Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access A Review on Multiplication Distribution of Improved Seed(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1961) Ganesh Chandra Mahanta; R.P. RoyAbout 45 years back the plant breeding work was started in India and the breeders have produced a large number of improved strains, but the cultivators have not taken these verities of seeds in their general cultivation to a great extent .As pure seed of improved verities gave 10-15% extra yield on an average , hence on order to increase the food production in India , maximum area may be covered by pure seed of improved varieties . The original pure seed of improved strain is to be multiplied on different stages to make the seed bulky and sufficient in quantity for the general cultivation. During the course of multiplication the pure seed of improved verities will be grown at private farm and there is much chance to be contamination of seed. In order to guard against this contamination of seed and seed certification are essential. In multiplication of pure seeds of Improved verities, other factors of production like good soil, irrigation, culture practices and plant protection measure may also be applied .The seed multiplication and distribution work is being done in different countries of the world and the process of multiplication and distribution varies greatly from one country to another. Even there is variation in seed multiplication and distribution programme in different states. The rate of multiplication in different crops will be different and hence a plan for multiplication for each crop is essential and once the area has been saturated with improved seed, the multiplication programme should not be stopped. The pure seed should always move in one direction i.e. from the breeded to the cultivators ,but in no way it should be reversed . Thus process of seed multiplication will be a continuous process. To maintain the purity of seed in the process of multiplication inspection of the seed in plot of registered grower is essential. Better storage arrangement is also helpful in maintaining purity. For quick saturation of improved seed, the different local organizations should be strengthened. The hybrid seeds of bajra and maize are recognized to produce higher yield, hence the hybrid seed of these crops may be multiplied for the use of the cultivators.ThesisItem Open Access Agro techniques of Mustard Under Medium Land Condition(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1999) Birendra Kumar; V. C. SrivastvaUnder medium land conditions of Bihar plateau rainy seasons paddy is harvested late, thus mustard sowing gets delayed causing drastic yield reduction. Keeping in view the above fact an experiment was conducted during winter season of 1997-98 on sandy loam soil having 170, 13.24 and 148 kg/ha available NP and K respectively with pH 6.0 to study the effect of sowing method and nitrogen level on growth, development, yield, quality and economics of mustard. The treatments consisted of three sowing methods- paira, broadcast and line sowing in main plots and four nitrogen level 0,40,80 and 120 kg/ha in sub-plots. Experiment was laid out in split plot design and replicated thrice.. Results revealed that paira sown mustard produced maximum (6.04 q/ha) and straw (27.46 q/ha) yield as a result of higher dry matter (306,79 g/m² at maturity), CGR (5.57 g/m²/day between 50-70 DAS), RGR (0.113 g/g/day between 30-50 DAS), maturity (123 days), plant height (104.6 cm), secondary branches/plant (5.8), siliquae/ plant (59). Consequently heat unit requirement (1610 kg/ha), net energy output (35,000 MJ/ha). energy use efficiency (7.09), net return (Rs.5,768/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.40) was higher under paira than broadcast and line sown crop. Crop with 120 kg N/ha produced maximum seed (7.87 q/ha) and straw (23.17 q/ha) yield owing to higher dry matter accumulation (369.88 g/m²), CGR (5.14 g/m²/day) and RGR (0.083 g/g/day) between 50 70 DAS and maturity (119 days). Similarly primary (4.8) and secondary (6.2) branches/plant, siliquae/plant (77), oil yield (263 kg/ha), N-uptake (73.19 kg/ha), net energy output (43,646 MJ/ha), net return (Rs.7,641/ha) and benefit cost ratio (1.58) was also high with 120 kg N/ha. Mustard crop sown as paira with 120 kg N/ha proved better for higher productivity and monetary advantage .ThesisItem Open Access AGRONOMIC BIOFORTIFICATION OF ZINC AND IRON IN FIELD PEA (Pisum sativum L.)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Nikita Kumari; S. KarmakarField pea is one of the oldest domesticated pulse crops, primarily used for human consumption or as a livestock feed. The world production of field pea in 2020 was approximately 14.8 million metric tons. India ranks fifth in global production producing approximately 0.8 million metric tons of field pea. Jharkhand has 0.6 lakh hectare under field pea cultivation with the production of 0.7 lakh ton and productivity of 1210 kg/ha (Directorate of Agriculture, 2020-21). Nowadays agronomic biofortification seeks the attention of researchers because it is a cost-effective and less-time consuming method for increasing the concentration of micronutrients like zinc and iron which are lacking in the diets of poor rural populations. Developing countries are particularly vulnerable to zinc deficiency due to their heavy reliance on plant-based diets, while failure to supply the adequate daily iron requirement over an extended period may lead to its deficiency, which affects more than 3 billion individuals worldwide. Keeping these points in view, an experiment entitled “Agronomic Biofortification of Zinc and Iron in Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.)” was conducted at Birsa Agricultural University Farm, Kanke, Ranchi during Rabi season of 2021-2022 with an objective to study the effect of different modes of application of zinc and iron on growth, yield attributes, yield, nutrient content, uptake and economics of field pea. