Browsing by Author "Toor, Harmandeep kaur"

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Functionalization of cotton fabric using eggshell biowaste
    (CCSHAU, HISAR, 2023-11) Toor, Harmandeep kaur; Rose, Neelam M.
    Cotton textiles have unique properties like high hygroscopicity, air permeability and biodegradability. But due to high cellulosic content it is highly susceptible to flammability which restrains its use in various sectors. Thus, there is an imperative need to develop a treatment which not only improve flame retardance of cotton fabric but also take care of the environment and textile material itself. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to impart the flame retardance finish to cotton fabric using eggshell biowaste. Prior to eggshell treatment the enzymatic desizing and scouring of selected cotton fabric was done by using Amylase and Pectinase enzymes, respectively to improve wettability. Four binder/crosslinkers were tried for imparting eggshell treatment to cotton fabric and on the basis of improvement in flame retardance, tensile strength and elongation of treated fabric, one binder was selected. For standardization of flame retardant eggshell treatment, different variables i.e., concentration of eggshell powder and binder, treatment pH, temperature and time, material to liquor ratio, drying temperature and time, curing temperature and time were optimized on the basis of improved flame retardance, tensile strength and elongation of treated cotton fabric. Eggshell treatment was imparted to cotton fabric using the optimized concentrations and conditions through exhaust method. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of eggshell treated cotton fabrics was done. The physical (preliminary, mechanical and performance) and functional (ultraviolet protection and antibacterial) properties of eggshell treated cotton fabric were tested to study the effect of flame retardant eggshell treatment on the fabric. Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) was conducted for analyzing the thermal degradation of eggshell treated cotton fabric. The durability of flame retardant treatment on the treated fabric was assessed to washing, abrasion and ironing. Flame retardant eggshell treatment was imparted to cotton fabric through exhaust method and treatment bath was prepared using optimized concentrations and conditions i.e., 25 percent concentration of eggshell powder, 4 percent chitosan binder maintaining 1:40 material to liquor ratio with 6.5 pH at 80°C temperature for 45 minutes. The eggshell treated cotton fabric was dried at 100°C temperature for 13 minutes and subsequently cured at 140°C temperature for 4 minutes. FE-SEM analysis of treated cotton fabric confirmed presence of eggshell particles on cotton fabric with unique flower clusters like shapes which were clearly visible on the fabric surface. FTIR analysis of eggshell treated cotton fabric exhibited presence of various functional groups as different characteristic peaks of eggshell were also present in the treated fabric. The results of preliminary properties of eggshell treated cotton fabric exhibited 5.37 percent decrease in fabric count whereas 14.95 percent increase in fabric weight and 28.55 percent in fabric thickness. After eggshell treatment 12.02 percent increase in bending length, 95.44 percent in tensile strength and 97.07 percent in elongation were noticed. The moisture regain and wickability of the eggshell treated cotton fabrics were observed to be decreased to 8.88 percent and 3.65 cm, respectively in comparison to untreated cotton fabric i.e., 9.14 percent and 4.65 cm, respectively whereas wettability of treated fabric increased to 18 seconds in comparison to 15 seconds of untreated fabric. The crease recovery angle and air permeability of untreated cotton fabric was noticed to be decreased by 6.47 and 10.70 percent, respectively whereas drape coefficient increased by 12.90 percent after eggshell treatment. The Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) increased from 18 percent to 26 percent after eggshell treatment of cotton fabric and 28.28 percent increase was noticed in horizontal flammability. Further, 29.72 percent increase in burning time and 10.65 percent in char length for vertical flammability along with 74.46 percent increase in burning time and 89.65 percent in char length for inclined flammability was attained after eggshell treatment of cotton fabric. The UPF value of untreated cotton fabric (6.14) enhanced after eggshell treatment (29.10) that came under very good protection category. Slight improvement in antibacterial activity in terms of zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus and Escherichia coli aureus bacteria were observed in eggshell treated samples as compared to untreated cotton fabric sample. Thus, it is concluded that eggshell treated cotton fabric possessed very high flame retardance, however it slightly decreased with subsequent washing, abrasion and ironing cycles. Therefore, eggshell biowaste proved to be a viable and sustainable alternative to conventional treatments for developing flame retardant cotton fabric of high tensile strength and elongation without any adverse effect on other fabric properties.