Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access A Comparative Study of Immunopathology and Pathophysiology of Synthetic Pyrethroid, Organophosphate and Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticide toxicity in Broiler Chicks(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1992) Umesh Kumar Garg; G.J. JhaOne hundred twenty day-old broiler chicks were used in the present study. They were divided into four equal groups viz control (₁), fenvalerate (T₂), mono crotophos (T) and endosulfan (T). The birds of control group (7₁) were fed with poultry mash without any pesticide for 8 weeks whereas the chicks of T2 group was fed with poultry mash containing fenvelerate 20 ppm/kg of the sash, T3 group was fed with mash containing 2 ppm monocrotophos and T group was fed with ration contaminated with 2 ppm endosulfan per kg of the feed for 8 weeks. The signs of the pesticide toxicity appeared after a fortnight of the experiment. Dullness, depression, anorexia, roughness of body coat, excess salivation in few chicks, drooping of head, convulsions and paralysis were the main clinical signs of the toxicity. lo difference in body weight could be recorded at any stage of the experiment. The mortality pattern (7-10%) in monocrotophos and endosulfan fed chicks was almost similar but it was higher (i.e. 20%) in fenva lerate fed chicks. This could be due to difference in the dose rate of the pesticide used for intoxication. Serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus and blood urea nitrogen did not show any significant change due to any of the three pesticides used for the toxicity in any of the three pesticides used for the toxicity in broiler chicks.ThesisItem Open Access Aflatoxins in Animal feed, their influence on Nutrient Utilization, Growth Performance, Histopathologiacal Alteration in Certain tissues in Growing Piglets and measures for their Alleviation(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1992) Ajit Kumar Sinha; Dr. J.P. SrivastavaThe livestock owners of tribal villages may be advised to maintain the animal feed store properly. They should be especially careful in preventing the food stuff from moisture, which leads to the growth of various fungi. The contaminated feed ingredient/compounded feeds upto a level of 0.25 ppm preferably be treated with 1.5 per cent ammonia. However, if it is not possible due to various reasons, 25 per cent extra protein allowance (other than the recommended level of 16 per cent) say be provided to their growing pige.ThesisItem Open Access BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROCESSING AND UTILIZATIN OF KOSUM CAKE ON THE PERFORMANCES OF LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY AS A PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT(Birsa Agricultural University, 1987) Gupta, RANJAN; SRIVASTAWA, J.P.The present studies indicate that new unconventional expeller pressed kosum cake is non-toxic and safe to feed to livestock and poultry. It can most successfully and economi cally be used in ruminant feeding systems upto 100% replacemen of nitrogen of conventional niger seed cake. It can also be used safely and economically upto 16.8% of broiler mashes without any adverse effect either on their health or carcass characteristics. The expeller pressed kosum cake is considerem to be a self balanced feed with respect to energy and protein contents.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Added Zinc in the Ration on the Performance and Skin Lesions of Indigenous Pigs(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2003) Sunil Kumar; Naresh PrasadIt may be concluded from the above findings that supplementation of 100 and 50 percent more zn than NRC recommendations had beneficial effects on the digestibility of protein and fat, digestible protein intake, retention of Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorus and Zinc and feed efficiency ratio. The intensity of parakeratosis was least in pigs getting twice the amount of NRC recommendation of dietary Zinc level (T3 group). The intensity was also found to be lower when 50 percent more than recommended zinc level was added in the ration (T₂ group). Highest occurrence was noted in control ration consisting of normal recommended level of zinc. The result indicated that parakeratosis in adult pigs may be controlled partially by providing higher quantity of zinc in their ration compared to normal recommendation of NRC (1988). Further investigation may be taken up by adding still more quantity of zinc for complete control of parakeratosis in pigs.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DIETARY LEVELS OF NIGER SEED CAKE IN BROILER RATION(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2014) Kumar, Gopal; Ishwar, A. K.Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Kanke, Ranchi. Two hundred fifty (250) commercial day-old broiler chicks (Cobb strain) were procured from reputed hatchery for the experiment. After four days of brooding period, the chicks were divided randomly into five groups consisting of 50 chicks per group. Further, each group was subdivided into five replicates of 10 chicks. The initial mean body weight of chicks did not differ significantly. Birds were vaccinated against Marek’s, Ranikhet and Gumboro diseases. The birds of each group were kept in well lighted and ventilated room with floor space 66 sq. ft. in deep litter system using litter material with proper adjustment of feeders and waterers. Niger seed cake and other feed ingredients were analysed for their proximate principles as well as for calcium and phosphorus content. Two standard diets were formulated separately for starting (0-4 weeks) and finishing (5-6 weeks) birds. All rations were designed in such a way that they contain all the nutrients as per BIS specifications (1992) for broiler birds. First group was treated as a control ration (T1) containing groundnut cake (GNC). In groups T2, T3, T4 and T5 the GNC of control ration was replaced by Niger seed cake at 25, 50, 75 and 100 per cent level, respectively, on protein equivalent basis. Equal amount of mineral mixture, common salt and vitamin supplement were added in the ration of all groups. Birds were weighed at the start of experiment and then at weekly intervals for six weeks. A metabolic trial was conducted between 36th to 42nd days of experiment on five birds from each group with three days adjustment period followed by four days of collection period to study the nutrient utilization. The samples of feed and excreta were analysed and balances of N, Ca and P were worked out. Feed and protein efficiency ratio in respect of all the groups were worked out. Economics of feeding were calculated on the basis of current market price of different feed ingredients. Blood samples were collected from five birds of each group on 42nd day of the trial to study the biochemical parameters. At the end of 6th experimental week of growth trial, three birds from each group were selected randomly for slaughter to study the various carcass characters. The quantity of overall average total or daily feed consumption in five treatment groups did not differ significantly. The findings indicate that Niger seed cake containing rations were equally palatable to birds. The differences in average total gain as well as average daily gain in body weight in various groups were significantly higher in T3 group as compared to T4 and T5, whereas, T1, T2 and T3 did not differ significantly. Group T4 and T5 also differ significantly from each other. The 25 per cent and 50 per cent replacement groups gained more body weight than the control group. The 75 per cent and 100 per cent replacement groups gained less body weight than the control group. The better effect on growth observed in 50 per cent replacement group. The feed conversion efficiency in various groups were significantly better in T3 group than T5, whereas, T1, T2, T3 and T4 did not differ significantly. The protein efficiency ratio in different treatment groups did not differ significantly among the five treatment groups. The values in respect of serum total proteins, serum calcium and serum phosphorus in different groups did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among the five groups. All the values were within the normal range for chicks. The average daily retention of nitrogen (g/day) as well as N-retention as per cent of N-intake did not differ significantly among five treatment groups indicating that inclusion of Niger seed cake had not affected the nitrogen utilization in broiler chicks. Average daily Ca-retention (g/day) as well as Ca- retained as percent of Ca-intake did not differ significantly among the five treatment groups indicating that inclusion of Niger seed cake had not affected the calcium utilization in broiler chicks. Average daily P-retention (g/day) as well as P- retained as percent of P-intake did not differ significantly among the five treatment groups indicating that inclusion of Niger seed cake had not affected the phosphorus utilization in broiler chicks. The feed intake, intake of CP as well as metabolisable energy in different groups did not differ significantly. All carcass and Organoleptic characters did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among the five treatment groups indicating that feeding of Niger seed cake had no adverse effect on meat quality The cost of feed decreased proportionally with the increased level of Niger seed cake in the diet. The reduction of cost was 5.02, 10.19, 15.44 and 20.56 per cent less in groups T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively, than the control ration (T1). The cost of feed per unit gain in live weight of birds was found to be 8.42, 15.75, 7.55 and 4.19 per cent less in groups T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively, than the control ration (T1). The findings indicate that incorporation of Niger seed cake reduced the cost of feed per unit gain in live weight. From the findings of the present study, it may be concluded that growth performance of broiler chickens improved by the replacement of groundnut cake with Niger seed cake at 50 per cent level on protein equivalent basis with distinct economical advantages and without any adverse effect on meat quality.