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) replicated thrice with eight treatments viz. T1:RDF (25:50:25:20 N:P2O5:K2O:S kg/ha) + PSB + Rhizobium) as basal, T2: RDF + 0.5% ZnSO4 foliar spray at pre-flowering and pod-initiation, T3: RDF + 0.5% FeSO4 foliar spray at preflowering and pod-initiation, T4: RDF + 0.5% ZnSO4 + 0.5% FeSO4 foliar spray at pre-flowering and podinitiation, T5: RDF + seed priming with 0.05% ZnSO4 solution w/v soaked for 3-4 hours, T6: RDF + seed priming with 0.05% FeSO4 solution w/v soaked for 3-4 hours, T7: RDF + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 20 kg/ha, T8 : RDF + soil application of FeSO4 @ 20 kg/ha. Field pea variety Aman (IPF 5-19) was taken as test crop for the experiment. The soil was sandy loam in texture, acidic pH (5.7), low in orgaic carbon (4.4 g/kg) and nitrogen (249.34 kg/ha), medium in available phosphorus (20.65 kg/ha), potassium (161.32 kg/ha), DTPA extractable zinc (0.8 mg/kg), and high in DTPA extractable iron (21.06 mg/kg). Results revealed that maximum improvement in growth and yield attributing characters of field pea like plant height (107.83 cm), plant dry weight (729.87 g/m2), number of nodules/plant (38.20), dry weight of nodules (95.50 mg/plant), number of pods/plant (9.95), number of seeds/pod (6.01), 100 seed weight (13.51g) as well as grain yield (1869.70 kg/ha), stover yield (3931.24 kg/ha) and harvest index (32.25 %) was recorded with the treatment RDF + 0.5% ZnSO4 + 0.5% FeSO4 foliar spray at pre-flowering and pod-initiation which remained at par with RDF + 0.5% ZnSO4 foliar spray at pre-flowering and podinitiation and RDF + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 20 kg/ha. The content of nitrogen (3.94, 1.76)% and potassium (0.91, 1.33)% in grain and stover of field pea respectively was recorded maximum with application of RDF + foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4 at pre-flowering and pod-initiation while, phosphorus content in grain and stover (0.40, 0.19)% was found maximum with foliar spray of 0.5% FeSO4 along with RDF. Zinc content (49.81 mg/kg, 44.88 mg/kg) was found maximum in treatment RDF + 0.5% ZnSO4 foliar spray at pre-flowering and pod-initiation while, iron content (94.22 mg/kg, 90.29 mg/kg) was found maximum with the application of RDF + 0.5% FeSO4 foliar spray at pre-flowering and pod-initiation in grain and stover respectively. Total uptake of nitrogen (141.64 kg/ha), phosphorus (14.32 kg/ha), potassium (67.04 kg/ha), zinc (259.11 g/ha) and iron (518.9 g/ha) were found maximum with RDF + 0.5% ZnSO4 + 0.5% FeSO4 foliar spray at pre-flowering and pod-initiation stage. It was also observed that gross return (₹ 84424 /ha), net return (₹ 54013 /ha), and B:C ratio (1.78) recorded maximum with the application of RDF + 0.5% ZnSO4 + 0.5% FeSO4 foliar spray at pre-flowering and pod-initiation stage. Physico-chemical properties of soil (available N, P, K, Zn and Fe) were not influenced significantly by the application of different doses of zinc and iron. Based on one year of experimentation, it may be concluded that application of RDF i.e. (25:50:25:20 N:P2O5:K2O:S kg/ha) as basal along with foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4 and 0.5% FeSO4 at preflowering and pod-initiation stage would be economically viable option for improving productivity and nutrient uptake as well as fortifying total content of zinc and iron in grain of field pea.ThesisItem Open Access AGRONOMIC MANAGEMENT FOR IMPROVED RICE PRODUCTIVITY UNDER SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2010) HANSDA, JYOTI; Yadava, M.S.More than 80 % of fresh water is consumed by the agricultural sector. Among the crops, rice consumes 50% of total water used in agriculture & with declining per capita availability of water over the years, there is need to enhance water productivity in rice cultivation. System of rice intensification (SRI) offers an opportunity for reducing demand of water in rice sector. One of the advantages of SRI (System of Rice Intensification) is to use younger seedling and management of weeds by conoweeder which aerates the soil and also incorporates weeds. However, use of younger seedling is difficult due to tenderness of the seedling as well as handling of the seedling. The cono-weeding practice in rice is involved with drudgery and a person needs to walk 40 km to cover an area of one ha in one direction. In order to standardize and economize conoweeding, the present investigation to evaluate the age of seedling and weed management methods under SRI was conducted in factorial Randomized Block Design replicated thrice with factor- 1 (A1-10 days old seedlings, A2-15 days old seedlings), factor- 2 (weed management methods viz. W1-2 times cono-weeding at 10 & 20 DAT, W2-4 times cono-weeding at 10, 20, 30 & 40 DAT, W3-preemergence application of Butachlor @ 1.5 kg. a.i /ha +1HW at 10 DAT, W4- weed free(20,40,60DAT) without cono-weeding and W5- weedy check). Keeping this in view, an experiment entitled “Agronomic management for improved rice productivity under System of Rice Intensification” was carried out in Alfisol under sub-humid agro-climatic condition at Rice Research Farm, BAU, Kanke, Ranchi (Jharkhand) during kharif 2009. Soil of the experimental plot was sandy clay loam with pH 6.2 having available soil N, P & K (210, 8.54 & 215 Kg/ha). Rice hybrid - PA 6444 was transplanted at a spacing of 25 cm x 25 cm with single seedling/hill. A fertilizer dose @ 125:80:90 kg NPK/ha (including FYM @ 5 t/ha applied 15 days before the transplanting) was applied as per the recommended time and methods. Results revealed that transplanting of 10 days old seedling under SRI recorded significantly higher vegetative growth characters of rice hybrid PA 6444 namely plant height (89.04cm), total no. of tillers per m2 (288), dry matter accumulation in plant (1041.93 g/m2) as compared to 15 days old seedlings. Significant increase in grain yield (60.80 q/ha) was also recorded with 10 days old seedling as compared to 15days old seedlings (56.20 q/ha). Uptake (kg/ha) of N (131.53), P (24.31) & K (123) by the crop was significantly higher with 10 days old seedlings as compared to 15 days old seedlings. Yield attributing characters viz. effective tillers/m2 (284), no. of fertile grain/panicle (158) was significantly higher in the plots transplanted with 10 days old seedlings. However, dry matter production of weeds did not differ significantly with the age of seedling. Weed control efficiency higher in 10 days old seedlings (50.13) as compared to 15 days old seedlings (49.74). However minimum weed index was observed in 10 days old seedlings (8.29 %) than that of 15 days old seedlings (15.23 %). Among the weed management practices, growth characters such as plant height (91.92 cm), total tiller/m2 (318) and dry matter production in plant (1196.8 g/m2) and LAI (4.00) were significantly higher with the treatment 4 times conoweeding. However, this was at par with the treatment 2 times conoweeding except dry matter production. Maximum yield of 64.25 q/ha was recorded with the treatments 4 times cono-weeding which is significantly superior to rest of