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Open Access
“Study of weeds dynamics, herbicidal efficacy and their effect on productivity of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.)”
(DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE BANDA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY BANDA-210001, UTTAR PRADESH (INDIA), 2024-08-02) MAURYA STUTI; Dr. Dinesh Sah
Open Access
KNOWLEDGE, AWARENESS AND ATTITUDE OF FARMERS TOWARDS PRADHAN MANRTI FASAL BIMA YOJANA IN PRAYAGRAJ DISTRICT, UTTAR PRADESH
(DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE BANDA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY BANDA-210001, UTTAR PRADESH (INDIA), 2024-09-23) ANJAY KUMAR BHARTIYA; Dr. Bhanu P Mishra
Open Access
“Studies on seasonal incidence of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) on Kharif maize and its biological parameters”
(Department of Entomology Entomology, BUAT, Banda, 2024-08-03) Kumar Ayush; Dr. Mukesh Kumar Mishra
The present study was carried out at Research Farm of Entomology, BUAT, Banda in Kharif 2023 to know the arthropod diversity and seasonal incidence of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) on Kharif maize and its biological parameters in lab. conditions. A total of 32 arthropod species, belonged from 32 genera, 27 families of 11 orders alongwith one spider species were observed across crop growth stages. All the arthropods comprised with orders Coleoptera (31.36%), Hemiptera (29.76%), Lepidoptera (19.04%), Araneae (5.28%), Odonata (4.48%), Hymenoptera (3.20%), Orthoptera (2.24%), Neuroptera (1.76%), Diptera (1.44%), Dictyoptera (0.80%) and Dermaptera (0.64%). Based on relative dominance category, Coleoptera was classified as Eudominant; Hemiptera as Dominant; Lepidoptera as Sub-dominant; Araneae, Odonata, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, Neuroptera and Diptera as Recedent and Mantodea and Dermaptera as Sub-recedent with overall Shannon wiener diversity index value of 3.01. The larval population of S. frugiperda was first noticed in the 33rd SMW (0.28 larvae plant-1) and continued till 42nd SMW (0.39 larvae plant-1) with its peak of 4.83 larvae plant-1 in 37th SMW, where they caused maximum leaf damage (58.14 per cent) with a significant positive correlation (r= 0.759) and R2(regression) value of 0.661. The rating scale of leaf damage caused by fall armyworm was ranged from 0.42 to 5.46 with its maximum in 37th SMW. The larval population had a significant positive correlation with morning relative humidity (r= 0.639); non-significant positive correlations with minimum temperature (r= 0.524), evening relative humidity (r= 0.575) and rainfall (r= 0.259) and nonsignificant negative correlation with maximum temperature (r= -0.287). The stepwise multiple regression indicated that the combined effect of all the weather parameters influenced for 42% (R²= 0.420) variation in the larval population fluctuation. A total of three natural predators viz., coccinellids, spiders and carabid larvae were prevalent in Kharif maize and all were first appeared in 33rd SMW. The peak population of coccinellids (0.19 grub /adults’ plant-1), spiders (0.86 plant-1) and carabid larvae (0.06 plant-1) were observed in 40th, 41st and 38th SMW, respectively. Spiders had significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r=0.638) and significant negative correlation with evening relative humidity (r=-0.650), besides rest of the predators exhibited non- significant correlation with allweather parameters. Regression analysis exhibited all the weather parameters jointly influenced 42 % to the larval population fluctuation and separately it was more influenced with R2 value were 0.768, 0.729 and 0.730 for coccinellid, spider and carabid larvae, respectively. The results of biological study of S. frugiperda revealed that mean incubation period, larval period and pupal period last from 2.18±0.39, 13.35±0.61 and 7.18±0.54 days, respectively with six distinct larval instars, where the duration each instar was recorded a mean of 2.06±0.25, 2.07±0.27, 2.01±0.17, 2.001±0.14, 2.09±0.30 and 3.08±0.30 days for first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth instars, respectively. The average oviposition period was 1.8±0.63 days with average fecundity of 246.1±103.59 eggs per female. The life span of female moth (8.53±0.79 days) was comparatively longer that its male (6.52±0.78 days) and the total life cycle completed in 29.06±1.25 days (male) and as female 30.01±1.100 days (female). Two hymenopterans larval parasitoids namely Aleiodeslaphygmae and Stenobracondeesae and an unidentified larval parasitoid (dipteran) were occurred with 33.3 per cent relative abundance for all.
Open Access
EFFECT OF NaCl INDUCED SALINITY ON IN-VITRO CULTURE OF CHRYSANTHEMUM (Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat.)
