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Open Access
DUS CHARACTERIZATION AND DIVERSITY ANALYSIS OF INBRED LINES IN PEARL MILLET (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.)
(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-04-24) INUKOLLU PRAVEEN KUMAR; Dr. M. SHANTHI PRIYA
The present investigation was conducted at Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Perumallapalle, Tirupati during rabi, 2021 to characterize pearl millet inbred lines for DUS traits and to identify potential germplasm lines by estimating genetic parameters (variability, heritability and genetic advance), genetic divergence, character association and path coefficient. DUS characterization of 70 pearl millet genotypes using 28 DUS traits revealed existence of abundant diversity for these characters. In the present studied pearl millet inbred lines appreciable differences were observed for the traits viz., anthocyanin pigmentation, leaf sheath length, leaf blade length, leaf blade width, spike stigma pigmentation, anther colour, plant node pubescence, number of nodes plant-1, node pigmentation, internode pigmentation, spike length, anthocyanin pigmentation of glume, spike bristle, spike bristle colour, bristle appearance, spike girth, number of productive tillers plant-1, plant height, spike shape, spike-density, seed color, seed shape and 1000 seed weight. Based on the DUS descriptors inbred lines were characterized effectively which would be useful for their documentation and registration. These descriptors would aid in explicit identity of inbred lines and help in maintenance of their purity in field for use in future breeding programmes. The analysis of variance carried out among 70 germplasm lines for 21 yield and yield attributes revealed significant differences for all the characters indicating the presence of considerable amount of genetic variability for the characters in the studied material. The characters such as grain yield plant-1, 1000 grain weight panicle weight, green fodder yield plant-1, dry fodder yield plant-1 and harvest index showed higher estimates of PCV and GCV indicating ample amount of variation among germplasm lines for these traits. Thus, direct selection for these traits would result in further improvement of grain yield. High xix heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for days to 50 % flowering, spike length, spike girth, number of productive tillers plant-1, plant height, 1000 grain, panicle weight, green fodder yield plant-1, dry fodder yield plant-1, threshing percentage, harvest index and grain yield plant-1 indicating the predominance of additive gene action and direct selection would be effective for improvement of these traits. D2 analysis grouped 70 inbred lines into 12 clusters. Among all the characters studied, 1000 grain weight, days to 50% flowering and number of productive tillers plant-1 contributed relatively maximum towards the total genetic divergence. Inter cluster distance was observed maximum between cluster VI and XII followed by cluster X and XII, cluster III and XII and cluster IV and XII representing that germplasm lines belonging to these clusters are more divergent. Correlation studies revealed that characters viz., panicle weight followed by green fodder yield plant-1, dry fodder yield plant-1, number of productive tillers plant-1, spike girth, plant height, leaf blade length, number of nodes plant-1, 1000 grain weight, spike length, harvest index, threshing percentage, leaf blade width and specific leaf area at 45 DAS had significant positive association with grain yield plant-1 indicating simultaneous selection of these traits would result in improvement of grain yield. Further, path analysis estimates in the present investigation revealed that panicle weight followed by threshing percentage, green fodder yield plant-1 had true relationship with grain yield plant-1 by establishing significant positive association and high positive direct effect on grain yield plant-1. Low residual effects at both phenotypic and genotypic level demonstrated that choice of traits in the present study were able to explain most of the effects on grain yield. Superior inbred lines PPBi-3, PPBi-46, PPBi-47, PPBi-50 and PPBi-59 identified in the present study could be utilized for the development of composites.
Open Access
STUDIES ON GENETIC VARIABILITY FOR YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTING TRAITS IN GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.)