the treatment except 2 times conoweeding (63.55 q/ha). Uptake (kg/ha) of N (144.42), P (26.81) & K (136.62) by the plant was higher with the treatment having 4 times conoweeding. Minimum dry matter of weeds was recorded with weed free check (38.75 g/m2) followed by the treatment having 4 times cono weeding (82.75 g/m2). Weed control efficiency (%) was highest in weed free (83.03%) followed by 4 times conoweeding (63.72%), Butachlor application (54.38%) and 2 times conoweeding (48.55%), however minimum weed index % was observed in 4 times conoweeding (3.09) followed by 2 times conoweeding (4.14), weed free check (3 HW) without conoweeding (10.41), butachlor application + 1 HW (11.91) and weedy check (29.26). Bacterial activity in soil was unaffected due to age of seedlings. It was significantly higher in 4 times conoweeded plots (75 X 105 cfu/g of soil) compared to 2 times conoweeding (69 x 105 cfu/g of soil). Dehydrogenase activity was found non significant in both the cases. In economics, 10 days old seedling recorded significantly higher Gross return (57,236 Rs/ha), Net return (41,111 Rs/ha) & B: C ratio (2.57) than that of 15 days old seedling (52,846 Rs/ha, 36,721 Rs/ha & 2.29, respectively). Among weed management methods, 4 times conoweeding recorded maximum gross return (60,591 Rs/ha) being at par with 2 times conoweeding (59,833 Rs/ha) & weed free check (3HW) without conoweeding (55,906 Rs/ha) and significantly superior to other methods. However, 2 times conoweeding recorded maximum net return (44,336 Rs/ha) being at par with 4 times conoweeding (44,097 Rs/ha) & Butachlor application (39,721 Rs/ha) and significantly superior to the others. However, higher B: C ratio was found in 2 times conoweeding (2.86) and was found significantly superior to other treatments.ThesisItem Open Access Agronomic Management of Normal and Late Sown Wheat in Bihar Plateau(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Pankaj Kumar Singh; A. RafeAn experiment was conducted to know the effect on "Agronomic management of normal and late sown wheat in Bihar plateau" at Birsa Agricultural University Farm, Ranchi during rabi season, 1995-98 in split plot design with two main plot, 8 subplot with 3 replications. The main plot treatments consisted of two seeding date (25 November and 10 December) while sub plot treatments consisted of four levels of nitrogen (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha-1) and two seed rates (125 and 150 kg ha-1). The soil of the experimental plot was sandy loan in texture, having 210.0, 27.5 and 149.0 kg ha-1 available N, P and K respectively and acidic in reaction (PH 6). The results revealed that higher seed rate (150 kg ha-1) gave more number of plants but it did not influence on yield. Nitrogen levels significantly influenced the growth and yield attributing characters. Application of 120 kg N ha-1 was found significantly superior to 0, 40 and 80 kg N ha-1 on yield and yield attributing characters. Seeding on November 25 produced 22.47 percent higher grain yield than late seeding (26.7 q ha-1). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 give higher grain yield (38.8 q ha-1), straw yield (72.75 q ha-1) net return (Rs. 12,750 ha-1) and net benefit/cost ratio of Rs. 1.88 on each rupee of investment as compared to the rest of the levels. Correlation between grain yield and yield attributes was found highly significant and positive. Variation in seed rate did not show marked effect on grain yield and monetary productivity of wheat crop. Interaction between seeding date, nitrogen levels and seed rates were not found significant in any character studied.ThesisItem Open Access AgroTechniques to Mitigate The Unavailability of Irrigation At CRI In Wheat(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1994) Suman Kumar Sadhu; R. ThakurUnder many situations, it is not possible to organize the first irrigation at Crown root initiation (CRI) stage which consequently reduces. The production- vity of wheat. A field experiment was therefore conducted in split plot design with four replications on sandy loan soil of low fertility at the Birsa Agricultural University Farm, Ranchi during the winter season of 1992-93 to compensate the yield loss caused by unavailability of CRI Irrigation by increasing seed ratio and fertilizer. Main plot treatments consisted of 2 Irrigations [1. Cri maximum tillering [MT] boot [a]+ milk [m] and ii. MT•B+ whereas sub plot treatments consisted combination of 3 seed rates (100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1] and 3 fertilizer levels (1. 120: 26.2: 33.3 1i. 15ci 32.7: 33.2, 111. 1801 39.3:33.2 NPK kg ha-1). Results revealed that irrigation at CRI favorably affected effective tiller, spike length, spikelet per spike, grain per spike which consequently increased the grain and straw yield by 36.2 and 31.1 per cent, respect as compared to the crop raised without irrigation at CRI. Irrigation at CRI B+ stag os also gave 71.4 per cent higher net return, 29.5 per cent more benefit: cost ratio, 40.2 per cent higher not energy output with 6.62 energy use efficiency, 28.3 per cent more energy productivity and 40.4 per cent more water use than the crop receiving irrigation at MTB+1 stages. Increase in seed rate beyond optimum (100 kg ha-1] could not bring significant increase in grain yield, straw yield, harvest index, net return, benefit: cost ratio, energy output, energy use efficiency and energy produc tivity of wheat. However, increase in fertilizer (N and P] by 25 and 50 per cent over recommended [120: 20.21 33.2 NPK kg ha-1) gave 7.3 and 13.3 per cent, respectively higher grain yield. Although each incremental dose of fertilizer gave similar net return over its preceding dose, the benefit: cost ratio did not differ significantly. The variation in fertilizer dose did not influence the net energy output but recommended dose of fertilizer was most efficient user of energy with maximum energy use efficiency [3.21 for grain and 6.27 for bio mass) and energy productivity [219 g MJ-1]. Thus, CRI irrigation is indispensable for better growth, higher yield and profit with high energy output, energy use efficiency and energy productivity. Increase in seed rate and fertilizer failed to compensate the yield loss incurred due to missing irrigation at CRI.