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DIETARY LEVELS OF OKARA MEAL (SOYBEAN BYPRODUCT) IN JAPANESE QUAIL RATION(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2011) Mahto, Deepak Kumar; Sinha, A.K.The present research was carried out to study the effect of different dietary levels of okara meal (soybean byproduct) in Japanese quail ration on production parameters, carcass characteristics and nutrient utilization of the quails. For this purpose, two hundred (200) one week old commercial Japanese quail chicks were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (T1, T2, T3 and T4) in equal number in such a way that their mean body weight did not differ significantly. Group T1 served as control having conventional feed ingredients as per NRC (1984) feeding standard, while Okara meal (soybean byproduct) was incorporated at 25, 50 and 75 per cent levels in groups T2, T3 and T4, respectively, replacing groundnut cake on protein equivalent basis. Feeding trial continued for 42 days period followed by a metabolic trial adopting standard procedures. Body weight of all birds was recorded at weekly 2 interval. Daily feed consumption, digestibility of nutrients, balance of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus, feed conversion efficiency, carcass quality and economics of feeding were recorded. The quantity of overall average total or daily feed consumption in four treatment groups did not differ significantly. The findings indicated that Okara meal containing rations were equally palatable to birds. From the very beginning live weight of chicks in different groups differ significantly (P<0.01). Significantly higher body weights were recorded in chicks of group T3 compared to control group T1. In the last experimental week the average total body weight of group T3 was significantly higher compared to groups T1, T2, and T4. However, groups T1, T2 and T4 did not differ significantly between each other. The higher gain in body weight was noted in group T3 which did not differ significantly from groups T2 and T4 but differ significantly from control group T1. The feed conversion efficiency and protein efficiency ratio in different treatment groups did not differ significantly among the four treatment groups. The average daily retention of nitrogen (g/day) was significantly higher in group T4 compared to control group T1. However, groups T2, T3 and T4 did not differ significantly. N-retention as per cent of N-intake was significantly higher in group T2 compared to control group T1. However, group T2, T3 and T4 did not differ significantly. 3 The average daily retention of calcium found to be non-significant among the different groups indicating that inclusion of Okara meal did not affect the calcium utilization in quail chicks. The average daily retention of phosphorus as well as phosphorus retention as per cent of P-intake were significantly higher in group T3 compared to groups T1, T2 andT4 indicating that in group T3 , there is less excretion of phosphorus in excreta. Dressing percentage, giblet percentage and non-edible percentage did not differ significantly among the four treatment groups. The findings indicated that inclusion level of Okara meal had no adverse effect on meat quality of quails. Scores of various organoleptic tests revealed non-significant differences among four treatment groups indicating that inclusion of Okara meal had no adverse effect on the sensory and taste quality of meat. The cost of feed decreased proportionally with the increased level of Okara meal in the diet. The reduction of cost was 10.76, 21.94 and 32.70 per cent in groups T2, T3 and T4, respectively, than the control ration (T1). The average cost per kg gain in body weight also decreased proportionally with the increased level of Okara meal in the diet. The reduction of cost was 9.97, 21.63 and 33.79 per cent in groups T2, T3 and T4, respectively, as compared to control ration (T1). 4 From the findings of the present study, it may be concluded that growth performance of quail chicks was best at 50 per cent inclusion of Okara meal replacing groundnut Cake on protein equivalent basis with distinct economical advantages and without any adverse effect on meat quality.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DIETARY LEVELS OF OKARA MEAL (SOYBEAN BYPRODUCT) WITH OR WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTATION OF NSP DEGRADING ENZYME ON PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2010) Sinha, Subodh Kumar; Sinha, A.K.Hatcheries Pvt. Ltd., Bokaro. After four days of brooding period, the chicks were divided randomly into five groups consisting of 44 chicks per group. Further, each group was subdivided into four replicates of 11 chicks. The initial mean body weight of chicks did not differ significantly. Birds were vaccinated against Marek’s, Ranikhet and Gumboro diseases. The birds of each group were kept in well ventilated pucca room with floor space 66 sq. ft. in deep litter system using saw dust with proper adjustment of feeders and waterers. Sun dried Okara (soybean byproduct) and other feed ingredients were analysed for their proximate principles as well as for calcium and phosphorus content. Two standard diets were formulated separately for starter (0-4 weeks) and finisher (5-6 weeks) birds. All rations were designed in such a way that they contain all the nutrients as per BIS specifications (1992) for broiler birds. First group was treated as a control ration (T1) containing groundnut cake (GNC). In groups T2 and T3 the GNC of control ration was replaced by Okara meal at 25 and 50 per cent, respectively, on protein equivalent