(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-04-24) RAGIRI PAVAN KUMAR; Dr. K. JOHN
The present investigation was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Tirupati, during kharif, 2021 to assess variability, genetic parameters, genetic divergence, character association and path analysis among 30 advanced breeding lines of groundnut under rainfed conditions. Analysis of variance carried out among 17 physiological, yield attributes and quality traits revealed that highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters studied indicating the presence of ample amount of variability among the genotypes. Based on per se performance, the genotypes viz., TCGS-2443, TCGS-2198, TCGS-2442, TCGS-2440 and TCGS-2108 were found as promising genotypes and these genotypes could be exploited for improvement of yield and its contributing characters in the breeding programme as donors. The characters, pod yield plant-1, kernel yield plant-1, dry haulms yield plant-1 and number of mature pods plant-1 exhibited high GCV and PCV indicating ample amount of variation among the genotypes and simple selection may be sufficient for these characters to bring genetic improvement in desired direction due to preponderance of fixable additive gene action. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for characters viz., plant height, hundred pod weight, dry haulms yield plant-1, number of mature pods plant-1, harvest index, pod yield plant-1 , number of primary branches plant-1, kernel yield plant-1 and hundred kernel xvi weight indicating preponderance of additive gene action in expression of these characters and selection would be effective for improvement of these characters. Using D2 analysis, thirty genotypes of groundnut were grouped into six clusters. Cluster III is observed as the largest cluster with eleven genotypes. Cluster II contain ten genotypes and cluster I contain six genotypes and remaining clusters (IV, V and VI) are monogenotypic clusters Based on inter cluster distances, the clusters IV × V, IV × VI, III × IV, I x IV and I × V were found to be more divergent in decreasing order of their magnitude. Hence, the genotypes from these clusters can be utilized as potential parents. The characters viz., protein content, hundred kernel weight, plant height, oil content, number of mature pods plant-1, dry haulms yield plant-1, hundred pod weight were the major contributors towards genetic divergence. A perusal of character association indicated highly significant positive association of kernel yield plant-1, number of mature pods plant-1, number of primary branches plant-1, harvest index, hundred pod weight, hundred kernel weight and dry haulms yield plant-1 with pod yield plant-1 as well as among themselves at both phenotypic and genotypic levels. Hence, these characters could be used in the further selection programme for improvement of pod yield plant-1 . Path analysis revealed that kernel yield plant-1 had high magnitude of positive direct effect on pod yield plant-1 followed by harvest index, dry haulms yield plant-1 and hundred pod weight. This infers the importance of these component traits in selection of superior genotypes for higher pod yield in groundnut.
Open Access
HAPLOTYPE ANALYSIS OF MOLECULAR MARKERS LINKED TO EARLY SEEDLING VIGOUR RELATED TRAITS IN A SET OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.) GENOTYPES
(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-04-24) YAMASANI MOUNIKA REDDY; Dr. R.P. VASANTHI
Rice is the most important and staple food crop in the world. The eventual shifting of cultivation from puddle transplanted rice (PTR) to direct seeded rice (DSR) to save water prompted breeders to identify the donor parents, genes, haplotypes and cross combinations suitable to develop varieties for dry DSR conditions. The present investigation was carried out on haplotype analysis of molecular markers linked to early seedling vigour-related traits using 40 rice genotypes. From the mean performance, the genotypes SM211, BMF536, BMF517, BMF574 and 81C were found superior with higher grain yield plant-1. The genotypes, Lalanakanda, Varalu, BMF536, BMF517 and MM129 registered desirable performance under dry DSR conditions for most of the characters studied. The characters, number of chaffy grains panicle-1, 1000-grain weight, grain yield plant-1, number of filled grains panicle-1 and seedling vigour index – II recorded high PCV, GCV, heritability (broad sense) and genetic advance as per cent of mean indicating these characters are amenable for simple phenotypic selection for further improvement. Mahalanobis’s D2 analysis grouped 40 genotypes into eight clusters based on yield, yield attributes and early seedling vigour-related traits. A perusal of the results revealed Cluster I to be the largest comprising of 23 genotypes followed by cluster II comprising of 7 genotypes and Cluster III with 5 genotypes. Whereas, clusters IV, V, VI, VII and VIII had single genotype. Among all the traits studied, seedling vigour index-I followed by seedling vigour index-II and days to maturity contributed relatively maximum towards total genetic divergence. Molecular diversity analysis with markers related to early seedling xv vigour traits using DARwin software grouped the 40 rice genotypes into 3 clusters. From character association studies, grain yield plant-1 was found to possess significant positive association with traits viz., days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, panicle length, number of panicles plant-1, number of filled grains panicle-1, number of chaffy grains panicle-1, 1000 grain weight, grain breadth and seedling height whereas spikelet fertility exhibited negative significant association with grain yield plant-1 . Haplotype analysis of molecular markers linked to early seedling vigour related traits was carried out using flanking markers of three QTLs viz., qSV-6a (RM204 and RM402) for root length; qVI (RM20429 and RM3) for seedling vigour index; qGP-6 (RM528 and RM400) for germination percentage on chromosome 6. Haplotype analysis of these molecular markers grouped the 40 rice genotypes into different haplotypes which were significantly different according to students’s t-test and this helped in the identification of rice genotypes with superior and novel haplotypes. These could be utilized to develop rice varieties suitable for dry DSR conditions.