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment OF New Wheat Varieties For Inter Adaptability Under Varying Irrigation Supply Conditions(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1989) Thakur, Radha Kant; R. ThakurA field experiment was conducted during winter 1986-87 on sandy loam soils at Birsa agricultural University Kanke Ranchi to assess the new wheat varieties for inter adaptability under varying irrigation supply conditions. Treatment comprising three irrigation levels (irrigation at CRI, GRI+Boot and CRI+Boot *Flowering stage) in main-plots and four varieties (HI 1114, UP 262, sonalika and HD 2402) in sub-plots was laid out in split plot design with four replications. Crop receiving three irrigations recorded significantly higher values of LLAR, COR, RGR and RAR (36.4 g an, 10.7 g m day, 0.205 g g 1 week and 8.0 g m2 day respectively) from boot to flowering and produced maximum grain yield of 25.3 g ha with a boat return of .5601.93 ha. Reduction in grain yield with one and two irrigations as compared to three irrigations was to the tune of 3.88 and 2.45 he which corresponded a loss of .881 and 670 ha, respectively. Seasonal consumptive water use of wheat varied from 293 to 319 mm with 1-3 irrigation. Wheat var. HI 1114 produced the highest grain yield of 25.24 q ha with minimum moisture use (292.6 m) and maximam wue (8.6 kg grain ha m water use), net return (s.5638.64 ha-1, and benefit cost ratio of 2.39.ThesisItem Open Access Beushening VS Chemical Weed Control In Performance Of Rainfed Lowland Rice(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1996) Rama Shankar Singh; G.P.SahaIn order to study busheling VS chemical weed Control in performance of lowland rice, an experiment was conducted in the Eastern Section of the Ranchi Agricultural College Farm, Kanke, Ranchi under rainfed lowland condition during the kharif season (July November, 1994). The expe riment was laidout in the randomised block design. The treatments included bushening at 25 DAS (Standard practice), 355 at 40 DAS (Common practice) and at 25 DAS alongwith 1 HW at 40 DAS, post emergence application of 2,4-D 0.75 and 1.5 kg aa/ha AS and papergence application of each and butachlor 2 kg ai/ha 20DAS each with and without 1 HW at 40 DAS, two hand-weedings at 25 and 40 DAS together with a weedy check. Thus, there were eleven treatments which were replicated thrice. The soil of the experimental plot was silt loam, low in fertility and slightly acidic in reaction. Among the treatments, two hand-weedings (25 and 40 DAS) gave maximum grain yield. It was followed in decreasing order by that with butachlor 2 kg ai/ha 20DAS + 1 HW 40 DAS and 2,4-D 0.75 kg ae/ha 20 DAS. Among the other treatments bushening 25 DAS + 1 HW 40 DAS was found as effective as two hand-weedings. Similarly, in increasing straw yield two hand weedings showed superiority over the remaining treatments. It was followed in decreasing order by that with butachlor 2 kg ai/ha 20 DAS 1 HW 40 DAS, 2,4-D 0.75 kg ae/ha 20 DAS 1 HW 40 DAS, butachlor 2 kg ai/ha 20DAS, 2,4-D 0.75 kg ae/ha 20 DAS and bushening 40 DAS (Common practice). However, among the other treatments only bushening 25 DAS + 1 HW 40 DAS was found equally effective with two hand-weed ings (25 and 40 DAS) in increasing straw yield. So far net return is concerned butachlor 2 kg ai/ha 20 DAS 1 HW 40 DAS was found as good as bushening 25 DAS + 1 HW 40 DAS and two hand-weedings (25 and 40 DAS) and the return hereunder was significantly higher than that with the remaining treatments. However, when the returns were compared at with and without one hand-weeding at 40 DAS, it was found that whether it was bushening or chemical measures, association of one hand-weeding at 40 DAS gave more returns than without its association. However, when benefit/cost ratio was calculated, buta chlor e 2 kg ai/ha 20 DAS + 1 HW 40 DAS, 2,4-D 0.75 kg ae/ha 20 DAS 1 HW 40 DAS, butachlor 2 kg ai/ha 20DAS bushening 25 DAS (Standard practice) + 1 HW 40 DAS, 2,4-D 1.5 kg ae/ha 20 DAS 1 HW 40 DAS and 2,4-D 0.75 kg ae/ha 20 DAS dis played higher ratio as compared to two hand-weedings (25 and 40 DAS) but compared to weedy check all the measures gave greater ratio. The above results clearly indicate that under the above soil and fertility condition treatments like bushening 25 DAS 1 HW 40 DAS and butachlor 2 kg ai/ha 20DAS + 1 HW 40 DAS should be adopted from productivity as well as profitability point of view. Moreover, this is the result of a single year and hence, for the confirmation of the result, the investigation needs to be repeated.ThesisItem Open Access BIOLOGICAL POTENTIAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF PIGEONPEA (Cajanus cajan L.) IN ASSOCIATION WITH FINGERMILLET (Eleusine coracana L.) CULTIVARS(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2009) Kujur, Mrs. Sunita; Ahmad, S.The information on intercropping of potential pigeonpea pulse crop with new cultivars of fingermillet is very scanty. Hence in a process to give a quantum boost to total productivity of monsoonal rainfed upland crop, the present experiment was planned to assess the biological potential and economical viability of pigeonpea as base crop in association with fingermillet cultivars as intercrop for agro-climatic zone of Eastern Plateau region of the country. The field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years at Birsa Agricultural University, Farm, Ranchi during Kharif (rainy) season of 2005 and 2006 on a representative sandy loam rainfed upland (belonging to the red–yellow-light-grey catenary soil association group) representing major soil group of Jharkhand, receiving about 1350 mm of annual rainfall, 85 per cent is received between mid June to mid September. The main objective was to select suitable and sustainable intercropping system of pigeonpea in association with compatible new cultivars of fingermillet in place of dominant mono-cropping system. Under this investigation, pigeonpea (cv.BR-65) was taken as base crop and three cultivars of fingermillet (short duration cv. Birsa marua - 1, medium duration cv. HR-374 and long duration cv. PR-202) in sole as well as in intercrop were taken. The experiment was conducted in Randomised Block Design with three replications and sixteen treatment combinations consisting pigeonpea and three cultivars of fingermillet in sole cropping and four intercropping treatments of pigeonpea + fingermillet under 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 row ratios with short, medium and long duration cultivars of fingermillet. ii The important findings of the experiment are: From the two consecutive years of experimentation, growth, yield attributes and yield of component crops in intercropping system were reduced as compared to their sole cropping. In intercropping, association of pigeonpea + fingermillet (SD) 1:1 row proportion