groups consisting of eight rats in each group after an acclimatization period of 3 weeks to evaluate the interaction of atorvastatin with garlic in induced dyslipidaemia. Group 1 served as plain control, while groups 2 and 3 were fed with high fat and high cholesterol diet throughout the experimental period. Groups 4,5,6 and 7 received 1% (100% dose), 0.5% (50% dose), 0.25% (25% dose) and 0.75% (75% dose) fresh garlic w/w in feed, respectively in addition to the high fat and high cholesterol diet and administered with 10 (100% dose), 5 (100% dose), 7.5 (100% dose) and 2.5 (25% dose) mg/kg atorvastatin respectively, while group 3 served as atorvastatin control, which received 10 mg/kg atorvastatin per day orally for 12 weeks. Blood collection was carried out at every two weeks interval for plasma biochemical analysis of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and creatinine and aspartate transaminase (AST). Single dose and multiple dose pharmacokinetic studies were performed at the beginning of the first dose and at the end of last dose of atorvastatin, respectively in groups 3 to 7. At the end of the experiment, liver and kidneys were collected for assay of TBARS, glutathione and SOD. Histological, histochemistry and electron microscopy studies were conducted on different organs at the end. All the treatment groups exhibited significant improvement in dyslipidaemic condition when compared with group 2 from 2nd week of treatment by reducing the TC, TG and LDL-C levels with subsequent increase in HDL-C levels. Group 4 was highly effective in correcting dyslipidaemia due to the synergistic pharmacodynamic actions of herb and drug. Plasma atorvastatin concentrations during multiple dose PK studies were significantly higher than single dose counterparts. PK parameters showed a significant increase in the garlic treated groups with high values of Cmax, AUC, AUMC, MRT and half-life which could be attributed to the inhibitory activity of garlic on drug transporters and metabolizing enzymes. High concentration of the drug in plasma in group 4, 5 and 3 resulted in toxicological manifestations in liver and kidney, which was evident from the increased plasma creatinine concentration, AST activity and oxidative stress. Histopathological studies on liver, kidney revealed moderate to severe damage in groups 4 and 5, which also exhibited mitochondrial damage on transmission electron microscopy. From this study, it can be concluded that garlic and atorvastatin exhibited positive pharmacodynamic interaction in reducing dyslipidaemias. The pharmacokinetic studies revealed that garlic increased the pharmacokinetic parameters and the toxicological studies indicated that high dose of atorvastatin + garlic has negative safety profile. Further studies are warranted to address the pharmacokinetic interactions of statin and garlic in detail.
Open Access
ADVANCED STUDIES ON DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF VOMITING IN DOGS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-05) SURESH, KAMINENI; ALAHA SINGARI, N(MAJOR); NALINI KUMARI, K; SURESH KUMAR, R.V; ESWARA PRASAD, P
ABSTRACT : The present study was undertaken to study the prevalence of vomiting, its causative factors, other associated symptoms, haemato biochemical changes, ultrasonographic findings, endoscopic appearance and efficacy of antiemetic drugs in afebrile dogs with vomiting. A total 135 (8.67%) afebrile vomiting dogs out of 1558 were selected during the study period. Vomiting was mostly observed in Pomeranian breed and the prevalence was higher in male pups below 6 months of age. Dietary abnormalities were found to be the causative factors for vomiting in majority (45.93%) cases followed by renal failure, hepatic disorders, gastric ulcers, parasitic infection, foreign bodies, pyometra, Diabetes ketoacidosis and tumors. Apart from vomiting anorexia, depression to lethargy, loss of weight and dehydration of varying degrees were the clinical signs evident in all dogs. In addition haematemesis and anaemia in renal failure, hepatic disorders and gastric ulcers; abdominal pain due to the presence of foreign bodies and tumors; polyuria and oliguria in renal failure; emaciation, icterus, polydipsia and ascitis in hepatic disorders; diarrhoea, melena and anaemia in parasitic infection and polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia and cataract in Diabetes ketoacidosis were the other characteristic signs. High PCV, Hb and TEC counts in dietary abnormalities, foreign bodies and Diabetic ketoacidosis; increased TLC in renal failure, hepatic disorders, gastric ulcers, pyometra and tumors; increase in neutrophils in renal failure, hepatic disorders, gastric ulcers, pyometra and tumors and high eosinophil count in parasitic infestation and gastric ulcers were prominent in dogs with vomiting. Hyponatremia due to presence of foreign bodies and Diabetic ketoacidosis; hypokalemia and hypochloremia in all cases; increased ALT levels in hepatic disorders; hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia in hepatic disorders, gastric ulcers and tumors; high globulin levels in pyometra; hyperglycemia in Diabetic ketoacidosis and elevated BUN and creatinine levels in renal failure were the characteristic biochemical alterations noted in dogs with vomiting. Gas filled intestines with plication in gastro enteritis, prominent kidney opacity in renal failure; ground glass appearance in ascites; foreign bodies in the oesophagus, stomach and intestines; uterine distension in pyometra and intra abdominal neoplasm were the radiographic abnormalities detected in the present study. Generalized mucosal oedema along with foam and several streaks of bile tinged fluid in most cases of gastritis along with haemorrhages, erosions, large ulcers, shallow ulcers and hyperemic gastric mucosa were revealed on endoscopy. Hyperechoic cortex, loss of detail of CMJ, hyperechoic medulla and thickened urinary bladder wall in renal failure; hyperechogenecity, hepatomegaly, anechoic ascitic fluid and cholecystitis in hepatic disorders and enlargement of uterus and uterine horns in pyometra were the abnormalities recorded on ultrasonography. In the therapeutic trial conducted as a part of present study 3 (I, II and III) groups of dogs with vomiting due to dietary abnormalities and 2 (IV and V) groups with renal failure were selected with 12 dogs in each. Ringers lactate was given twice daily and Vitamin B1, B6 and B12 once in a day for all dogs. Metoclopramide (Group I), Ondansetron (Group II) and Ondansetron and potassium chloride twice daily (Group III), Metoclopramide and Amoxicillin and cloxacillin (Group IV) and Ondansetron and Amoxicillin and cloxacillin (Group V) were the drugs employed. Though there was significant improvement in all the groups, based on the faster resolution of vomiting and improvement in the haemato biochemical parameters, treatment with Ondansetron and potassium chloride was found to be superior when compared to other two combinations in vomiting due to dietary abnormalities and Ondansetron was found to be superior when compared to Metoclopramide in controlling vomiting due to renal failure.
