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ThesisItem Open Access CASTOR PRODUCTION DYNAMICS: A CASE OF GUJARAT 2540(JAU,JUNAGADH, 2018-06) Shrusti Nagabushana.; Prof. G. G. MarakanaIndia ranks first in the world in terms of both castor acreage and its production. The changes in macroeconomic policies and trade liberalization across the world have given more impetus to competitiveness in agriculture. Thereby, it is pertinent to emphasize on the efficient use of scarce resources for improving farm efficiency. In this connection, the study on “Castor Production Dynamics: A Case of Gujarat” was undertaken with the main objective to assess the growth dimensions, cyclical variations, instability in production, profitability analysis and resource use efficiency in castor production. The secondary data on area, production, yield and cost of cultivation were collected in Gujarat for 37 years from the year 1980-2017. It was analyzed using percentage analysis, linear and compound growth rate,fourier analysis, Hazell’s decomposition analysis and resource use efficiency analysis in castor production. Among the growth dimensions it was observed that the average area under castor crop during the Pre-Liberalization Period (1980-1991) was 0.24 mha, in the entire Post-Liberalization Period (1992-2017)the average area was found to be 0.47mha which was highest among all periods and it was 0.39mha during the Overall Period (1980-2017) of study. It was also found that highest fluctuations were observed in area during Overall Period (32.07 %) than the fluctuations observed during Pre-Liberalization (24.58 %) and Post-Liberalization Period (29.44 %).The compound growth rate for area was positive (7.71 %) while during Pre-Liberalization-I the same was found to be negative with - 0.24 per cent during Post-Liberalization Period. The CGR for production was found positive during all the periods except negative CGR during Post-Liberalization-I (-1.38 %).The fourier analysis indicatedthat the cyclical trend got exhibited in 7 year cycle period for castor production and in terms of castor productivity the cyclical trend was exhibited in both 3 year and 7 year cycle period. At the same time, cyclical trend was not observed in terms of castor acreage and farm harvest price. The decomposition analysis revealed that the change in average castor production was mainly due to the change in mean yield (81.93 %), in terms of change in variance of castor production the major source was change in mean area (22.39 %) followed by change in area variance (7.80 %). Cost of cultivation analysis revealed that the growth in value of labour and per cent change in different costs and returns during Pre-Liberalization Period (1980-1991) were less as compared to Post-Liberalization Period (1992-2017). Besides, the study revealed that highest per cent change and variation were found in FHP during Pre-Liberalization Period. The Benefit cost ratio (BCR) during overall Period (1980-2017)was found to higher (2.79)when compared to the BCR duringPost-Liberalization Period (2.55). Sensitivity analysis showed that profitability was more sensitive to the change in yield and output price of castor. Resource use efficiency analysis revealed that among the major inputs only hired human labour (1.31), chemical fertilizers (-0.82) and plant protection chemicals (0.80) were found to be significantin contributing to gross returns of castor production during Post-Liberalization Period whereas only hired human labour (0.75) was found to be asignificant determinant of gross return in castorduring Overall Period. Further, the efficiency ratio analysis revealed that the marginal value productivity to marginal factor cost ratioof family labour (8.34), hired human labour (19.74), bullock labour (1.09), seeds (14.21), manures (3.24) and plant protection chemicals (8.75) were found to be underutilized while the MVP:MFC of chemical fertilizers (-17.48), irrigation (-11.33) and other expenses (-1.68)were found to be over-utilized during Post-Liberalization Period.As far as the Overall Period is concerned, the MVP:MFC ratio of hired human labour (10.83), seeds (12.14), manures (0.66) and plant protection chemicals (0.23)were found to be underutilized while the MVP:MFC ratioof family labour (-1.27), bullock labour (-1.30), chemical fertilizers (-4.11), irrigation (-1.13)and other expenses (-1.33) were found to be overutilized.ThesisItem Open Access CHANGING STRUCTURE OF LAND HOLDING AND ITS IMPACT ON AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN GUJARAT(jau,junagadh, 2009-04) Jitendra C. Satasiya; Dr. R. L. ShiyaniThe skewed distribution of land leads to low per capita income, stagnant growth and related socio-economic evils. The size of land holding gives an indication of the broad magnitude of pressure of population on land and the average unit of cultivation. The small and marginal farmers, landless agricultural labourers and other weaker sections of the society continue to form the vast majority of the poor who cannot afford to meet even their minimum nutritional requirement. This study is therefore an attempt to examine the change in structure of land holding and its impact on agricultural development in Gujarat. District-wise secondary data on various parameters were collected and compiled from the Agricultural Census reports for the periods from 1970-71 to 2000-01. The Markov chain model was used to study the shift in land holding pattern and thereby gain an understanding about the dynamics of the changes. It was found that, the trend of holdings was going from large to medium and semi-medium farmers in Gujarat. It is interesting to note that during 1970-71 to 1975-76 large farmers had lost 7.18 lakh hectares areas which have reduced to 40 thousand farmers from large farmers’ category in Gujarat. The increase in number was comparatively higher than the area indicating a decrease in average size of marginal holding during the study period. It was found that in Kutchh, the medium and large farmers together formed 70 per cent area in the year 2000-01. This is not good sign for Kutchh district because low fertility of land and lack of irrigation facility have resulted in low development of agriculture. The small farmers hold around 25 per cent area (2000-01) in two districts namely Junagadh and Rajkot. In Kheda district, marginal farmers hold 55 per cent number of total farmers in 2000-01. The four districts of North Gujarat hold more than 30 per cent area under small holding category in 2000-01. The marginal farmer covered more than 15 per cent area in Gandhinagar, Mehasana and Sabarkantha districts in 2000-01. In Dang district, the medium and large farmers dominated in land area whereas the number of farmers was found the highest in medium and semi-medium categories. Semi-medium and medium farmers covered more than fifty per cent area in Bharuch, Surat and Valsad districts. In case of operational holders, it was found that more than 65 per cent was hold by marginal and small farmers. The exponential function was used to measure annual compound growth rates in area, production and productivity of the major foodgrain crops. It was observed that wheat registered the highest rate of growth in production viz. 3.19 per cent per annum in Gujarat. The growth rate in productivity was mainly contributed towards wheat production. It was found the highest in Vadodara district (2.83%). The growth of area under wheat crop was found the highest in Gandhinagar (4.48%). The growth rate in paddy production was found highest (12.44%) in Gandhinagar district. It was mainly due to increase in area under rice at 8.14 per cent rate and productivity at 4.02 per cent per annum. The decomposition model formulated by Sharma (1977) was used to measure the relative contribution of different components towards the increase in production of the foodgrain crops. The production of bajra increased at 0.84 per cent per annum in Gujarat which was mainly attributed by the increase in productivity. In fact, the rate of growth of area under bajra was negative in almost all the districts of the state. The price played vital role in enhancing wheat, paddy and bajra production in all the region and Gujarat as a whole. The yield effect was the second highest contributor in wheat production. With the change in base period the contribution of different components towards foodgrain production also changes. Performance index were computed to examine the temporal change in performance of agriculture. For the entire duration of the study period, the highest performance of agriculture was recorded in 1983-84 (1.96%) in Gujarat as a whole. During 1962-63 to 1964-65, the performance of agriculture was found to be the highest in Kutchh and Saurashtra regions. The performance index of Saurashtra region ranged from 1.01 per cent in 1987-88 to 2.07 per cent in 1963-64. Creation of economically viable small farmer holdings, imposition of land ceiling on further fragmentation, promoting co-operatives among the farmers, vigorous efforts to create non-farm employment opportunities in rural areas, diversification of farm activities, setting up of a land management board are the major suggestions of study.ThesisItem Open Access COMMODITY FUTURES MARKETS IN INDIA: ROLE, PERFORMANCE AND POLICY PARADIGMS(jau,junagadh, 2011-06) Neha Krishna Yeri; Dr. R.L. ShiyaniThe agricultural products’ prices are highly volatile. There is considerable time lag between the time of initial spending and procuring