basis. In groups T4 and T5 the chicks were offered the same diets as in groups T2 and T3, respectively, but with addition of NSP degrading enzyme @ 50 g per 100 kg. Equal amount of mineral mixture, common salt and vitamin supplement were added in the ration of all groups. Birds were weighed at the start of experiment and then at weekly intervals for six weeks. A metabolic trial was conducted between 36th to 42nd days of experiment on four birds from each group with three days adjustment period and four days of collection period to study the nutrient utilization. The samples of feed and excreta were analysed and balance of N, Ca and P were worked out. Feed and protein efficiency ratio in respect of all the groups were worked out. Economics of feeding were calculated on the basis of current market price of different feed ingredients. Blood samples were collected from five birds of each group on 42nd day of the trial to study the biochemical parameters. At the end of 6th experimental week of growth trial, three birds from each group were selected randomly for slaughter to study the carcass characters. The quantity of overall average total or daily feed consumption in five treatment groups did not differ significantly. The findings indicate that Okara meal containing rations were equally palatable to birds. From the very beginning live weight of chicks in different groups dif fer significantly (P<0.01). Significantly higher body weights were recorded in chicks on Okara meal containing rations (T2 to T5), compared to control ration (T1). The higher gain in body weight was noted in T4 group which did not differ significantly from T3 group. The supplementation of NSP degrading enzyme in Okara meal containing ration could not exhibit any extra advantage. The average daily retention of nitrogen (g/day) as well as N-retention as per cent of N-intake did not differ significantly among five treatment groups, indicating that inclusion of Okara meal as such or supplemented with NSP degrading enzyme had not affected the nitrogen utilization in broiler chicks. The average daily retention of minerals, calcium and phosphorus was found to be significantly lower in groups T4 and T5, where Okara meal containing rations were supplemented with NSP degrading enzyme, due to their more excretion in excreta. The values in respect of serum total proteins, serum calcium and serum phosphorus in different groups did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among the five groups. All the values were within normal range for chicks. The intake of feed as well as metabolisable energy in different groups did not differ significantly. However, the intake of the crude protein was more in T3 group, where 50 per cent of GNC protein was replaced by Okara meal. Pre-slaughter and dressed weights were significantly higher in chicks fed Okara meal containing diets. The giblet weight and non-edible weight did not differ significantly among the five treatment groups. Similarly dressing percentage, giblet percentage and non-edible percentage also did not differ significantly among the five treatment groups. The findings indicate that inclusion level of Okara meal had no adverse effect on meat quality of chickens. Scores of various organoleptic tests revealed non-significant differences among five treatment groups indicating that inclusion of Okara meal had no adverse effect on the sensory and taste quality of meat on Okara meal containing rations. The cost of feed decreased proportionally with the increased level of Okara meal in the diet. The reduction of cost was 8.69, 18.72, 0.33 and 10.36 per cent less in groups T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively than the control ration (T1). The feed conversion efficiency and protein efficiency ratio in different treatment groups did not differ significantly among the five treatment groups. The cost of feed per unit gain in live weight of birds was found to be 10.96, 21.01, 7.44 and 1.35 per cent less in groups T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively, than the control ration (T1). The findings indicate that incorporation of Okara meal reduced the cost of feed per unit gain in live weight and supplementation of NSP degrading enzyme containing rations (T4 and T5) did not give any extra advantage. From the findings of the present study, it may be concluded that growth performance of broiler chickens improved by the replacement of groundnut cake with Okara meal at 50 per cent level on protein equivalent basis with distinct economical advantages and without any adverse effect on meat quality.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING DEOILED KARANG CAKE IN LACTATING CATTLE(Birsa Agricultural University, 1983) DATTA, Kamal Kanti; GUPTA, B.S.Suggestion for future research work i. More studies should be done in lactating cattle with this karanj cake. There is possibility to produce an economical ration with this unconventional cake if it is introduced in the ration at higher level as a protein supplement. ii. Long term trials are also necessary to study if there in any side effect of karanj cake in lactating cattle. 111. Further works can be carried out to study the effect of karanj cake as protein supplement in place of conventional cakes both in ruminant and non-ruminants on long term basis.