performed better in producing higher pigeonpea equivalent yield (13.13 qha-1) which was followed by pigeonpea + fingermillet (MD) 1:1 row proportion. Association of pigeonpea either with short duration or medium duration fingermillet having 46 per cent (LER = 1.46) and 42 per cent (LER = 1.42) land advantage was biologically more suitable systems with their better mutual co-hesiveness. Maximum reduction in pigeonpea equivalent yield was recoded under pigeonpea + fingermillet 1:4 row ratio due to higher plant density of fingermillet. Data on relative crowding co-efficient (RCC) revealed that in intercropping system short duration fingermillet cultivar performed better than medium and long duration ones. Competitive ratio (CR) was recorded minimum under pigeonpea + fingermillet 1:1 row proportion with short, medium and long duration cultivars of fingermillet. Association of short duration fingermillet with pigeonpea under 1:1 row proportion also accounted for the maximum net returns (Rs. 15,090.5 ha-1) and benefit: cost ratio (2.31). It has fairly good monetary advantage of Rs. 6,203.8 ha-1 and closely followed by pigeonpea + fingermillet (MD) 1:1 row proportion. However, maximum reduction in net returns and benefit: cost ratio was found under pigeonpea + fingermillet in 1:4 row proportion. Performance of growth and yield attributes of pigeonpea and fingermillet was better in pigeonpea + fingermillet 1:1 row ratio due to iii higher availability of light and less competition between two component crops for space and nutrients. Higher available soil moisture under alternate row intercropping system resulted in higher yield of both the component crops. However, maximum reduction in soil moisture under 1:4 row ratio resulted in lower yield due to more competition for moisture at higher plant density and therefore was not found suitable crop combination in intercropping system. The uptake of three major plant nutrients (NPK) was higher in sole cropping as compared to their uptake in individual component crop in intercropping system. Total uptake of nitrogen (80.55 kg ha-1) was higher under pigeonpea + fingermillet (MD) 1:1 row proportion whereas that of phosphorus (14.74 kg ha-1) and potassium (108.05 kg ha-1) was higher under sole crop of long duration fingermillet. The available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of soil (195.13, 12.68 and 146.78 kg ha-1 , respectively) were higher under sole stand of pigeonpea as compared to sole fingermillet and intercropping combinations. Association of pigeonpea with short duration fingermillet in 1:1 row proportion in intercropping system maintained the soil fertility as compared to sole stand of fingermillet. Higher nutrient content in soil under pigeonpea with short duration fingermillet (1:1) appeared to be more suitable for maintaining soil health. Finally, from the above observations, it may be concluded that association of pigeonpea with short and medium duration fingermillet in 1:1 row proportion was biologically sustainable and economically viable system with a better economic returns and also maintained the fertility status of soil under rainfed upland condition.ThesisItem Open Access Compatibility Of Finger Millet Genotypes With Pigeonpea And Blackgram Under Intercropping System(Birsa Agricultural University;Ranchi, 2006) Mahto, Dilip Kumar; Ahmad, S.ThesisItem Open Access CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE BASED MANAGEMENT IN MAIZE – WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2012) ., Shreemoyee; Yadava, M.S.In maize-wheat system, crops are grown by thoroughly tilling the field to obtain high yield in conventional tillage practices. Operational energy and the cost of cultivation is higher in conventional tillage system production than in reduced tillage (Singh et al. 2009). Conservation agriculture based technologies have proved to produce more at less cost. In recent years, site specific nutrient management is gaining more attention to obtain higher yields. Keeping this in view an experiment entitled “Conservation Agriculture based Management in Maize-Wheat Cropping System” was carried out in Alfisol under sub humid agro-climatic condition at Rice Research Farm, BAU, Kanke, Ranchi (Jharkhand) during 2011-2012. Soil of the experimental plot was Sandy loam with pH 5.6 having available N, P & K (253.42, 19.12 , 215 kg/ha). In kharif 2011, maize hybrid HQPM-1 was sown at a spacing of 70 x 20 cm and in rabi 2011-12, wheat var. BAZZ at 25cm. The Recommended Dose of fertilizer @ 120: 60:40 kg/ha N:P:K for both crops, SSNM @ 208: 107: 86 kg/ha N:P:K in maize & SSNM @ 196: 123: 85 kg/ha N:P:K in wheat was applied as per recommended splits. In order to find out a suitable tillage practice and nutrient level, the present investigation was conducted under Split Plot Design replicated thrice with five tillage practices in the main plot (T1- Conventional tillage, T2- Permanent Wide Bed with residue, T3- Permanent wide bed without residue, T4- No-till with residue, T5- No till without residue) and three nutrient levels in the sub plot (F1- Recommended Dose of fertilizer, F2- SSNM- 2 N splits @ 80% basal+20% top dressing, F3- SSNM-3 N splits @ 1/3rd+1/3rd+1/3rd). Results revealed that permanent wide bed with residue recorded significantly higher vegetative growth characters of maize hybrid HQPM-1 and wheat variety Bazz namely dry matter production (573.54, 191.18 g / m row length) and LAI (4.52, 2.17) as compared to no-till or conventional tillage, respectively. In wheat maximum number of total tillers/m2 (530.11) was also recorded with permanent wide bed with residue. Plant height did not differ significantly due to tillage practices in maize but significant difference was observed in wheat. Significantly higher grain yield (65.71, 42.39 q/ha) and straw yield (92, 60.53 q/ha) were recorded with permanent wide bed with residue and lowest was obtained with no-till without residue in maize and wheat, respectively. Tillage practices did not influence yield attributes of maize significantly. However, in wheat no. of filled grains/earhead (50), 1000 grain weight (40.54 g) and no. of effective tillers/ m2 (510) differed significantly due to permanent wide bed with residue. Total nutrient uptake (kg/ha) of N (241.66, 136.41), P (14.88, 20.26) and K (170.52, 117.43) was significantly higher with permanent wide bed with residue in both maize and wheat crop, respectively. Among various nutrient levels, SSNM- 3 splits recorded significantly higher vegetative characters of maize and wheat namely dry matter production (522.54, 