of receipts from the final farm produce. A farmer is highly susceptible to price fluctuations of both farm produce as well as farm inputs. Traditionally, this risk is borne mainly by the producer (sometimes by the government) more than the consumer for a variety of reasons. This has made farmers look for alternatives to mitigate the risk. Futures market is one such option. This provides a convenient mechanism through which a farmer, who is uncertain about the price of his produce, can cover his risk by selling a futures contract before the harvest day. The problems that are holding back commodity futures from becoming popular amongst the small traders and farming community need to be studied. Research in this area is still in a very nascent stage in the country. Keeping all this in view, the present study has been undertaken, so that the findings would help the policymakers in better decision-making; hence benefiting the market participants at the grassroots level. Time series data on the wholesale price indices (WPI) from 1999-2009 of selected agricultural commodities were obtained from the website of the Office of Economic Advisor, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India, New Delhi. The daily spot and futures price data of major agricultural commodities were obtained from the website of Multi Commodity Exchange of India Ltd. (MCX), Mumbai. Four commodities viz. cotton (long staple), cumin, soya oil and tur were studied for a period of five years as per the availability of data. Compound Growth Rate (CGR), Auto Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (ARCH) and Generalised Auto Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH), Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test, Johansen’s co-integration test, Vector Error Correction Mechanism (VECM) and Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model were used to achieve the objectives of the study. Major findings of the study revealed that, the average CGRs for all the commodities viz. cotton (long staple), soya oil and tur except cumin were negative during the pre-futures period and it was positive for all the commodities in the post-futures period. However, it was statistically non-significant during both the periods which proved that introduction of futures trading was not responsible for the increase in growth rate during the post-futures period. The spot and futures price series of cotton (long staple) and soya oil were significantly volatile. While, that of tur was found to be highly volatile and significant. In case of cumin, the spot and futures price series were found to be non-significant and hence, stable. The results of the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test for all the commodities viz. cotton (long staple), cumin, soya oil and tur showed that the level data were non-stationary but their first differences were stationary. This implies the presence of unit root in the spot and futures price series of all the commodities. Hence, both the series were integrated of the order 1 i.e. I(1). Further, the Johansen’s co-integration test revealed that the spot and futures prices series of cotton (long staple), cumin and soya oil were co-integrated while, there was no co-integration in case of tur. The results of vector error correction mechanism (VECM) showed that the causality in case of cotton (long staple) and cumin was bi-directional i.e. both spot and futures prices influenced each other equally. In case of soya oil the spot and futures price series showed divergence, and there was no causality in case of tur as the price series were not co-integrated. It was observed that the following ARIMA models were the most appropriate for forecasting the spot and futures prices of selected agricultural commodities viz. (1,1,0) and (0,1,1) for cotton (long staple); (0,1,1) and (2,1,2) for cumin; (0,1,2) and (1,1,0) for soya oil; and (0,1,0) for both spot as well as futures price of tur. Expansion of warehousing facilities, strengthening the institutional credit facilities, lifting the ban on futures trading in cereals and pulses, spreading awareness regarding futures trading and its various functions amongst the farming community, dissemination of prices of futures markets and other spot mandis on a larger scale and improvement in the regulatory framework of futures markets in order to bring in more transparency and curb illegal trading are the major suggestions of the study.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE ECONOMICS OF ENERGY AND GROUNDWATER USE BETWEEN METERED AND FLAT RATE FARMERS IN SAURASHTRA REGION OF GUJARAT STATE(2007-11) DUDHAT BHARAT LALJIBHAI; Shiyani R.L.The present study was carried out with a view to study the water use efficiency, feasibility, equity and economics of groundwater irrigation use between metered and flat rate farmers in the Saurashtra region of Gujarat state. Two districts of Saurashtra viz., Amreli and Bhavnagar having groundwater problem were selected purposively. A total of 160 farmers, 80 from each district were interviewed by survey method during agricultural year 2006. The secondary data were collected from the GWRDC and Directorate of Agriculture, Gandhinagar. In order to achieve various objectives of the study, various analytical procedures were employed besides tabular analysis. Concordance coefficient test was used to examine the change in cropping pattern over the period. The annual cost of irrigation was worked out by summation of amortized cost of irrigation well, conveyance, pumpset and electrical installation, annual cost of repair and maintenance and electricity charges. Cobb Douglas production function was used to estimate the water use efficiency and economic optimum level. Economic feasibility of investment on groundwater irrigation was evaluated by employing the project appraisal criteria such as BCR, NPW, IRR and Pay Back Period. Besides Lorenz curve, various inequality measures were estimated to examine the inequality to resource. The major findings emerged from the study revealed that the worst situation CB – high growth with moderate instability in ground water table was found in Dhari and Khambha talukas of Amreli district for pre-monsoon period. On the other hand, the situation CC – high growth with high instability was found only in Bhavnagar taluka of Bhavnagar district for pre-monsoon period. The coefficient of concordance revealed that there was no significant shift in cropping pattern within decades, but over the entire period of 40 years, a meagre shift in cropping pattern from water intensive crops to relatively less water consumptive crops had taken place in both the districts. The average life of borewells was found 15 and 14 years in Amreli and Bhavnagar districts, respectively, whereas the average life of dugwell was 33 and 41 years in Amreli and Bhavnagar districts, respectively. The investment per borewell at historical prices was worked out to be Rs. 57,906 in Amreli and Rs. 41,209 in Bhavnagar district. On the other hand, the investment per dugwell at historical prices for flat rate was worked out to be Rs. 77,144 for Amreli and Rs. 59,102 for Bhavnagar districts. The bore yield was observed relatively higher (6219 gph) in Amreli district as compared to Bhavnagar (5080 gph) district. Similar trend was observed for dugwell yield, which was 6283 gph in case of Amreli and 5016 gph for Bhavnagar district. The total annual cost per well was found Rs. 7,402 and Rs. 5,887 in Amrli and Bhavnagar districts, respectively under the flat rate system, whereas for the farmers adopting pro-rata system, it was Rs. 8,738 and Rs. 6,378 respectively. The amortized cost per acre-inch of water was Rs. 67.50 and Rs. 46.91 for pro-rata and flat rate adopting farmers, respectively. The farmers adopting pro-rata system realized higher annual net returns of Rs. 198.29 per acre-inch of water use, whereas for flat rate category, the annual net returns was Rs. 161.77 per acre-inch of water use. In terms of physical access, 80 farmers from flat rate category used 16060 acre-inch of water. On the other hand, same number of farmers from pro-rata category used 12650 acre-inch of water. Hence, it is clear from the results that flat rate adopting farmers used more water compared to pro-rata adopting farmers. The economic access to groundwater was found higher for flat rate adopting farmers (35.38 acre inch/Rs. 1000 of amortized cost of well) than that of pro-rata adopting farmers (23.07 acre inch/Rs. 1000). The efficiency of groundwater use per farm was estimated by comparing the economic optimum groundwater use with actual groundwater use. Wide gap was observed between the economic optimum and actual groundwater use. The elasticity of returns with respect to water use was relatively higher in flat rate wells (0.70 %), as compared to the wells with pro-rata system of tariff (0.67 %) indicating that the farmers are operating in the rational zone, eventhough, they may not be exactly using the economic optimum dose of water for irrigation which is reflected in the divergence of MR/MC ratio far away from unity. Lorenz curve as well as other inequality measures revealed that the income realized from groundwater irrigation was more evenly distributed among the farmers of Amreli district as compared to Bhavnagar district. The sensitivity analysis was done by taking into account three cost concepts; viz., paid out crop cost, C1 crop cost and C2 crop cost for cultivation of crops and at 6, 8, 10 and 12 per cent discount cash flow. The results showed that the investment is feasible for both the districts in all the combinations. The sensitivity analysis was also done at three different pro-rata tariff levels (Re. 0.50, Re. 1.0 and Rs. 2.50/kWh) with all above indicated rates of discount. It was observed that the investment is viable at paid out cost and C1 cost level in Amreli district, whereas in Bhavnagar district, the measures were found favourable only at paid out cost level. Majority of farmers in both the districts have higher preference of growing more remunerative crops, followed by the crops with assured price. This implies that the farmers have now started shifting from subsistence farming to commercial farming. Inadequate power supply and burning of electric motor due to voltage fluctuation were the two major problems faced by the farmers in study area. Use of less water intensive crops, awareness campaign to farmers regarding ground water scarcity and power tariff, withdrawal of power subsidy in a phased manner, water zoning within the state, regulation of water markets, etc. are some of the suggestions emerged from the study.