Open Access
Development and characterization of collagen based composite active edible film and its application in meat food model
(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2024-03-11) Mishra, Abhishek; Dr. Sanjay Kumar Bharti
The present study was undertaken to develop composite active biodegradable edible film of collagen, carrageenan and tea tree essential oil using casting technique for preserving chicken nuggets. Collagen was extracted from chicken feet through modified acetic acid soluble collagen extraction method and analysis through Ultra performance liquid chromatography identified glycine, glutamic acid, proline, and alanine as major amino acids. Preliminary trials were carried out to standardize the ingredients and processing conditions for composite edible film production. On the basis of physico-chemical properties, a film containing 2% carrageenan and 0% collagen, 1.75% carrageenan and 3.75% collagen, 1.5% carrageenan and 4% collagen and 1.25% carrageenan and 4.25% collagen4% were found optimum. The apparent viscosity of film forming solution significantly (P<0.05) decreased with increasing collagen. The mean pH, moisture absorption, film swelling, water vapor permeation rate (WVTR) and transparency decreased significantly (P<0.05) with increasing concentration of collagen. The film thickness measurement exhibited significant (P<0.05) uniformity. The film solubility, tensile strength, elongation at break and water activity of the films increased significantly (P<0.05). Sensory evaluation of these films over chicken nuggets revealed non-significant (P>0.05) higher overall acceptability for treatments with significant (P<0.05) scores for flavor and saltiness. On the basis of physico-chemical, mechanical, barrier and optical and sensory properties, 4% collagen and 1.5% carrageenan (C2) were found optimum. Based on Minimum inhibitory concentration using food pathogens, tea tree essential oils (EO) at 0.5% (TB1), 1% (TB2) and 2% (TB3) were selected for incorporation. Dynamic oscillatory measurements of FFS showed ‘weak gel’-like behavior. The film’s pH, moisture absorption, water activity, tensile strength, WVTR, lightness value and transparency showed significant (P<0.05) difference with increasing EO concentration. The film thickness showed non-significant difference (P>0.05), however, film swelling, film solubility, elongation at break, lightness value and whiteness index increased significantly (P<0.05) with increased tea tree oil concentration. Based on the results of antimicrobial activity, physico mechanical and sensory scores, three films containing tea tree 0.5, 1 & 2% along with two control viz. LDPE (C1) and edible film without EO were selected for detailed storage stability studies of chicken nuggets for 15 days at refrigeration temperature (4±1°C). The proximate parameters except moisture showed non-significant (P>0.05) change during storage. The pH, peroxide, FFA and TBA values of treatments were significantly (P<0.05) lower than control. The total plate count, psychrophilic and yeast and mold count were significantly (P<0.05) lower in treatments, whereas, coliforms were not detected throughout the storage period. All sensory attributes except the saltiness of samples were significantly influenced by the storage time (P<0.05). The treated samples were found well acceptable during the whole storage period of 15 days however the control groups were shown to be the most perishable group during the storage. Reduction in overall acceptability with storage time was much more pronounced in C2 than C1, TB1, TB2 and TB3. The retail cost of chicken nuggets was estimated to be Rs 287.00/ kg of product with packaging composite edible film Rs 54.00.