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING TAMARIND (Tamarindus Indica) SEED MEAL IN GROWING KIDS(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2011) VIJAY, LALIT; Sinha, A.K.The present research was carried out to study the effect of feeding tamarind (Tamarindus Indica) seed meal in growing kids on production parameters, biochemical parameters and nutrient utilization of the kids. For this purpose, eighteen weaned male growing kids of about 4 months of age were randomly assigned to three treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3) in equal number. Group T1 served as control having conventional feed ingredients as per ICAR (1998) feeding standard while tamarind seed meal was incorporated at 1/3rd and 2/3rd (w/w) in groups T2 and T3, respectively, replacing wheat bran. Feeding trial continued for 90 days period followed by a metabolic trial adopting standard procedures. Body weight of all the kids was recorded at fortnightly intervals. Blood samples were analyzed for various haematological and biochemical constituents at the start and end of the experimental period to access the health status due to various diets. Digestibility of nutrients, average plane of nutrition, balance of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus, feed conversion efficiency and economics of feeding were recorded. The total consumption of feed was found non-significant among three groups. The differences in DM intake as per cent of body weight in different groups also did not differ significantly indicating that intake satisfied their requirements for DM. The initial average body weights of group T1, T2 and T3 were 8.12, 8.15 and 8.25 kg and the final body weights at the end of the experiment were 12.11, 12.25 and 12.15 kg, respectively. Both were found to be nonsignificant. The average daily gain in live weight were found to be 41.02±5.82, 44.48±5.46 and 41.71±7.39 (g) in three groups (T1 to T3), respectively, which did not differ significantly. The highest daily gain in body weight was noted in group T2 followed by groups T3 and T1. This indicates that incorporation of tamarind seed meal in the ration was not harmful as far as growth performances of the kids are concerned. The digestibility co-efficient of various organic nutrients such as DM, CP, EE, CF and NFE did not differ significantly among the three groups. This also indicated that tamarind seed meal had no adverse effect on the digestibility of various organic nutrients on the different diets. There was non-significant effect on intakes of DCP, TDN, DE and ME. The balances of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus were found to be highly positive in respect of all three groups. The balances of N, Ca and P did not differ significantly among the three groups.. The Ca-retained as per cent Ca-intake was significantly higher in group T2 due to less excretion in the faeces. However, the phosphorus retained as per cent phosphorus intake was more in group T3 followed by groups T2 and T1, respectively. The incorporation of tamarind seed meal in the diet on various haematological and biochemical constituents of blood had no adverse effect even after 90 days of feeding trial and all the values remained within the normal range. All the animals in the three groups consumed sufficient quantity of feed (DM), protein and energy to satisfy the ICAR (1998) feeding standards. The quantity of feed and fodder required per kg gain in live weight were found to be 6.31±0.03, 5.92±0.06 and 6.53±0.03 on DM basis in groups T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The values were observed to be higher in group T1 than other two groups. Groups T1 and T2 differ significantly from each other, however, they did not differ significantly with group T3. The cost of feed per unit gain in live weight was lowest in group T2 (61.85±0.97) followed by groups T1 (64.65±0.74) and T3 (64.31±0.49), respectively. However, the differences were not statistically significant among the three groups. Based on above findings it may be concluded that tamarind seed meal can be incorporated in place of wheat bran in the concentrate mixture of growing kids up to 1/3rd level (w/w) without any adverse effect and with distinct economic advantages.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Feeding Unconventional Cakes Mixture Supplemented With Lysine And Methionine On The Growth Performance In Broilers(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1989) Tappo, Saroj; A.K. VermaFrom the results summarized above it appeared that addition of the cake mixture of deoiled koranj cake and expeller pressed kosum cake at a definite proportion supplemented with lysine and methionine had depressing effect on growth performance, feed consumption, feed efficiency and dressing yield. In addition, it has definite histopathological effect on liver and kidney with the linear increase of the cake mixture in the treatment diets. The factors responsible for the depressing effects appear to be: (1) Due to unpalatability of the experimental diets containing increasing levels of cake mixture. 2.Due to increased level of crude fibre and oil content in the treatment diets, the higher level of crude fibre might have increased the rate of passage of digesta and may also interfere the nutrient balance during initial stage, whereas the oil content contain toxic agent(s) which might also be the cause of lower digestibility. 