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative Economics of Energy and Groundwater Use Between Metered and Flat Rate Farmers in Saurashtra Region of Gujarat State(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2007-11) Dudhat Bharat Laljibhai; Dr. R. L. ShiyaniThe present study was carried out with a view to study the water use efficiency, feasibility, equity and economics of groundwater irrigation use between metered and flat rate farmers in the Saurashtra region of Gujarat state. Two districts of Saurashtra viz., Amreli and Bhavnagar having groundwater problem were selected purposively. A total of 160 farmers, 80 from each district were interviewed by survey method during agricultural year 2006. The secondary data were collected from the GWRDC and Directorate of Agriculture, Gandhinagar. In order to achieve various objectives of the study, various analytical procedures were employed besides tabular analysis. Concordance coefficient test was used to examine the change in cropping pattern over the period. The annual cost of irrigation was worked out by summation of amortized cost of irrigation well, conveyance, pumpset and electrical installation, annual cost of repair and maintenance and electricity charges. Cobb Douglas production function was used to estimate the water use efficiency and economic optimum level. Economic feasibility of investment on groundwater irrigation was evaluated by employing the project appraisal criteria such as BCR, NPW, IRR and Pay Back Period. Besides Lorenz curve, various inequality measures were estimated to examine the inequality to resource. The major findings emerged from the study revealed that the worst situation CB – high growth with moderate instability in ground water table was found in Dhari and Khambha talukas of Amreli district for pre-monsoon period. On the other hand, the situation CC – high growth with high instability was found only in Bhavnagar taluka of Bhavnagar district for pre-monsoon period. The coefficient of concordance revealed that there was no significant shift in cropping pattern within decades, but over the entire period of 40 years, a meagre shift in cropping pattern from water intensive crops to relatively less water consumptive crops had taken place in both the districts. The average life of borewells was found 15 and 14 years in Amreli and Bhavnagar districts, respectively, whereas the average life of dugwell was 33 and 41 years in Amreli and Bhavnagar districts, respectively. The investment per borewell at historical prices was worked out to be Rs. 57,906 in Amreli and Rs. 41,209 in Bhavnagar district. On the other hand, the investment per dugwell at historical prices for flat rate was worked out to be Rs. 77,144 for Amreli and Rs. 59,102 for Bhavnagar districts. The bore yield was observed relatively higher (6219 gph) in Amreli district as compared to Bhavnagar (5080 gph) district. Similar trend was observed for dugwell yield, which was 6283 gph in case of Amreli and 5016 gph for Bhavnagar district. The total annual cost per well was found Rs. 7,402 and Rs. 5,887 in Amrli and Bhavnagar districts, respectively under the flat rate system, whereas for the farmers adopting pro-rata system, it was Rs. 8,738 and Rs. 6,378 respectively. The amortized cost per acre-inch of water was Rs. 67.50 and Rs. 46.91 for pro-rata and flat rate adopting farmers, respectively. The farmers adopting pro-rata system realized higher annual net returns of Rs. 198.29 per acre-inch of water use, whereas for flat rate category, the annual net returns was Rs. 161.77 per acre-inch of water use. In terms of physical access, 80 farmers from flat rate category used 16060 acre-inch of water. On the other hand, same number of farmers from pro-rata category used 12650 acre-inch of water. Hence, it is clear from the results that flat rate adopting farmers used more water compared to pro-rata adopting farmers. The economic access to groundwater was found higher for flat rate adopting farmers (35.38 acre inch/Rs. 1000 of amortized cost of well) than that of pro-rata adopting farmers (23.07 acre inch/Rs. 1000). The efficiency of groundwater use per farm was estimated by comparing the economic optimum groundwater use with actual groundwater use. Wide gap was observed between the economic optimum and actual groundwater use. The elasticity of returns with respect to water use was relatively higher in flat rate wells (0.70 %), as compared to the wells with pro-rata system of tariff (0.67 %) indicating that the farmers are operating in the rational zone, eventhough, they may not be exactly using the economic optimum dose of water for irrigation which is reflected in the divergence of MR/MC ratio far away from unity. Lorenz curve as well as other inequality measures revealed that the income realized from groundwater irrigation was more evenly distributed among the farmers of Amreli district as compared to Bhavnagar district. The sensitivity analysis was done by taking into account three cost concepts; viz., paid out crop cost, C1 crop cost and C2 crop cost for cultivation of crops and at 6, 8, 10 and 12 per cent discount cash flow. The results showed that the investment is feasible for both the districts in all the combinations. The sensitivity analysis was also done at three different pro-rata tariff levels (Re. 0.50, Re. 1.0 and Rs. 2.50/kWh) with all above indicated rates of discount. It was observed that the investment is viable at paid out cost and C1 cost level in Amreli district, whereas in Bhavnagar district, the measures were found favourable only at paid out cost level. Majority of farmers in both the districts have higher preference of growing more remunerative crops, followed by the crops with assured price. This implies that the farmers have now started shifting from subsistence farming to commercial farming. Inadequate power supply and burning of electric motor due to voltage fluctuation were the two major problems faced by the farmers in study area. Use of less water intensive crops, awareness campaign to farmers regarding ground water scarcity and power tariff, withdrawal of power subsidy in a phased manner, water zoning within the state, regulation of water markets, etc. are some of the suggestions emerged from the study.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE ECONOMICS OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FARMING OF MANGO IN SOUTH SAURASHTRA REGION OF GUJA 3353(JAU JUNAGADH, 2021-09) VIRANI ABHISHEK DHIRAJLAL; S. B. Vekariya; 2010119118Organic mango farming, Socio-economic, adoption, Costs-Returns, Resources use efficiency and Constraints. The present investigation was undertaken with a view to analyze the socio economic status, factors that determine the adoption of organic farming, costs and returns, efficiency of resources and constrains in organic and inorganic mango farming. Hence, the present investigation was carried out under the title, “Comparative economics of organic and inorganic farming of mango in South-Saurashtra region of Gujarat.’’ A multistage sampling was adopted as appropriate sampling procedure for the study. The study covered 2 district, 4 talukas, in all 120 respondents, of which 60 for organic, and 60 for inorganic mango growers of (Junagadh and Gir-Somnath district) South Saurashtra region. The year of data collection was 2020-21. The collected data was systematically compiled and analyzed through tabular and statistical tools. The finding revealed the organic farming, 43.3 per cent of respondents’ falls under 20-40 years age group, while inorganic farming it was in 40-60 years age group. Educational status of organic farming has higher proportion of respondents who have studied upto middle school and above, which was leading to better awareness on adoption of organic farming. Organic farming mainly depends on organic manures from cattle, hence, more number of respondents have their own livestock for manure purpose. Organic mango farming were found to have a stronger association with the organization compared to inorganic mango farming. Furthermore, association with organization which were directly related to adoption of organic farming. The total average per hectare cost of cultivation was Rs. 76,995 under organic farming and Rs. 1,07,624 under inorganic farming. Zero cost incurred on fertilizer, pesticides and growth regulators under organic farming, gives cost advantage to organic mango farming. The total per hectare average yield of organic and inorganic mango were 92.83 quintal and 100.51 quintal respectively in the study area. Farm harvest price per quintal received by organic mango farming was Rs. 6,624. The gross income per hectare of organic mango farming was higher i.e. Rs. 6,18,395 on organic farming. While inorganic mango farming it was Rs. 4,13,669. In order to find efficiency of resources used by organic and inorganic mango farming, Cobb Douglas production function was employed. Among all the variables included in the production function, human labour was found positively significant for organic farming. While number of plant and human labour found positively significant for inorganic farming. However, quantity of fertilizers found negatively significant for inorganic farming. The value of coefficient of multiple determinations (R2 ) showed higher about 89 per cent in organic farming and slightly lower 87 per cent for inorganic farming. The high returns was observed from the organic mango farming, even though the production constraints faced by the farmers to get better returns were marketing difficulty followed by irregular bearing, fruit drop, severity of pest and disease, lack of awareness about organic produces among the customers, damaged by birds, difficulties in access to inputs, to obtain premium price, lack of training and lack of finance. The common major problems in both organic and inorganic farming were irregular bearing, marketing difficulty and severity of pest and disease.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE ECONOMICS OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FARMING OF MANGO IN SOUTH-SAURASHTRA REGION OF GUJARAT 3353(JAU JUNAGADH, 2021-09) VIRANI ABHISHEK DHIRAJLAL; Dr. S. B. VekariyaThe present investigation was undertaken with a view to analyze the socio-economic status, factors that determine the adoption of organic farming, costs and returns, efficiency of resources and constrains in organic and inorganic mango farming. Hence, the present investigation was carried out under the title, “Comparative economics of organic and inorganic farming of mango in South-Saurashtra region of Gujarat.’’ A multistage sampling was adopted as appropriate sampling procedure for the study. The study covered 2 district, 4 talukas, in all 120 respondents, of which 60 for organic, and 60 for inorganic mango growers of (Junagadh and Gir-Somnath district) South Saurashtra region. The year of data collection was 2020-21. The collected data was systematically compiled and analyzed through tabular and statistical tools. The finding revealed the organic farming, 43.3 per cent of respondents’ falls under 20-40 years age group, while inorganic farming it was in 40-60 years age group. Educational status of organic farming has higher proportion of respondents who have studied upto middle school and above, which was leading to better awareness on adoption of organic farming. Organic farming mainly depends on organic manures from cattle, hence, more number of respondents have their own livestock for manure purpose. Organic mango farming were found to have a stronger association with the organization compared to inorganic mango farming. Furthermore, association with organization which were directly related to adoption of organic farming. The total average per hectare cost of cultivation was Rs. 76,995 under organic farming and Rs. 1,07,624 under inorganic farming. Zero cost incurred on fertilizer, pesticides and growth regulators under organic farming, gives cost advantage to organic mango farming. The total per hectare average yield of organic and inorganic mango were 92.83 quintal and 100.51 quintal respectively in the study area. Farm harvest price per quintal received by organic mango farming was Rs. 6,624. The gross income per hectare of organic mango farming was higher i.e. Rs. 6,18,395 on organic farming. While inorganic mango farming it was Rs. 4,13,669. In order to find efficiency of resources used by organic and inorganic mango farming, Cobb Douglas production function was employed. Among all the variables included in the production function, human labour was found positively significant for organic farming. While number of plant and human labour found positively significant for inorganic farming. However, quantity of fertilizers found negatively significant for inorganic farming. The value of coefficient of multiple determinations (R2) showed higher about 89 per cent in organic farming and slightly lower 87 per cent for inorganic farming. The high returns was observed from the organic mango farming, even though the production constraints faced by the farmers to get better returns were marketing difficulty followed by irregular bearing, fruit drop, severity of pest and disease, lack of awareness about organic produces among the customers, damaged by birds, difficulties in access to inputs, to obtain premium price, lack of training and lack of finance. The common major problems in both organic and inorganic farming were irregular bearing, marketing difficulty and severity of pest and disease.ThesisItem Open Access CONSUMPTION PATTERN OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES IN RURAL AND URBAN HOUSEHOLDS OF JUNAGADH DISTRICT 3451(JAU JUNAGADH, 2022-03) HARESH CHAVDA; R. L. Shiyan; 1010117032AIDS Model, Chow testThesisItem Open Access CONSUMPTION PATTERN OF MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS IN JUNAGADH DISTRICT(jau,junagadh, 2009-04) Prashant N Gavhane; Dr. K. A. KhuntThe study on the analysis of consumption pattern is a pre-requisite of a planned economy so as to enable the planners to have a precise knowledge of the future demand of different commodities and to match supply with changing pattern of demand and to understand the nutritional standard of the area. The required data on monthly per capita expenditure for various items of consumption in rural and urban sectors of Junagadh district were collected by conventional survey method in November to December 2008. 50 households from rural area and 50 households from urban area were selected for investigation in Junagadh district. Without intercept regression analysis technique was adopted for estimating the consumer equivalent adult scale for three main commodity groups as well as total expenditure. The expenditure elasticities have been estimated from various forms of Engel function. Gini concentration ratio was used as an index for measuring the inequalities in the total expenditure and expenditure on different food items including milk and milk products. Step wise regression technique was employed to find out which factors are affecting the consumption of milk and milk products. The objectives were (i) to compare rural and urban groups in terms of total expenditure. (ii) to estimate expenditure and income elasticities. (iii) to examine inequality in rural and urban area. (iv) to know which factors are affecting consumption of milk and milk products. Major findings of the study revealed that, in rural area majority of the sample households (50 %) belong to low income group whereas only 20 percent in high income group. From occupational point of view, cultivator group constitute major portion of rural area. In urban area 16 percent of the sample households were in low income group and 24 percent household belong to high income group. From occupational point of view, business class contribute major portion of urban area. The adult equivalent scale for male 20 to 40 years age group has the largest proportionate share of expenditure in rural and urban area. Rural children were not properly nourished than urban area. In both the areas all the people prefer liquid milk in their diet than other milk products. The average per capita expenditure of urban area found higher than rural area. In both the areas, it was found that with the increase in the level of total per capita expenditure, the percentage share of expenditure on food items decreased while that of non-food items increased. It was also noticed that barring high income group, the percentage share of expenditure on milk and milk products was decreased with the increase in the level of total monthly household income in rural and urban areas, however the actual amount on these products increased with increase in income. In rural and urban areas total milk and milk products were found to be expenditure and income inelastic in nature. The Gini concentration for milk and milk products and total expenditure were found to be higher in rural area than urban area. This is due to the difference in purchasing power of peoples in rural area. In the rural area increase in the expenditure on cereals would significantly decrease the expenditure on milk and milk products. On the other hand, in urban area it was observed that an increase in the expenditure on meat and eggs would significantly decrease the expenditure on milk and milk products. whereas expenditure on pulses, vegetables and fruits, sugar, edible oils and fats, other food items had positive significant effect on the expenditure of milk and milk products. In both the area rate of literacy was found to be positive impact on consumption of milk and milk products.