Open Access
Population structure and genetic diversity analysis in traditional rice landraces of Kerala
(Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2022-08-19) Sowmiya S; Beena, R; KAU
The study entitled "Population structure and genetic diversity analysis in traditional rice landraces of Kerala" was undertaken during 2021-22 at the Department of Plant Biotechnology and Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. The study was undertaken for the genotyping of fifty rice landraces using SSR markers and population structure analysis. Fifty traditional rice landraces collected from RARS, Pattambi were raised in pots and the genomic DNA from one-month-old leaf samples were isolated by CTAB method. Fifty DNA samples were screened using thirty microsatellite primers and out of which five primers (RM431, RM154, RM85, RM5735, and RM104) did not show any amplification. Also, three SSR markers viz., RM554, RM246, and RM3825 amplified monomorphic banding patterns and hence they were not considered for further analysis. Twenty-two markers which yielded polymorphic bands were thus selected for final analysis. The Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) values for polymorphic markers ranged from 0.13 to 0.49. The primers which showed the highest PIC values were RM10793 (0.49) followed by RM310 (0.49) and RM5749 (0.48). The population structure of the fifty rice landraces performed using a software (STRUCTURE V2.3.4) divided the fifty rice landraces into four sub-populations. Phenotypic data of the same genotypes were collected from the Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani and utilized to correlate the phenotypic data with genotypic data and to identify the tolerant landraces. Cluster analysis based phenotypic data resulted in four major clusters which was found to be similar with that of cluster produced by genotypic data. Phenotypic traits such as photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, number of panicles per plant, and spikelet fertility per centage were used to identify the landraces that were tolerant to high temperature. According to the phenotypic data, the spikelet fertility of sub-population 1 ranged between 20-30% in high temperature condition, photosynthetic rate ranged between 15-30 µmolCO2m-2 s -1 , transpiration rate ranged between 8-15 mmolH2OCO2m-2 sec-1 , and number of panicles per plant ranged from 11-20, and this sub-population is considered to be moderately heat tolerant. The spikelet fertility of sub-population 2 ranged between 11-25% in high temperature condition, photosynthetic 117 rate ranged between 10-25 µmolCO2m-2 s -1 , transpiration rate ranged between 6-10 mmolH2OCO2m-2 sec-1 , and number of panicles per plant ranged from 7-15, and this sub-population is considered to be heat susceptible. The spikelet fertility of subpopulation 3 ranged between <25% in high temperature condition, photosynthetic rate ranged between 5-10 µmolCO2m-2 s -1 , transpiration rate ranged between 0-5 mmolH2OCO2m-2 sec-1 , and number of panicles per plant ranged from 5-10, and this sub-population is considered to be highly susceptible to heat. The spikelet fertility of sub-population 4 ranged between 11-20% in high temperature condition, photosynthetic rate ranged between 5-10 µmolCO2m-2 s -1 , transpiration rate ranged between 5-8 mmolH2OCO2m-2 sec-1 , and number of panicles per plant ranged from 5-10, and this sub-population is considered to be highly susceptible to heat. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using UPGMA (Un-weighted pair group method with arithmetic mean) using NTSYSpc cluster analysis software, and the dendrogram showed that all fifty rice landraces were divided into four major clusters. The pattern of grouping landraces into the clusters was similar to that obtained in the population structure analysis. Based on the interpretation of all the data obtained, among the fifty rice landraces; LB-2000-28-TCR-6985, Kuruva, Ittikandan, Champan, LN9937-Cherumallaram (Vatharam), Cheruvellari, Kokkan, Kurutha chitteni, Kathikannan, and Vellari were grouped as moderately tolerant to high temperature.
Open Access
GT BIPLOT ANALYSIS FOR YIELD TRAITS AND MOLECULAR PROFILING OF SELECTED LINES IN BLACKGRAM [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]
(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-04-24) DIGUMARTHI LAKSHMI VINEESHA; Dr. D. BHARATHI
The present investigation was carried out at dryland farm of Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati during Rabi, 2021-22 to study genetic parameters, genetic diversity, genotype by trait biplot analysis for twelve traits and to develop molecular profiles of 35 blackgram genotypes. Moderate estimates of GCV and higher estimates of PCV were observed for the traits plant height, number of pods per plant, number of clusters per plant and harvest index. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for number of primary branches per plant. Genetic divergence analysis using Mahalanobis D2 statistics grouped 35 genotypes into eight clusters. Among the clusters, cluster III had the maximum intra cluster distance followed by cluster I and cluster V. The maximum inter cluster distance was recorded between cluster IV and V followed by cluster V and VIII, cluster I and V, cluster V and VII and cluster VII and VIII. Hence, the crosses viz., LBG 645 × P 112, LBG 645 × IP4-10-4, LBG 645 × PU 31, LBG 645 × P 1032 and P 1032 × IPU-10-4 could be suggested for the exploitation of transgressive segregants for yield. Based on genotype by trait biplot analysis, the seed yield was positively correlated with number of pods per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of primary branches per plant, number of seeds per pod, plant height, days to maturity, pod length, number of pods per cluster and harvest index. The trait number of primary branches per plant was considered as best, similarly, the genotype LGG 645 was identified as ideal cultivar. Molecular profiling disclosed, out of 16 SSR markers, ten were polymorphic and generated unique DNA profiles for 35 blackgram genotypes studied. Based on the level of polymorphism detected by individual marker, four SSR markers (CEDG 20, CEDG 44, CEDG 243 and BM 170) were most informative and this set of markers had the enormous potential to identify most of the blackgram genotypes studied