3.An imbalance of some of the essential amino acids and energy in the diet consequent upon the inclusion of deolled cakes and mathionine, lysine supplementation which by their comparative imbalance, are known to cause depressed growth performance in chicks. 4.It may be due to the probable presence of some unidentified anti-nutritional/toxic factor(s) in the cake mixture which were not assessed. As such, the observations made on the growth performance, dressing characters and the histopathological findings indicated that the cakes did not form a promising combination supplemented with methionine and lysine for its favorable inclusion in poultry diet. However, further detailed studies are warranted.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING UREA TREATED PADDY STRAW ON PERFORMANCE OF LACTATING COWS(Birsa Agricultural University, 1986) DATTA, KIRAN SHANKER; GUPTA, B.S.1.4% urea treatment of paddy straw at 50% moisture level stored for 4 weeks has significantly better effect on increasing its protein content and lowering the fiber content, which in turn increase the dry matter and protein degradability’s in rumen. It also lovers the oxalate content of paddy straw significantly which probably helps in better absorption of calcium and its retention. (2) The above processed straw also brings about improvement in digestibility of nutrients, retention of nitrogen, production of milk and its constituents. It also lowers the cost of production per liter of milk without any adverse effect on the health of the animals. (3) Concluding. it can be mentioned that 4% urea treated paddy straw at 50% moisture level when stored for 4 weeks has a powerful effect on the overall improvement of its nutritive value as well as economical productive performance of the animals.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING UREA TREATED PADDY STRAW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GROWING MALE BUFFALO CALVES(Birsa Agricultural University, 1984) GUPTA, RANJAN; Sinha, A.P.1.4% urea treatment of paddy straw at 50% moisture level stored for 4 weeks has significantly better effect on increasing its protein percent and lowering the content which in turn has increased and protein degradability’s in the rumen. 2. 4% urea treatment of peddy straw of 50% moisture level stored for 20 days has improved its digestibility of martinets, retention of nitrogen and food efficiency ratio along with significant weight gains in 210 days without affecting either their health or carcass characteristics. Concluding, it could be mentioned that 4% urea treatment of paddy star at 50% moisture level when stored for 4 weeks has a powerful effect on the overall improvement of its nutritive value as well as on productive performance of the animals.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF INOPHORE (LASALOCID) AS FEED ADDITIVE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND NUTRIENT UTILIZATION IN CROSS BRED KIDS(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2009) Tudu, Shankar; Singh, R.N.The present study was carried out on 15 cross bred kids randomly divided into three groups having 5 in each group. Kids of T1 group were fed standard starter and grower rations as per ICAR (1998) recommendation; kids of T2 group were fed standard concentrate ration with Inophore @ 50 g/ 100 kg of the feed. Kids of T3 group were fed standard concentrate ration with Inophore @ 83.33 g/ 100 kg of the feed. Body weight of kids, digestibility of nutrients, plane of nutrition, balance of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus, feed conversion efficiency and economics of feeding were recorded and the findings are as follows : 1. The initial average body weights of groups T1, T2 and T3 were 4.70 ± 0.59, 4.80 ± 0.65 and 4.56 ± 0.47 kg and the final body weights at the end of experiments were 9.18 kg, 10.62 kg and 10.50 kg, respectively. 2. Daily body weight gain of T1, T2 and T3 groups were 40.00 ± 1.47 g, 46.43 ± 1.78 g and 53.03 ± 1.98 g, respectively. The highest daily gain in body weight was noted in T3 group followed by T2 and T1 groups. 3. Although the effect of added Inophore at two different levels had not significant influence on final body weight but higher body weight gain was recorded in kids of T3 group (10.50 kg) followed by T2 (10.00 kg) and T1 (9.10 kg) groups. 4. In general digestibility coefficient were found to be superior in T3 group followed by T2 and lowest in T1 group but values were not significantly different in respect to its nutrients and nutritive values. : 2 : 5. There was non-significant influence on intake of CP, TDN, DE and ME. Although it was higher in T3 group followed by T2 and T1 groups. 6. Balance of N, Ca and phosphorus were positive in all the three groups. The N and Ca balance were higher in T3 group in comparison to T2 and T1 groups but did not differed significantly. 7. The phosphorus retention as percent to P-intake and phosphorus retention as P-absorbed were significant (P < 0.01) higher in T3 group than T2 and T1 groups. 8. Diets had non-significant influence on blood constituents during whole experiment period. Although the level of haemoglobin and ALT and were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in T3 group at the end of experiment. 