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF LIVELIHOOD INDEX FOR DIFFERENT REGIONS OF GUJARAT(jau,junagadh, 2012-07) Vivek PAL; Dr. R. L. ShiyaniAlthough Gujarat is emerging as an important state in agricultural and industrial front, the benefit of green revolution has not reached to rural and tribal people in the districts which are rainfed, drought prone, flood affected with hilly terrain and mountaineous. Hence, to strike a balanced regional development, an integrated approach for sustainability of livelihood of these disadvantaged people has become imperative. Keeping this in view, the present study aims to examine the level of livelihood status in Gujarat. Sector wise data on various indicators of livelihood status at district level were collected, compiled and analyzed for the five different periods, viz., 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010, for the agricultural sector, the data for five more years, viz., 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005 were also collected. Total numbers of indicators selected were sixty nine. Commensurate with the objectives of the study, region-wise as well as district-wise integrated indices were constructed separately for all the sectors and all the periods, using Prem Narayan’s methodology. Point to point compound growth rates were computed to examine the temporal changes in livelihood indices. The major findings emerged from the study revealed that there exists spatio-temporal disparity in Gujarat. The rank of all the regions remained same for all the periods but the position of all the districts changed in different periods, except Dahod district which ranked last in all the periods. There also found greater variability in the district level indices as compared to region level. The variations in these indices were mainly governed by agricultural sector, infrastructural sector and economic sector. The district of Dang which was being concerned backward was found first position in their livelihood status among all the districts in all the periods, except in 2006 and 2010. In case of agricultural status, the district of Anand occupied the first position while Amreli district ranked last position. Middle Gujarat and North Gujarat have been found highly developed in their livelihood status whereas Kutchh was found to be low developed. Medium level districts of the state were relatively more thickly populated as compared to high and low level districts during 2006-10, but an increase in the population was relatively more pronounced in case of low developed districts as compared to high developed districts in 2010. This implies that though various development programmes of government have resulted in an improvement in the various sectors of economy over a period of time, its impact appears to have been eroded by the rapid growth of population particularly in low developed districts. The region of Kutchh needs an urgent attention of the state government as well as policy makers as it was put in low developed category in agricultural sector for all the periods i.e. from 2001 to 2010. Further, it was noticed that in case of low agricultural status districts, the proportion of area with respect to their population was found greater as compared to other groups during 2006-10. The magnitude and direction of growth has been changed with the change in the base year. Proper execution of various government programmes should be uniformly undertaken in all the districts of the state for improvement of agricultural status in the state. Location specific plans for the development of agricultural sector, prioritization of areas of investment, setting-up of more number of agro-based industries particularly in the rural areas, creating a kind of infrastructure to support the growth of industrial and agricultural sector and special care to allocate the resources optimally on the per capita basis for improving the condition of low developed districts are the major suggestions of this study.ThesisItem Open Access DYNAMICS AND PATTERNS OF EGG PRODUCTION, PRICES AND TRADE IN INDIA: A SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS 3757(JAU JUNGADH, 2023-09) ABINAYA M C; Dr. B. SWAMINATHAN; 2010121071India is the second largest producer of poultry eggs with a share of nearly 6 per cent of global egg production. The present study was conducted to analyse the growth rate, instability, growth pattern and forecasting of egg production, price and export and also market integration and price transmission among the major egg markets. The major egg producing states were selected based on the egg production volume and the state of Gujarat was also selected. Ten major egg markets across the country were selected based on the egg transaction volume. Time series data was collected on all-over India egg production from 1961-62 to 2021-22, major state-wise egg production from 1997-98 to 2021-22, average monthly wholesale egg prices from January 2009 to December 2022 and egg exports from India from 1986-87 to 2021-22 from authenticated sources. To fulfil the objectives of the present study, the best econometric and statistical tools such as Compound Growth Rate, Cuddy-Della Valle Index, centered twelve month moving average method, Engle-Granger and Johansen cointegration analysis, Granger causality test, VECM, Impulse response function, Variance decomposition, ARIMA and SARIMA models were employed in this study. The overall period growth rate and instability of egg production in India were 6.23 and 38.83 per cent respectively. Among the major egg producing states, the highest growth rate and instability in egg production was achieved in Haryana (10.87%) and West Bengal (25.29%) respectively in the study period. The overall month-wise growth rate of nominal egg prices in all the selected markets in India was positive and highly significant at 1 per cent level where the highest and lowest growth rate was achieved in Barwala (2.41%) and Chennai market (1.27%) respectively. The overall instability shows that the price volatility was high in Barwala market and low in Namakkal market. The overall month-wise growth rate of real egg prices was highest in Barwala (2.44 %) and lowest in Chennai market (1.31 %) whereas instability was highest in Barwala (10.38 %) and lowest in Namakkal market (5.76 %). The market-wise growth rate of egg prices in selected markets showed that a very high growth rate happened in Barwala market in 2020 (8.54%) and a very low growth rate in Chennai market in 2010 (0.60%) whereas the instability was highest in Barwala (5.78%) and lowest in Mumbai (3.78%) market. The growth rate and instability of egg export quantity, nominal and real value of egg exports and unit price of egg exports were also analysed in this study. The overall period growth rate and instability in the quantity of eggs exported from India were 10.34 and 65.84 per cent respectively. The growth rate and instability in the nominal value of egg export in the study period as a whole were at 18.70 and 32.26 per cent respectively whereas the overall growth rate and instability in terms of the real value of egg export were at 12.5 and 57.97 per cent respectively. The growth rate and instability of unit price of egg exports (Nominal) in the study period as a whole were 7.57 and 27.59 per cent respectively whereas the growth rate and instability in real unit price of egg export in the overall period of the study were at 1.95 and 30.69 per cent respectively. The seasonal indices showed that in all the markets the highest egg price indices were seen in November or December month and the lowest indices were seen in April month. The stationarity test showed that all the selected egg markets attained stationarity at their first difference. The optimum lag order was selected as 3 which is devoid of autocorrelation. The Engle and Granger test showed that all 45 market pairs were integrated. The Johansen cointegration method shows that all the selected 10 major markets were integrated in the long run. The VECM shows that the speed of convergence of short-run disequilibrium towards long-run equilibrium will be faster in Barwala market (7.18 %). The LOOP does not hold for the selected egg markets. The Granger causality test revealed that the Barwala market granger causes all other markets except Bangalore market and it is not granger caused by any other markets. Barwala market acts as a price leader among the selected egg markets, exhibiting a strong exogenous effect. The impulse response function showed that the response of the markets to one-unit standard deviation shock given to other markets disappeared mostly after period 9 or 10. The variance decomposition analysis showed that the Barwala market is the major influencer of egg price in other markets both in the short run as well as in the long run and it is the major influencer of its own price. The ARIMA (2,1,4) model is the most suitable model for onward forecasting of egg production in India. It predicts a rising trend in egg production in India, projecting an increase from 73.75 lakh tonnes in 2022 to 97.69 lakh tonnes in 2026. The SARIMA (4,1,4) (2,1,1), (4,0,4) (3,0,1), (6,1,4) (1,1,1), (6,1,4) (1,1,1), (3,1,4) (2,1,1), (4,1,3) (1,1,1), (5,1,4) (1,1,1), (6,1,4) (1,1,1), (5,1,3) (2,1,1) and (6,1,4) (2,1,1) models were selected as the best models for forecasting egg prices Ahmedabad, Barwala, Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai, Namakkal and Visakhapatnam markets respectively where it forecasted that the egg price in 2023 will be higher in November or December month and lower in March or April month. The ARIMA (4,1,5) model is best for onward forecasting of egg exports from India which