174.18 g/m row length) and LAI (4.37, 2.21) as compared to SSNM-2 splits and recommended dose. In wheat maximum tillers/m2 (505) was recorded with SSNM-3 splits. Plant height differed significantly due to nutrient levels in maize and wheat (234.8,101.7), respectively. Nutrient levels did not influence yield attributes of maize significantly. However, in wheat no. of filled grains/earhead (51.41) and effective tillers/m2 (485.07) differed significantly due to SSNM-3 splits. Significantly higher grain yield (64.88, 40.51 q/ha) and straw yield (90.80, 54.87 q/ha) were recorded with SSNM-3 splits and lowest yield was obtained with recommended dose in maize and wheat, respectively. Total uptake (kg /ha) of N (240.56, 126.78), P (14.94, 19.14) and K (156.78, 111.79) was significantly higher with SSNM-3 splits in maize and wheat, respectively. Results in respect to maize-wheat system revealed that permanent wide bed with residue recorded significantly higher system yield (118.7 q/ha), gross return (Rs140011/ha), net return (Rs 90978/ha) and B:C ratio (1.85).Also the total nutrient uptake by the system was observed significantly higher with Permanent wide bed with residue (N- 378.86, P- 35.14, K- 260.95). Among various nutrient levels, SSNM-3 splits recorded significantly higher system yield (115.51 q/ha), gross return (Rs 135581/ha), net return (Rs 86314 /q) and B:C ratio (1.75). Total nutrient uptake (kg/ha) was also significantly higher in SSNM-3 splits (N-367.35, P-34.09, K-268.57 kg/ha). Hence, on the basis of the experiment, it can be concluded that: The tillage practice, permanent wide bed with residue is economical for obtaining higher system yield (118.70 q/ha), net return (Rs 90978 /ha) and B:C ratio (1.85) and the nutrient level SSNM- 3 split is economical for obtaining higher system yield (115.51 q/ha), net return (Rs 86315/q) and B:C ratio (1.75) under conservation agriculture based management in maizewheat system. Interaction of tillage practices and nutrient levels was not found significant throughout the crop growth period. Since it was the first year of the investigation, no residue was applied in case of maize. Therefore there was no effect of residue on maize. In wheat, though maize residue was retained, no significant effect was observed as it was the first year of residue application.ThesisItem Open Access Constraints to the Utilization of Recommended Rice Practices in Ranchi District of Bihar India 1989-1992(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1992) Celine Kerketta; Madeline M. SuvaKerketta ,Celine, university of the Philippines at los Bahos,October,1992. Constraints to the Utilization of Recommended Rice Practices in Ranchi District of Bihar India. Major professor: Dr.Virginia R.Cardenas. This study was an attempt to (1) identify some characteristics of the rice farmers and their effects on the adoption of recommended rice practices. (2)Determine the perceived level of availability of support services among the respondents. (3) determine the extent of adoption of improved rice production practices by the rice farmers. (4) identify some constraints to the adoption of recommended rice technologies. And (5) determins the extent of the contribution of these factors to adoption. The study was conducted in four Development Blocks (a sub-unit of a district) of Ranchi district Bihar India viz. Kanke. Angara, Ratu, and Bero. Among 150 farmers. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the samples. Pearson correlation test was used to determine whether significant relationships existed between selected factor and adoption of improved rice technology. Data were obtained through the use of a questionnaire. The average age of the farmers was 42 years. Thirty-four percent had no formal schooling, and 42 percent had incomes enough to sustain their families for a year. Average household size was eight(8) with an average of 4.72 units of family labor available. Fifty percent of the respondents tribal and the other half non-tribals with an average or 26 years farming experience, contact with extension workers, however, was very poor. They had highly favorable attitudes towards improved rice technologies, except killing rats by using baits. Average farm size was 1.59 hectares but the land holdings were scattered which hindered them from adopting improved rice technologies. Sixty-two percent had water resource or irrigation facility for their crops but it was inadequate. About 22precent were able to grow two crops a year on the same parcel with an average multiple cropping intensity of about 125 percent . Sixty-two percent of the farmers did not avail of any credit facility, only 21 percent got more than 75 percent of their capital requirement from credit sources. An average of 54.7 percent of the farm inputs required were available to the farmers, but these were very costly and sometimes not available at the right time, amount, and price. An average of 77 percent capital was available to the farmers. Exposure to agricultural publications and membership in agriculture related organizations were very low an average of 30 and 25 percent, respectively. Proximity to road was favorable. Only 57 percent listened to agricultural programs from the radio. Although 48.63 percent of adoption support services were mentioned available to the farmers. Only as average of 20.75 percent of recommended technologies were adopted in Ranchi district. Of 19 independent variables tested using the correlation coefficient, only seven were significantly related to the adoption of improved rice technologies. However, using stepwise multiple regressions, only eight variables, such as inputs, caste, credit, farms size, extension contact, radio listenership, membership in organization, and proximity to roads were found to explain best the adoption of improved technologies. It suggests that by strengthening the variables input , credit , farm size, extension contact, radio listening, affiliation in organization , and connecting feeder roads to the highway, more technology adoption may be achieved in rice production. Farmers reported several constraints to the adoption of the recommended rice technologies. Important among these were poor availability o f inputs at proper time. Their inadequate amount and unaffordable price , lack of funds , lack of technical know-how and lack of irrigation .These problems are mostly institutional. Hence, if an effective policy to improve these conditions is implemented, there will be more chance of technology adoption among the farmers. Also, through efficient extension service these above mentioned constraints to adoption of improved technologies would certainly be minimized.ThesisItem Open Access Contribution of Production Factors to Niger (Guizotia Abyssinica Cass.) Production(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2000) Shambhu Sharan kumar; A .RehmanA field experiment was conducted on the crop niger during late Kharif season of 1999-2000 at Birsa Agricultural University Farm, Kanke, Ranchi to study the contribution of production factors to niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) production. The soil was sandy loam with slightly acidic (pH 6.1) in reaction. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with eight treatments (T₁ = local practice, T₂ = full package, T, T₂- fertilizer, T₁ = T₂ -line sowing; To T₂- Improved variety, T= T₂ weed control; Ty = T₂- (line sowing + weed control); To T₂- (fertilizer + variety) were replicated three times. The results of the experiment revealed that growth attributes (plant height, number of primary and secondary branches per plant) and yield attributes (number of capitulla per plant and seeds per capitulla) were significantly higher over local practices due to adoption of full package of practices Among all the treatments, full package recorded maximum biological, seed and straw yields (26.51, 6.10 and 20.41 q/ha,respectively). In economics, the treatment full package computed maximum gross return, net return and benefit-cost ratio (Rs.5492.3/ha, Rs.1066.3/ha and 0.24 respectively) and the local practice recorded minimum gross return, negative net return and negative benefit-cost ratio (Rs 2317 6, Rs 559 per hectare and 0.19, respectively). The application of fertilizers, weed control, improved variety and line sowing contributed in increasing the yield of niger by 48.7 %, 34.0 %, 14.4 % and 1.8 %, respectively, over local practice (no use of fertilizers, broadcast seeding, local variety and no weeding). The combined effect of full package in contributing the increase in yield of niger was 129.3 per cent. Hence, on the basis of above findings full package might be established as the best treatment in maximizing net profit as well as benefit-cost ratio in niger crop for those farmers who are ready for investment in the production of niger.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Cropping System and Weed Control on Soybean intercropped with Rice and Ragi(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1991) Pramod Kumar; k. PrasadIntercropping of soybean either with rice or radi is non beneficial under normal climatic crop season but may be profitable under adverse season. Intercropping cultivation may be advocated under socioeconomic conditions of farmers of this region where farmers are not in a position to take weed control measures and have low risk bearing habits. Herbicide application (Fluchloralin 1.5 kg a.i. hal as PPI) is not less beneficial because of man powers is not available at peak period of season but it may be more beneficial where labour charge is too high.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DATE OF SOWING, AGE OF SEEDLING AND METHOD OF TRANSPLANTING ON PRODUCTIVITY OF DIFFERENT RICE VARIETIES(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2021) Kumari, Puja; Yadava, M.S.Rice (Oryza sativa L.) called as “Global Grain” because it is important crop for 117 countries of the world. Among rice growing countries in the world, India has the largest area under rice crop and ranks second in production next to China. India has an area of over 43.95 million hectare under rice with production of 6.3 million tones and yield 224 kg/ha of rice in 2013-14. Often the peak labour demand coincides with release of water canals leading to labour shortage. Transplanting alone costs about 15%of total rice production causes substantial loss in yield. The traditional method of transplanting is labour intensive, hazardous with low per acre plantation and time as well as cost consuming. Further, steady drift of agricultural labour to industrial to industrial sector is adding more to the woes of the rice farmer. Because of drudgery and notion that the farm operations are below the dignity, labour availability, in general, has decreased considerably for farm operations. Farm mechanization in rice aims not only at reducing labour inputs, human drudgery but also at improving farm productivity. Keeping these points in view an experiment on “Effect of date of sowing, age of seedling and method of transplanting on productivity of different rice varieties.” was conducted at Rice Research Farm of Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, during Kharif -2019 with the objectives to find out the effect of date of sowing, age of seedlings and method of transplanting on different rice varieties The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design replicated thrice with variety IR64 drt1 and Naveen. The treatments comprised of two different rice establishment methods viz., mechanized transplanting, manual transplanting with 15 and 21-days old seedling with normal and delayed date of sowing. The soil was clay loam in texture and slightly acidic (6.3) in reaction, medium in organic carbon (4.1 g/kg) and available nitrogen (250. 50 kg/ha), phosphorous (21.02kg/ha) and potassium (178.12 kg/ha). Results revealed that growth parameters i.e. total tillers/m2 at maturity and dry matter accumulation at maturity was maximum in mechanical transplanting with 15 days old seedlings with normal date of sowing of variety IR64 drt1 (336.7 and 1197.05 g/m2 respectively). The leaf area index (4.26) and plant height (113.7 cm) was also maximum in mechanical transplanting with 15 days old aged seedling with normal date of sowing of variety IR64 drt1 but was at par with manual transplanting which was (4.21), (111.70 cm) of variety IR64 drt1. Yield attributing characters i.e. effective tillers (panicles)/m2 (320.7), number of filled grains/panicle (117.5 g) and panicle weight (3.16 g) was also recorded maximum in mechanical transplanting with normal date of sowing of 15 days age seedling of variety IR64 drt 1 and was significantly at par with manual transplanting. Grain yield and straw yield also followed similar trend as yield attributing characters. Mechanical transplanting recorded highest grain yield (47.23 q/ha) and straw yield (75.05 q/ha). The nutrient uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium were recorded maximum in mechanized transplanting of 15 days aged seedling with normal date of sowing in variety IR64 drt 1. Among the different treatments mechanized transplanting with 15 days old seedling with normal date of sowing of variety IR64drt 1 which was significantly better than rest of the treatments. The BC ratio was also maximum for mechanized transplanting of 15 days old seedling with normal date of sowing of variety IR64 drt 1. The higher net return (₹/ha 60896) and BC ratio (2.44) was recorded the best. On the basis of one year of experiment, it can be concluded that mechanical transplanting of 15 days old seedlings in normal date of sowing (16th July) is proved to be the best in place of manual transplanting in peak period of rice cultivation.