9. Better feed conversion efficiency was recorded in T2 group (5.96 ± 0.58) than T3 (5.29 ± 0.43) and T1 (6.35 ± 0.62). The difference was statically not significant. 10. Average cost per unit gain in live weights was lowest in T3 (Rs. 56.92) followed by T2 (Rs. 63.18) and T1 (Rs. 65.72). Supplementation of Inophore at the level of 50 g/ 100 kg of feed enhanced growth performance of kids by 23 per cent and feed ef ficiency by 17 per cent in comparison to control ration.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF UREA TREATMENT ON TANNIN CONTENT AND ITS INFLUENCE ON DIGESTIBILITY OF SAL SEED MEAL(Birsa Agricultural University, 1984) MAHESHWARI, Pavan kumar; GUPTA, B.S.1. Long term feeding trials should be conducted with UDSEN in growing, pregnant and lactating animals in order to see its performance on growth, pregnancy and lactation. 2. There is a need to develop an efficient and economical processing which could bring about higher removal of tannin with minimum loss of dry matter. 3. Long term feeding trials with larger quantity of incorporation of DSS after processing with suitable combinations of chemicals might be tried.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF URINE TREATED PADDY STRAW ON GROWTH AND NUTRIENT UTILIZATION IN CROSS- BRED MALE CATTLE CALVES(Birsa Agricultural University) MATTOO, FAROOG AHMAD; SRIVASTAWA, J.P.1.Urea treatments at 6% concentration and 50% moisture level and urine treatment of paddy straw stored for 4 weeks has significant effects in increasing crude protein and lowering crude fibre percentage. (2) Urea treatment at 5% level and urine treatment in 1:1 ratio of paddy strav increased its dry matter and crude protein degradability’s/digestibility’s in the rumen. 3.Both urea/urine treatments of paddy straw has increased digestibility co-efficient of various nutrients. Balances of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus were not affected by urea or urine treatment too much. Thus it could be concluded that both urea and urine treatment of low quality roughages have beneficial effects in increasing its nutritive value as well as on the productive performance of the animals.ThesisItem Open Access Effects of Feeding Marua (Eleusine Coracana) As An Energy Source In Large White Yorkshire Pig Ration(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1993) Uttam Kumar Hati; A.P.SinhaThe present studies indicate that maruhs feeding exhibited better nutrient utilization, growth, feed-officiency ration, positive retention of N, Ca and P with lowest cost per kg live weight as well as per kg mest production without having any abnormality in the animal. Thus it can be concluded that maruha can be economically used as an energy source to a maxi mum of 60 % level of swine rations by replacement of 100 % maize (v/v) in practical standard rations for growing pige without exhibiting any adverse effect.ThesisItem Open Access Growth Perfomences of Cross bred Goats on Different Planes of Nutrition(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1991) Swarajya Thakur; Dr. J.P Srivastava1.Since greater emphasis is being given to rear the goats under stall feeding system and to improve their productivity by cross breeding and optimum feeding, an investigation was carried out to evaluate the significance of major nutrients like energy and protein in various proportions on different aspects of goat production. The cost of feed being the major input item in any animal production, is required to be minimized by efficient utilization of the nutrients in the animal body as well as incorporation of cheaper unconventional ingredients in the feed. From the present studies broadly based on above aims and objectives, following conclusions were drawn. 1. The growth rate of the cross-bred kids could be improved by increasing the energy levels in the ration to some extent. The levels of protein in the ration could be reduced by 20 % without having significant adverse effects on the body weight gain provided the energy levels are adequate. 2. The reduction of both protein as well as energy in the ration of growing cross-bred kids had very drastic effects on the body weight gain. 3. The variations in the levels of energy and protein in the ration does not affect the amount of the daily feed intake, The digestibility coefficients of feed dry matter as well as the nutrients like crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, nitrogen-free-extract, total carbohydrates, organic matter and gross energy have been lowered with the reduction in energy content of the ration.ThesisItem Open Access Growth Performance In Broiler Chicks AS Influenced By Feeding Unconventional Cakes Mixture(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1989) Haque, Nazrul; J.P. SrivastavaBased on the observations made under these investigations, it could be concluded that the cakes' pixture under present study containing expeller pressed kosum cake 50.00 per cent, deoiled karanj cake 21.00 per cent, deciled niger cake 21.50 per cent, deoiled sal seed meal 5.00 per cent might be used to a maximum limit of 20 per cent level of replacement (w/w) of practical standard diets for broilers.
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