forecasted that the egg exports from India will be in increasing trend up to 2023 and then it will decrease in 2024 and after that it will start to increaseThesisItem Open Access DYNAMICS OF CASTOR OIL EXPORTS FROM INDIA AND INSTABILITY ANALYSIS OF CASTOR PRODUCTION IN MAJOR STATES 2841(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-05) GAJAVALLI SAISRI; M. G. DhandhalyaPresently, India is the top most castor seeds producing country, contributing nearly 87 per cent of the world production, however, its area and production are highly unstable. India exports about three-fourth per cent of its total production of castor oil and its derivatives. India stands at the top position in the list of major castor oil exporting countries. Though, India is a dominant player in the world market, it is just a price taker and not a price setter, due to its poor infrastructure, but it has the capability to improve on the exports of the derivatives of castor and overcome this limitation. Keeping in view of this potentiality, the present study “Dynamics of castor oil exports from India and instability analysis of castor production in major sates” was undertaken with the main objectives to assess the growth dimensions, instability, sources of growth and variability, direction of trade and forecasting of quantum of future castor oil and castor cake exports to major importing countries. The secondary data on area, production and productivity of castor, volume and value of castor oil and castor cake exports from India was collected from 1976-77 to 2017-18 and 2003-04 to 2017-18, respectively from various public sources. The data was analyzed using compound growth rate, coefficient of variation, Cuddy Della Vella index, Hazell’s decomposition analysis and first order Markov chain model. Among different states of India, Rajasthan recorded highest growth rates in area, production and productivity followed by Gujarat and at all India level. Growth rates of castor oil’s export quantity, value and unit value were found highest in Period I (1986-87 to 1995-96) of study. In castor cake export, growth rate of value of castor cake was found highest among growth rates of quantity, value and unit value. The instability of castor area, production and productivity was highest in Rajasthan among different major castor growing states of India. The instability analysis of castor oil and castor cake exports, the value of castor oil found to be highly unstable. Results of decomposition analysis revealed that in case of both castor oil and castor cake among all components, share of mean export quantity contributed the highest in change in variance of export value. Results of TPM revealed that China and japan were the most reliable and loyal market for Indian castor oil during the study period and Netherlands was moderately stable market. In castor cake export, South Korea was found as the most stable market with high probability of retention. Taiwan was found to be moderately stable as indicated by moderate probability of retention. The shares of major importers of Indian castor oil and castor cake were estimated using the transitional probability matrices and the same were compared with the actual export shares obtained from the trade data. It was predicted by using TPM that quantum of castor oil export for China, was expected to increase in ensuring years, while quantity exported to Netherlands, USA, France, Japan, Thailand and other countries were expected to decline from the year 2017-18 onwards. On the other hand for castor cake forecasting reveal that in terms of quantity, castor cake export to all the countries under study would be likely to decline in near future. This study suggest that there is large scope for achieving higher production of castor seeds in India, provided to extend minimum support price for this crop as like other oilseeds. India achieved remarkable growth rate in export of castor oil and it has vast potential for further expansion with value added products as per the need of importing countries. As the world becoming more environmental conscious now a days, these natural derivatives of castor oil could find better market worldwide.ThesisItem Open Access DYNAMICS OF CASTOR OIL EXPORTS FROM INDIA AND INSTABILITY ANALYSIS OF CASTOR PRODUCTION IN MAJOR STATES 2841(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-07) GAJAVALLI SAISRI; M. G. DhandhalyaPresently, India is the top most castor seeds producing country, contributing nearly 87 per cent of the world production, however, its area and production are highly unstable. India exports about three-fourth per cent of its total production of castor oil and its derivatives. India stands at the top position in the list of major castor oil exporting countries. Though, India is a dominant player in the world market, it is just a price taker and not a price setter, due to its poor infrastructure, but it has the capability to improve on the exports of the derivatives of castor and overcome this limitation. Keeping in view of this potentiality, the present study “Dynamics of castor oil exports from India and instability analysis of castor production in major sates” was undertaken with the main objectives to assess the growth dimensions, instability, sources of growth and variability, direction of trade and forecasting of quantum of future castor oil and castor cake exports to major importing countries. The secondary data on area, production and productivity of castor, volume and value of castor oil and castor cake exports from India was collected from 1976-77 to 2017-18 and 2003-04 to 2017-18, respectively from various public sources. The data was analyzed using compound growth rate, coefficient of variation, Cuddy Della Vella index, Hazell’s decomposition analysis and first order Markov chain model. Among different states of India, Rajasthan recorded highest growth rates in area, production and productivity followed by Gujarat and at all India level. Growth rates of castor oil’s export quantity, value and unit value were found highest in Period I (1986-87 to 1995-96) of study. In castor cake export, growth rate of value of castor cake was found highest among growth rates of quantity, value and unit value. The instability of castor area, production and productivity was highest in Rajasthan among different major castor growing states of India. The instability analysis of castor oil and castor cake exports, the value of castor oil found to be highly unstable. Results of decomposition analysis revealed that in case of both castor oil and castor cake among all components, share of mean export quantity contributed the highest in change in variance of export value. Results of TPM revealed that China and japan were the most reliable and loyal market for Indian castor oil during the study period and Netherlands was moderately stable market. In castor cake export, South Korea was found as the most stable market with high probability of retention. Taiwan was found to be moderately stable as indicated by moderate probability of retention. The shares of major importers of Indian castor oil and castor cake were estimated using the transitional probability matrices and the same were compared with the actual export shares obtained from the trade data. It was predicted by using TPM that quantum of castor oil export for China, was expected to increase in ensuring years, while quantity exported to Netherlands, USA, France, Japan, Thailand and other countries were expected to decline from the year 2017-18 onwards. On the other hand for castor cake forecasting reveal that in terms of quantity, castor cake export to all the countries under study would be likely to decline in near future. This study suggest that there is large scope for achieving higher production of castor seeds in India, provided to extend minimum support price for this crop as like other oilseeds. India achieved remarkable growth rate in export of castor oil and it has vast potential for further expansion with value added products as per the need of importing countries. As the world becoming more environmental conscious now a days, these natural derivatives of castor oil could find better market worldwide.ThesisItem Open Access DYNAMICS OF ISABGOL HUSK EXPORTS FROM INDIA AND INSTABILITY ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION IN MAJOR DISTRICTS OF GUJARAT 3471(JAU JUNAGADH, 2022-06) PADALIYA RIYA ATULBHAI; M. G. DHANDHALYA; 2010120061Isabgol is one of the most important export potential medicinal crops of India. India is at the top position in production of these seeds and its husk, contributing around 98 per cent of total world’s production. India is the sole supplier of seeds and husk in the international market. Rajasthan ranks first in area and production, followed by Gujarat. In Gujatat, Ahmedabad, Banaskantha, Kheda, Kutch, Mehsana, Patan and Surendranagar are the major isabgol producing districts. Due to its medicinal, pharmaceutical and other uses in food and beverages industry, it has high demand in India and foreign countries. Keeping this significance in view, the present study “Dynamics of isabgol husk exports from India and instability analysis of production in major districts of Gujarat” was undertaken with objectives to analyse growth and instability in production of isabgol and in exports of isabgol husk, sources of growth and instability, direction of trade and forecasting of future exports to the major importing destinations. The secondary data from public