Open Access
AMELIORATION OF HEAT STRESS INDUCED OXIDATIVE DISTURBANCES BY HERBAL ANTIOXIDANTS IN BROILER CHICKEN
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-04) SWATHI, B; Gupta, P.S.P(MAJOR); Nagalaxmi, D; Rajasekhar Reddy, A; RaJu, M.V.L.N
ABSTRACT: A study was petformed to evaluate the antioxidative potential of herbals Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) and Turmeric (Curcuma longa) in combating heat stress with two batches of broiler chicks in hot summer months. Each batch consisted of a total of 108 one day OM Vencobb broiler chicks which were grouped and offered 9 types of dietary regimens wtth variable concentrations and combinations of antioxidants. A group of 12 chicks was raised separately in stress free environment on basal diet without any antioxidant supplementation as control. Body weights and feed intake were measured at weekly intentab. The blood samples were colleded at 4" and 6" wk of age and haernatological estimations (RBC, WBC, Hb. & PCV) were carried out within 2 hrs of collection. While serum samples were preserved at -20°C until utilized for estimation of protein profiles (TP, albumen, globulin concentrations and A:G ratios), serum cortisol concentrations, humoral and cell mediated immune responses. Plasma samples were prepared by centrifugation, stored and utilized for analysis of enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidant concentration. At the end of trail, breast and meat samples were procured by excision of sacrificed birds for studying organoleptic properties and lipid peroxidation. Histopathological studies of liver, bursa, brain and spleen were conducted to observe the tissue changes at the end of the experiment. The performance parameters (Body weights and feed efficiency), haernatologoical parameters (RBC, Hb. PCV and WBC), enzymatic (GSH-PX, Catalase and SOD), non enzymatic (Reducedglutathione) antioxidant concentrations, immunological indices (HI titers and CMI responses) were signifiintly low (PsO.01) in heat stressed birds compared to control and antioxidant supplemented groups. However, WBC count, serum cortisol concentrations, serum ALP and ALT activities were significantly (PS0.01) higher in heat stressed birds compared to control group. Histopathological study evidenced degenerative changes and pathological lesions in tissues collected from heat 8tmssed birds, While no lesions of pathological importance were observed with the tissues d control group. Sensory chamderistics of breast meat samples from heat stressed birds scored low on 5 point hedonic scale (3.42 for colour, 3.12 for texture, 3.42 for juiciness, 3.22 for tlavour and 3.14 for overall acceptability) compared to higher scores recorded for meat samples of control group. Dietary supplementation with herbals Tulsi and Turmeric was proved beneficial in terms of broiler performance, haematological, serological values. immunological indims and antioxidant status. Their inclusion also contributed to low levels of serum cortisol and improved sensory characteristics and reduced lipoperoxidative damage of broiler meat. Of the two herbals employed for the study. Turmeric had contributed to hgher body weights (1629.17 g and 1627.50 g with 0.2% and 0.4% level of inclusions, respectively), which were comparable with the weights achieved by supplementing the diet either with vitamin E alone (1637.52 g) and its combination with Selenium (1656.67 g) end control group (1684.17 g) at the end of 6'" week, Feed efficiency though low in the initial stages, an accelerated trend was noticed from 4m wk onwards wrth Turmeric supplementation. And even sensory attributes showed higher sensory scores with Turmeric supplementation at either of the dose. While, Tulsi, contributed to significantly (Ps0.01) higher concentration of enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidants, blood and serum variables, and immunological indices at either of the dose supplemented. Herbals at higher concentration (Ocimum at 0.5% and Turmeric at 0.4%) had shown improved antioxidant -8. However, the two herbals when given in combination at different doses could not yield any additive effect. The benefdal results obtained with the supplementation of herbals at different doses were however remained low when compared to the values obtained with the diets inclusive of vitamin E alone, or its combination with Se and control group. But, considering the cost of these synthetic antioxidants vitamin E and Se and maintaining the birds in stress free environment, the herbals employed Tulsi and Turmeric in this study may be suggested as natural and economical alternatives in amelioration of heat stress and achieving higher performance

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