(DEPARTMENT OF FLORICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE BANDA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE and TECHNOLOGY BANDA-210001, UTTAR PRADESH (INDIA), 2024-08-30) Mishra Rohit; Dr. Rakesh Kumar
Chrysanthemum morifolium is among the most popular flowers crops available in diverse flower colors and forms. It is used as cut as well as loose flower. During 2022-23 and 2023-24, an experiment was conducted at BUAT- Banda. The purpose of the experiment was to study the effect of NaCl induced salinity on In-vitro culture of Chrysanthemum. Invitro sterilization is a primary step of plant tissue culture and ultimate results of In-vitro culture are directly dependent on efficiency of sterilization. It is concluded from the study that the maximum survival percentage of explants (51.00 %) was obtained when seeds were surface sterilized with Carbendazim (0.1%) and 8-HQC (0.02%) for 30 minutes followed by HgCl2 (0.1%) for 3 minutes. Further, the nodal segment cultured on MS (1/2 strength of salts) medium supplemented with 30 g/L sucrose and 7 g/L agar powder + BAP (2.0 mg/L) resulted in maximum shoot induction percentage (89.66 %) number of shoots (13.03) and shoot length (8.90 cm). Highest root induction per cent rooting (90.40%) with more number of roots/shoot (11.66) and optimum root length (9.30 cm) was recorded in micro shoots sub-cultured on MS (1/2 strength of salts) + 30 g/L sucrose + 7 g/L agar + 0.2 mg/L IBA. Further chrysanthemums were sub-cultured in multiplication media with eight different levels of NaCl-induced salinity (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200 and 300 mmol/L NaCl. Maximum shoot regeneration frequency and shoot length (78.86% and 5.96 cm respectively) is observed in T1 i. e. 25 mmol/L and minimum (5.33% and 0.90 cm) respectively in T2 i. e. 50 mmol/L. Maximum chlorophyll and carotenoid content were recorded i n T1 i. e. 25 mmol/L. Maximum proline was recorded under 300 mmol/L NaCl treatment. However, maximum protein was recorded at 25 mmol/L and maximum SOD, CAT, H2O2 recorded at 300 mmol/L. In second experiment, chrysanthemum plants raised through tissue culture were exposed to In-vivo NaCl induced salinity condition. Plants were grown in pots and exposed to negative control, positive control, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 mmol/L NaCl treatments. Morphological parameters viz. number of leaves per plant, plant height, number of secondary branches per plant, plant spread and stem diameter were recorded at 15, 30 and 45 DAS as affected by different concentration of NaCl. There was day by day increase in soil E.C. as the levels of salinity stress increased while pH was decreased at higher level of salinity at the end of experiment. Physiological and biochemical parameter are also affected by NaCl induced salinity.
Open Access
Influence of vegetation on the hydrologic characteristics of Irumbupalam and Mayiladumpara watersheds in Peechi - Vazhani wildlife sanctuary, Thrissur, Kerala
(Department of Natural Resource Management, College of Forestry, Vellanikkara, 2022-10-25) Bhawane Akash, Kailas; KAU; Gopakumar, S
Forest vegetation and water are two valuable resources for mankind, and both the resources influence each other. It is important to understand the interrelationship between forest vegetation and hydrology. The present study was undertaken in Irumbupalam and Mayiladumpara watersheds in Peechi-Vazhani wildlife sanctuary, Thrissur, Kerala. The aim of the study was to identify and quantify the hydrological differences between these watersheds and assess the extent to which these differences are related to vegetation characteristics. Mayiladumpara watershed comprised of eight different land use classes of which mixed crops and trees accounts highest (27.91%) area whereas Irumbupalam comprised of three land use classes, of which, reserved forest occupied the highest (67.74%) of area. Within each watershed, twenty-two, 10 m x 10 m sample plots were laid out for detailed enumeration of vegetation and soil parameters. The Irumbupalam harbored a greater number of tree species (38) compared to the Mayiladumpara (28). The mean tree density ha-1 was higher in Mayiladumpara (586 individuals ha-1 ) compared to Irumbupalam (509 individuals ha-1 ). Similarly, the mean tree basal area was greater in Mayiladumpara (45.48 m2 ha-1 ) as compared to Irumbupalam (13.97 m2 ha-1 ). The tree diversity was found to be maximum in Irumbupalam watershed. Physico- chemical properties of soil viz. soil pH, organic carbon, water holding capacity, soil moisture and soil porosity showed showed higher values for Irumbupalam watershed. There were differences in terms of soil physico- chemical properties in watersheds between pre-monsoon and monsoon season. The highest values for soil pH (5.87-7.05), C (2.12-6.61%), porosity (41.42-44.95 %), WHC (41.85-72.92 %), SM (9.2- 44.07 %) was recorded in Irumbupalam. Whereas, BD (0.74-1.64 gm cm-3) values were higher in Mayiladumpara than Irumbupalam. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed a complex interrelationship amongst species clustering, site and soil properties. 