resources on area, production and productivity of isabgol and export quantity, value and unit value of isabgol husk exported from India was collected from the year 2001-02 to 2020-21. This period was further splitted into three periods viz., Period-I (2001-02 to 2010-11), Period-II (2011-12 to 2020-21) and Period-III (2001-02 to 2020-21). The data was analysed using compound growth rate, Cuddy-Della Valle index, Hazell’s decomposition technique and first order Markov chain model. During 2001-02 to 2020-21in Gujarat, Ahmedabad district achieved the highest growth in isabgol area (15.99 %) and production (17.76 %) per annum, but it was non-significant, followed by low but significant growth rate of 3.08 per cent in area and 5.04 per cent in production in Surendranagar district, but most of the disticts had negative growth. Banaskantha district noted significantly the highest growth in productivity (3.20 %) in period-II. In the case of productivity all the districts reported low, but significant growth rate ranging from 1.36 to 1.62 per cent, annually in last two decades. Germany, UK and USA have a great potential for the import of isabgol husk from India, registering moderate to high export value, in last two decades. The highest instability in area (206.21%) and production (213.18%) was accounted in Kheda district in Period-II, followed by productivity (145.08%) in Banaskantha district in Period-III. Decomposition analysis represented that change in mean export quantity and change in mean export price were the major component in change in average export value in Period-I and II, respectively. The change in mean export price was found the most affecting component (128.18%) in increasing variance of export value. Germany and USA emerged as a moderately stable importer of isabgol husk from India with retaing 67.20 and 46.55 per cent share of previous years. The quantum of isabgol husk export is likely to increase by 2024-25 in most of the importing destinations viz., Bangladesh, China, Germany, Italy and UK. The isabgol production is decreasing in Gujarat from last two decades, needs special attention from Government side to sustain and increase the area and yield by development of irrigation facilities and evolving resistant varieties, which survive unseasonal rains and frost. The untapped yield potentiality in Kutch district can be exploited giving training to farmers regarding proper agronomical practices. Through FPO’s or other organisations, the export of isabgol husk to Germany and USA needs to sustain and enhancedThesisItem Open Access DYNAMICS OF LABOUR SUPPLY AND ITS ABSORPTION IN GUJARAT AGRICULTURE(JAU,JUNAGADH, 2012-07) Patel Chiragbhai Melabhai; Dr. R. L. ShiyaniAgricultural labour constitutes the most marginalized section of our society and contributes immensely, not only to the development of agriculture, but also to the economy as a whole. Agricultural labourers are at severe risk of poverty due to the skewed land distribution and seasonality of demand in agriculture. Therefore, as the economy shifts its productive activities from primary sector to the secondary and tertiary sectors, workers also move from farm to non-farm and from rural to urban areas for their livelihood. Hence, the agricultural sector has undergone a perceptible change in recent years and an apparent shortage of labour is observed in rural farms in India and the Gujarat also. Keeping all these in view, the study on “Dynamics of labour supply and its absorption in Gujarat agriculture” was undertaken. The crop wise time series data on total labour used per hectare, the wage rate realised by the agricultural labourers and farm harvest price in Gujarat were collected for the period from 1990-91 to 2009-10. District-level data on workers were collected, complied and analysed for three different periods, viz., 1981, 1991 and 2001. Commensurate with the objectives of study, the compound growth rates were worked out by using an exponential function. A preliminary step, means, standard deviations and coefficient of variation were computed for all the variables and point to point growth rates were used to measure the district wise temporal changes in agricultural labour supply and rural employment covering different activities of Gujarat. Major findings of the study revealed that, the labour absorption has been declined in most of the foodgrain crops, while a reverse situation was noticed in the horticultural crops. The cotton (8.99 %/annum) registered the highest positive and significant growth rates while, the highest negative and significant growth rates was recorded in case of kharif jowar (-10.09 %/annum) in labour absorption. The results of the declining trends of the labour absorption in foodgrain crops of Gujarat indicated that the future growth in rural employment could come either from non-farm sectors or from diversification of crop pattern in favour of vegetables and other labour-intensive crops. The relative share of the agricultural labourers has been declined during 2001 as compared to 1981 in most of the districts, except the districts of Anand, Banaskantha, Kheda, Dahod, Narmada and Navsari in the Gujarat state. The districts of Anand, Bharuch and Navsari employed nearly one-third of the total main workers as agricultural labourers during 1981 to 2001. It was also observed that the share of the agricultural labourers has less than 5 per cent in urban area in almost all the districts of Gujarat. The Bharuch district recorded the highest share of the agricultural labourers in the 1981 and the 1991, but it was replaced by the Navsari in 2001 and the lowest share was observed in Dahod district in 1981 and 1991, while that of in Ahmedabad in 2001. Going by gender, the share of the female agricultural labourer was higher in rural as well as urban area across districts as compared to the male agricultural labourers over the period of time. The male and female agricultural labourers has decelerated from 1991 to 2001 in all the districts with the exception of Narmada, Anand, Kheda, Navsari, Dang and Patan districts for male agricultural labourers. The results of the growth rates of the total agricultural labourers (both male and female) were found the mixed trends for different periods. The number of agricultural labourers increased during 1981 to 2001 across districts, except in the districts of Ahmedabad, Bharuch and Bhavnagar. The rate of increase in the agricultural labourer was lower during the nineties as compared to the eighties in Gujarat. The share of the rural farm sectors in rural workers (both male and female) has been declined continuously in almost all the districts of Gujarat, while a reverse pattern was noticed in the rural non-farm sector during the 1981 to 2001. It is pertinent to note that more than half of the total districts had the share of the rural non-farm sector around one-third of the rural workforce during the year 2001. The district of Gandhinagar employed one half of the total workers in rural non-farm sector during 2001, while this share was less than 20 per cent in the districts of Dahod, Panchmahal, Narmada and Dang over the period of time. The rural employment increased in both rural farm and non-farm sectors during 1981 to 2001 in almost all the districts of Gujarat, which was lower in rural farm employment during the nineties as compared to eighties, while a reverse pattern was noticed in rural non-farm employment indicating the shift of the rural employment from rural farm to non-farm sectors in most of the districts of Gujarat. The changing ratio of output price to wage rate of all the crops in Gujarat declined over a period of time which was due to the less than one per cent elasticity of wage to output price indicating that the wage rates were increasing at a faster rate than the rate of increase in output price which disfavour the parity between output prices and wages for the farmers. The higher magnitude of the negative trends of changing ratio of output price to wages may be due to the cost-push inflation showing an alarming situation to sustain the acreage under the crops. Encouragement of micro-agricultural enterprices like mushroom cultivation, home-based processing units, apiculture etc. at farm level can provide the employment in farm-based off-farm jobs, encouraging farmers for adoption of labour saving cultivation practices are major suggestions emerged for sustainable farming in relation to the decline in supply of agricultural labourers.ThesisItem Open Access AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS IF MILK PRODUCTION OF DIFFERENT FARM SIZES IN JUNAGADH DISTRIC OF GUJARAT(JAU,JUNAGADH, 2015-10) JADAV JAYESH V.; M.G. DHANDHALIYAThesisItem Open Access AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF INTER CROPPING (GROUNDNUT + CASTOR) IN SAURASHTRA REGION OF GUJARAT(JAU,JUNAGADH, 2018-08) PARMAR SANJAY KANJIBHAI; Dr. B. K. GADHAVIThe intercropping system in dry farming area helps to minimize risk and uncertainty in producing higher yield and thereby to stabilize the total agricultural production in the area. Intercropping is the growing of two or more crops on definite row pattern in the same field. In this connection, the study on “An Economic Analysis of Inter-Cropping (Groundnut + Castor) in Saurashtra Region of Gujarat” was undertaken with the objective to estimate the cost and returns and resource use efficiency of groundnut-castor intercropping production. The survey was carried out for the kharif season of 2015-17. In