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on the outstanding varienty of linseed in the chotanagpur plateau(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1984) Tiwary, Rakesh kumar; Rafey, A.The Chotanagpur Plateau has only 2-3% irrigation during rabi and 7% in Kharib .The rabi irrigation is mostly used in growing vegetables and wheat, so there is wide scope for horizontal expansion of oilseed and pulse crops in this region due to their low irrigation requirement. Among oil- seeds, linseed is widely grown by the farmer of this region due to its low water requirement and more resistance to insects and diseases, but, the optimum dose of N and P fertilization is not known. So, from the above point of view this experiment has been planned. In the present investigation a field experiment was conducted at Ranchi Agricultural College during rabi 1980-81 with 5 levels of nitrogen (0,20,40,60,&80 Kg/ha)and 3 levels of phosphorus (0,20,40,Kg/ha ). The total treatment c ombinations were 15. From investigation it was revealed that application of nitrogen increased growth attributes (shoot length, root length, number of basal branches and dry weight of the shoots and roots. The Growth attributes and dry weight of shoot and root were maximum and significantly superior at 40 Kg N/ha as compared to other levels. Phosphorus did not show any significant effect on growth attributes, dry weight of shoot and root. However, higher dose of phosphorus (40Kg p2 05/ha) increased the growth attributes. The Yield attributes and finally yield was also affected by different levels of nitrogen. Application of 40 Kg N/ha gave significantly higher number of grains per capsule and thousand grain weight as compared to other levels. The maximum yield (14.15)q/ha) was obtained at 40 Kg N/ha which was significantly superior to other levels. Phosphors had little effect on yield and yield attributing characters though it increased number of capsule significantly. The oil content of grains was decreased with the application of nitrogen. The highest oil percentage (40.28%) was observed in control plots receiving no nitrogen. Application of phosphorus did not show any beneficial effect on increasing the oil content of this crop. The highest net return Rs. 3926.90 per hectare was found by the application of 40 Kg N and 40 Kg p2o5/ha which was comparable with 40 Kg N and 20 Kg p2 o5 /ha (Rs3838.05).ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Different weeds Control Methods on Growth and Yield of Soybean(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1995) Binod Kumar Singh; A. RahmanThe growth and development of soybean in sole cropping system under the influence of different weed control treatments was reviewed. It was assumed that slow vegetative growth of soybean upto first 2 to 5 weeks of sowing provides on opportunity to weeds to germinate as well as to develop with vigour and this situation develops in heavy crop-weed competition for space, nutrients, moisture and sunlight. The suppression of weeds either by inter culturing implements or through applicetion of herbicides, till the crops develop their canopy well enough to compete with weeds. With this hypothesis in mind a field experiment was carried out in kharif 1993 at Birsa Agri cultural University Farm, Ranchi (Bihar) in randomised block design with three replications and ten treatments consisting of Alachlor (2.0 kg a.1. ha as pre-eng.), Fluchloralin (1.0 kg a.1.ha as PPI), Alachlor (2,0 kg a.1. ha pre-emg.as granules), Hoeing at 30 DAS, Clomozon (1.0 kg a.1. ha as pre-emg.), Setho zydim (1.5 kg a. 1. hape kg a.i.ha-1 post-emg. at 20-25 DAS), Sethoxydim (1,5 as pre-emg.), Two hand weeding at 3rd and 6th week after sowing, Weed free (15,30,45 and 60 DAS) and weedy check. The recommended dose of 20 kg N, 60 kg P205 and 40 kg K₂0 ha-² I was applied at the time of sowing in the form of Urea, Single super phosphate and Muriate of Potash respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Fertilizer Level Soil Moisture Regime and Seeding Date on Growth Development And Yield of Wheat(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1994) Jasjit Kaur; S.K. PalAn experiment was conducted at the Birsa Agricultural University Parm, Ranchi during winter season of 1992-93 on sandy loam soil having 190. 25 and 205 kg ha available N. P;0; and K,0, respectively with pH 6.5 to study the effect of fertilizer, seeding date and soil moisture regime on growth, development and yield of wheat. Treatments consisted of 2 fertilizer levels (100 and 508 recommended fertilizer, 100 kG N. 50 kg P, 0 and 25 kg K,O ha), two seeding dates (November 24 and December 18) and 3 irrigation (CRI + boot, CRI+ boot + milk and CRI + maximum ti1lering + boot milk) and replicated three times in a randomized block design. Results revealed that grain and straw yield of wheat was influenced by all the three production factors and interaction between sowing date and fertilizer. Four irrigations produced 45% higher grain yield than two irrigations (2289 kg ha). Seeding on November 24 produced 428 higher grain yield than late seeding (2345 kg has). The magnitude of yield loss was 41 kg ha day , Recommended fertilizer produced 37% higher grain yield than half dose Yield reduction of wheat under stress environment was attributed to reduced productive tillers, fertile spikelet per ear, number of grains per ear and grain weight per ear. Consumptive use and water use efficiency also increased with irrigation frequency timely seeding and recommended fertilizer. Increase in irrigation level and recommended fertilizer increased the days taken to attain various phenophases whereas, late seeding reduced it. Degree days taken to attain various phenophases followed the similar pattern for irrigation an fertilizer, however, sowing date in contrast did not influenced it. Grain yield of wheat mostly depend on consumptive use (65%), followed by fertilizer (15%) and least (28) on heat unit requirement.