Open Access
GENETIC STUDIES IN F2 POPULATIONS OF GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.) FOR YIELD, YIELD ATTRIBUTES AND STEM ROT RESISTANCE
(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-04-24) Y. V. S. JYOTHIRMAI; Dr. M. SREEVALLI DEVI
The experimental material used for the research included six F2 populations viz., Kadiri 6 × TCGS 1862, Kadiri 6 × J 11, Narayani × TCGS 1862, Narayani × CS 19, TAG 24 × TCGS 1862 and TAG 24 × CS 19 derived from six parents involved viz., Kadiri 6, Narayani, TAG 24, TCGS 1862, J 11 and CS 19. The crop was grown in unreplicated plots during kharif, 2021 in dryland farm of S. V. Agricultural College, Tirupati. Estimates of genetic parameters i.e., phenotypic co-efficient of variation, genotypic co-efficient of variation were high for number of secondary branches plant-1 , number of immature pods plant-1, number of mature pods plant-1, harvest index, dry haulm yield plant-1, kernel yield plant-1 and pod yield plant-1 in all the crosses. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean were observed in plant height, number of mature pods plant-1, shelling per cent, harvest index, dry haulm yield plant-1, kernel yield plant-1 and pod yield plant-1 indicating that these are predominantly governed by additive genetic variance. Hence, simple phenotypic selection would be effective in early generations in all the six crosses. Among six crosses studied, two crosses namely, Kadiri 6 × TCGS 1862 and TAG 24 × CS 19 showed positive significance for all the ten characters considered under character association. In these two crosses, all the characters studied might be considered for selection for the improvement of pod yield plant -1. In the remaining crosses, pod yield plant-1 showed positive significant association with number of mature pods plant-1 , harvest index and kernel yield plant-1 indicating that these characters would be considered while selecting individual plants. Based on the path coefficient analysis, kernel yield plant-1 exhibited high positive direct effect with pod yield plant-1 in all six crosses; hence importance should be given in selection process for the improvement of pod yield in groundnut. In TAG 24 × CS 19, two genes appeared to be involved in the inheritance of stem rot with one of genes acting in inhibitory manner. In Narayani × TCGS 1862, Narayani × CS 19, it showed monogenically dominant with single gene difference. In other three crosses viz., Kadiri 6 × TCGS 1862, Kadiri 6 × J 11 and TAG 24 × TCGS 1862, two genes were involved and showed complementary gene interactions.
Open Access
DEVELOPMENT OF miRNA-SSR MARKERS AND THEIR CHARACTERIZATION IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)
(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-04-24) BAVISETTI HEMA SAI; Dr. B. RUPESH KUMAR REDDY
The present investigation was conducted at Wetland Farm, S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati during kharif, 2021 to develop SSR markers derived from microRNAs and their target genes related to yield component traits and their characterization in 60 diverse rice genotypes. In this study, 70 miRNAs from 16 miRNA families which were responsive to yield and yield attributing characters in rice (Oryza sativa L.) were surveyed. Out of these, 29 miRNA sequences were selected for SSR mining based on expression analysis in surveyed literature. Eight miRNA SSRs from the 29 yield responsive miRNA genes of rice from the present study and other ten miRNA target gene-SSRs from targets of these 29 yield responsive miRNA genes were found to possess ≥7 repeats which were used for primer designing with default parameters. Out of total 18 miRNA and target SSRs, 5 miRNA-SSRs and 8 miRNA target gene SSRs were randomly chosen for characterization of 60 rice genotypes in the present study. The analysis of variance carried out among 60 rice genotypes for 15 yield and yield attributes revealed significant differences for all the characters indicating the presence of considerable amount of genetic variability for the characters in the studied material. The characters such as number of chaffy grains panicle-1 , number of filled grains panicle-1 , number of spikelets panicle-1 , grain yield plant-1 and thousand grain weight showed higher estimates of PCV and GCV indicating ample amount of variation among 60 rice genotypes for these traits. Thus, direct selection for these traits would result in further improvement of grain yield. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, thousand grain xvi weight, number of chaffy grains panicle-1 , grain L/B ratio, grain width, plant height, number of spikelets panicle-1 , number of filled grains panicle-1 and grain yield plant-1 indicating the predominance of additive gene action and direct selection would be effective for improvement of these traits. Character association analysis revealed that the characters viz., plant height, panicle length, number of effective tillers plant-1 , number of filled grains panicle-1 and spikelet fertility% had significant positive association with grain yield plant-1 indicating simultaneous selection of these characters would result in improvement of grain yield. D2 analysis grouped 60 rice genotypes into nine clusters. Among all the characters studied, days to maturity (78.81%) and 1000 grain weight (19.49%) contributed relatively maximum towards the total genetic divergence. Inter cluster distance was observed maximum between cluster IV and IX followed by cluster VI and IX, cluster I and IX, cluster V and IX and cluster II and IX representing that rice genotypes belonging to these clusters are more divergent. Based on divergence analysis, the cross between SMB3 (cluster VIII) and Juma (cluster IV) could be recommended for recombination breeding to get superior transgressive segregants for earliness and desirable yield attributing characters. Similarly, the crosses viz., IC455374 (cluster I) x Juma (cluster IV), SMB3 (cluster VIII) x MTU1153 (cluster VI) and Ranjith (cluster III) x Juma (cluster IV) were also divergent for molecular diversity which was identified in the current study. Out of 13 markers designed in the current study, four markers showed polymorphism. Among four polymorphic markers, the marker miR408-SSR exhibited highest PIC value of 0.747 followed by miR396f-SSR (0.599) and miR172b-SSR (0.526). The marker miR408-SSR produced maximum of seven alleles with maximum number of effective alleles and high Shannon’s information index. High PIC markers are more informative and can effectively distinguish the genotypes. The molecular diversity studies by Unweighted Neighbour Joining method revealed that all the 60 genotypes were grouped into three major clusters. Cluster II was the largest cluster which was further separated into three sub-clusters IIA with 25 genotypes, IIB with seven genotypes and IIC with four genotypes followed by cluster I further divided into two sub-clusters IA and IB with nine genotypes each. Whereas, cluster III was the smallest cluster with two sub-clusters comprised of three genotypes in each sub cluster. The population structure analysis indicates that the population consists of three subgroups. Based on the membership fractions, the genotypes with score >0.80 were considered as pure while <0.80 considered as admixture. Among three subpopulations, subpopulation1 consists of 18 pure types and 1 admixed type, subpopulation2 with 10 pure types and 6 admixed types while, subpopulation 3 has 14 pure types and 11 admixed types. The presence of admixtures was perhaps due to the fact that the loci involved in this study xvii revealed only a small part of the genotype/phenotype association of otherwise complex traits or acquisition of a few spontaneous mutations in the genotypes or the admixtures sharing ancestries greatly with two other groups. The association analysis studies showed three significant marker-trait associations (SMTAs) by GLM method. OsARF18-SSR for grain yield plant-1 and miR408-SSR for grain thickness and grain L/B ratio. Whereas, two SMTAs were detected by the MLM method, days to 50% flowering and days to maturity with marker miR172b-SSR which indicate these marker miR172b SSR could be used for discriminating rice genotypes for earliness. Similarly, miR408-SSR could be used for characterizing rice genotypes for grain size which will aid the selection of parents and subsequent generation for these characters in marker-assisted breeding (MAB)
Open Access
Effect of Ensiling Paddy Straw with or Without Bacterial Culture,Urea and Molasses on It's Nutritive Value
(Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 2021) Ratan, Bhosale Sanjay; Dr. R.S. Grewal
This study enlightened on the effect of ensiling paddy straw with or without bacterial culture, urea and molasses on nutritive value of paddy straw. The study was carried out in the field and forage evaluation laboratory. Paddy straw chemical composition varies by variety and growth season, with early-season paddy having more nitrogen and cellulose concentration than others. In vitro gas production was assessed by laboratory method and its effect on organic digestibility was studied. The ME value of substrate was assessed. From this study, it was concluded that urea is the source of nitrogen it improves the protein value of paddy straw. In cell wall components NDF, ADF, cellulose content decreased with bacterial culture treated paddy straw in all combinations and also decreased with the addition of nutrient additive of urea. Oxalate content decreased in the case of paddy straw treated with bacterial culture in all combinations of urea, molasses, and moisture. Crude protein and IVDMD content of with and without culture treated paddy straw in all combination increased with the addition of urea as an additive while ash and crude fat content decreased. Utilization of paddy straw as silage in animal feeding may turn out to be beneficial during scarcity periods as well as utilization of paddy straw indirectly reducing air pollution, which is caused by stubble burning.

Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

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Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Dist. - Nadia, West Bengal PIN - 741 252

Agriculture University, Jodhpur

Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat

Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour

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