all 144 respondents, of which 48 for sole groundnut, 48 for sole castor and 48 for groundnut-castor intercropping farms were selected using multistage sampling technique from two districts of Saurashtra region of Gujarat viz., Junagadh and Gir-somnath. The collected data were analyzed using tabular analysis for various cost concepts and income measures. Cobb-Douglas production function was used to work out the resource use efficiency and the garrets ranking technique was also used to identify constraints in groundnut-castor inter cropping production. The findings revealed that the farmers having higher age (36-50 years), group indicating rich experience in their occupation. Most of the farmers (79%) were educated and having good education background leading to better awareness on each cropping system and their respective technological attributes. The total cost of cultivation per hectare of the overall sample farms of sole groundnut, sole castor and intercropping of groundnut + castor was found about Rs. 71451, Rs. 63869, and Rs. 107944, respectively. The average yield of sole groundnut, sole castor, intercropping of groundnut + castor was recorded about 1927 kg/ha, 2379 kg/ha, 3925 kg/ha, respectively. The average net income obtained from sole groundnut, sole castor and intercropping groundnut + castor were Rs.13189, Rs.38459, Rs.59405, respectively. This indicates that the intercropping groundnut + castor was found highly beneficial to the farmers. The equivalent yield of groundnut + castor intercropping ranged from 4007 kg/ha on marginal farm to 3789 kg/ha on large farms. The resource use efficiency of groundnut + castor intercropping found about 67 per cent. The elasticities of output with the plant protection chemical and family labour negative and significant. Indicating over-utilized these inputs. It implies that the cost of hired labour were positive and significant. Indicating underutilized these inputs. Cost of seed, cost of fertilizer, cost of manure and irrigation have the also found to negative effect on intercropping production. As result out of the total 144 observations used in the model, 33.33 per cent of the respondents (48) adopted intercropping, whereas 66.67 per cent (96) were not following the practice of intercropping, at least during the last the three years in the study area. The goodness of fit of the model reported by McFadden R2 was 0.92 and the same reported by McFadden Adj. R2 was 0.81. The prediction success with a 50-50 classification system revealed that about 97.22 per cent of the sample farmers were correctly classified on the basis of their preference to adopt intercropping in the last three years. The respondents adopting groundnut + castor intercropping systems faces the production constraints viz., non-availability of labour in timely, production of groundnut as a intercrop is less than the production of groundnut as a sole crop and castor as a sole crop, lack of proper knowledge of intercropping pattern, lack of sufficient irrigation facilities, etc. The input utilization pattern has revealed the possibilities of improving profit through reallocation of resource alone, the extension agency need to be intimated about the same which in turn would lead to improve farm efficiency as well as profits. The groundnut + castor intercropping system is highly beneficial to the farmers, need to be popularized in large extent in Saurashtra region.ThesisItem Open Access AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LAND USE DYNAMICS IN GUJARAT 2515(JAU,JUNAGADH, 2018-03) Amale Arun Janardan; Dr. R. L. ShiyaniLand is the crucial natural resource for development activity of any state or nation. It is required for both agriculture and non-agricultural purposes, including establishment of housing, industries, roads, parks, railway lines as well as other mercantile activities. Generally, it is considered that development activities require more land and there is a general fear that it might encroach upon agricultural land, particularly the fertile land in the rural areas. An analysis of structural changes in the land use pattern over a period of time provides scope for planned and judicious management of land. In this connection, the present study on ‘An Economic Analysis of Land Use Dynamics in Gujarat’ was undertaken. The study was undertaken using secondary sources and the necessary districtwise and state level time series data on area under land use categories were compiled from various issues of Statistical Abstract of Gujarat State and other publications of Government. The entire period of 1970-71 to 2014-15 was decomposed into three periods, viz; Pre-liberalization, Post- liberalization and Overall Period. A temporal change in land use pattern was estimated with the percentage change, compound growth rates and instability. Markov chain analysis was employed to examine the nature and extent of land use shift between major land use categories. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify the important factors responsible for the changes in land use dynamics. To identify the impact of land use shift on cropping intensity, multiple regression of double log form was used. Annual rate of changes were estimated to study the intra and inter sectoral land use shift. The temporal changes in land use dynamics of Gujarat state revealed that, land put to non-agricultural use, net area sown and area under forest showed an increase while, fallow other than current fallow, cultivable waste, current fallow, barren & unculturable land and permanent pastures & other grazing lands registered a decline during Period-II (1991-92 to 2014-15). Gujarat state has recorded 4.66 per cent of increase in the net area sown however; it was only 0.28 per cent at national level during the study period. Apart from percentage change, growth rate analysis revealed that during Period-II, permanent pastures and other grazing land, land put to non-agricultural use and net area sown in Gujarat state as a whole significantly increased by 0.02, 0.21 and 0.43 per cent per annum, respectively. But cultivable waste, barren and uncultivable land, forest, fallow other than current fallow and current fallow declined by 0.05, 0.12, 0.14, 3.07 and 4.27 per cent per annum, respectively. The growth rates and instability for fallow land categories were found to be higher. As compared to Period-I, the majority of the districts showed declining growth rates of barren and uncultivable land in Period-II which is the desirable situation. During Period-I as well as Period-II, more than half of the districts of Gujarat registered a significant decline in area under permanent pastures and grazing lands which is an alarming situation from ecological point of view and survival of the livestock in the state. During all the three study periods, area sown more than once, net irrigated area and gross irrigated area significantly increased in Gujarat state. Markov chain analysis envisaged that, the net area sown was highly stable among all the land use categories with the retention of 84.30 per cent of its previous years’ share while land not available for cultivation retained 74.30 per cent of its previous years’ share in Gujarat. During all the three periods, net area sown was a major gainer among the different land use categories with the gain of 53.00, 20.90 and 19.20 per cent from fallow land, land not available for cultivation and forest, respectively. The results of multiple regression analysis revealed that the population has showed negative influence on the area under forest in Gujarat during the period 1970-71 to 2014-15. As far as the barren and uncultivable land is considered, it was negatively influenced by the number of factories in the state. The irrigated area showed positive influence on the net area sown in Gujarat with the significant regression coefficient of 0.788. Cropping intensity was influenced positively by changes in the area put to non-agricultural uses. Except in some cases, it has been observed that almost in all the regions, districts and at the state level, changes in land use categories did not reflect considerable impact on cropping intensity in Gujarat. Further, net irrigated area influenced the cropping intensity significantly than any other variables at the state level. The regression coefficient of net irrigated area (0.150) signified that the increase in land under irrigation increased the cropping intensity. Ecological implications of land use dynamics in Gujarat revealed that area shift under desirable ecology compared to undesirable ecology has not been favourable in Period-II, where land-use shift has been occurring from the desirable ecology towards agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. Disaggregated inter-sectoral land use shift in Gujarat implies that the area shift under desirable ecology compared to undesirable ecology has not been found favourable across different districts. The shift of area from desirable to undesirable ecological sector may have long term negative environmental implications. Integration of agricultural and rural development programmes viz; National Horticulture Mission, National Bamboo Mission, MNREGA etc. are necessary to make the use of barren and uncultivable land for cultivation, for holistic rural development, natural resource management, and eco-restoration. A suitable institutional mechanism for scientific management of land use with the efforts from all the stakeholders is also the need of the hour.