118 Mean annual precipitation for both watersheds were recorded. Stream flow measurements were taken monthly for stream depth and stream velocity using float method. Groundwater levels observations was taken monthly from selected wells. Water quality parameter was assessed monthly from upstream, mid-stream and downstream points for both watersheds. Mean rainfall for Irumbupalam and Mayiladumpara for the period (2017-21) was 457 mm and 514.8 mm respectively in the pre-monsoon season, and 1555.5 mm and 1567.7 mm in the monsoon season. Mayiladumpara's monthly streamflow was always higher than Irumbupalam. The pre-monsoon water yield of well was higher in Irumbupalam as compared to Mayiladumpara. The Irumbupalam watershed always had a higher water table than the Mayiladumpara watershed. Stream water temperature (WT), total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, nitrate (NO3- ) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in Mayiladumpara Irumbupalam. In contrast, dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH of water was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the Irumbupalam. Seasonal variation was observed in the physico-chemical properties of stream water both in watersheds over the study period of eight months. Pearson correlation coefficient revealed that canopy closure was significantly related to some hydrological parameters. Canopy closure was significantly correlated with four water physico-chemical parameters (p<0.05) viz., dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), (NO3-). This indicated that canopy closure is related to water quality. Canopy cover was positively correlated (p<0.05) with DO and negatively correlated with nitrate (NO3- ) (p<0.05). Quantitative as well as qualitative hydrological differences was observed between these watersheds. The physico-chemical parameters of stream water like Dissolved oxygen, Electrical conductivity, Water temperature, Nitrate was found to be influenced by canopy closure of watersheds. The Canopy closure was significantly and positively correlated with soil water holding capacity, soil moisture and soil organic carbon. Soil water holding capacity was found to be significantly and positively correlated with soil porosity, soil moisture soil organic carbon and negatively correlated with soil bulk density. 119 Soil porosity was positively correlated with soil moisture and soil organic carbon and negatively correlated with soil bulk density. Soil moisture was positively correlated with the soil organic carbon and negatively with soil bulk density. Soil bulk density was negatively correlated with the soil organic carbon More extensive study covering a range of added parameters should be conducted to understand the function of different forest ecosystems in maintaining hydrological processes. The hydrological characteristics should be researched for two or more annual cycles to get a comprehensive understanding. The results of this study also point to an imperative necessity of longer duration studies covering (premonsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon) seasons for more complete view of the hydrological functions of a forest watershed.
Open Access
Analysis of urban microclimates (UMCs) in Thrissur corporation using micro meteorological measurements and remote sensing data
(Department of Natural Resource Management, College of Forestry,Vellanikkara, 2022-10-12) Mamatha, N A; KAU; Gopakumar, S
Global urban population is increasing at an alarming rate. Unplanned and inadequately managed urbanization has profound effects on microclimate. The unplanned urbanization could transform cities and townships into urban heat islands (UHI) one of the most evident climatic modifications in urbanized areas. The increased heat in the cities affect the environment and the thermal comfort of organisms. Understanding the urban climate is very necessary to make the cities sustainable. The objective of this study is to investigate and analyse the urban microclimates in Thrissur Corporation limits and to understand their linkages with urban greenery. This study will also examine and analyse the perceptions of urban residents in the study locations about different aspects of climate change. The LULC map of Thrissur Corporation was prepared based on NRC guidelines in ArcGIS using Landsat 8 satellite data acquired from Earth Explorer. Three urban LULC class were selected to take the in-situ temperature measurement. Ambient air temperature and relative humidity were measured during the study period in morning 7.30 am and afternoon 2.30pm, the data is further used to assessing urban heat island intensity. Highest temperature was recorded from LULC urban compact, that constitute the commercial center of the city, where the region occupied by highly dense buildings, dense population, heavy traffic, pavement and other impervious structures. The temperature recorded from other urban LULC classes such as urban_sparse and urban- _vegetation is comparatively low. The least temperature was recorded from urban_vegetation. It was noted that temperature difference between LULC classes such as urban_compact, urban_sparse and urban_vegetation is prominent during afternoon compared to morning air temperature. The urban heat island intensity ranging between 0ºC -5.53ºC was observed in LULC class urban_compact. Land surface temperature (LST) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of various LULC classes in Thrissur corporation was estimated and it was found that the LST is maximum in the LULC urban_compact, where the NDVI values are minimum. Whereas the LST is minimum in the LULC cropland_paddy where the NDVI is maximum. Among the three urban classes, viz. the urban_compact, urban_sparse and urban_vegetated the minimum LST was estimated in the LULC urban_vegetated. To understand the linkage between microclimate and urban greenery correlation test was done between the LST and NDVI values estimated in various urban LULC classes. A strong negative correlation was observed in LULC urban_vegetated (-0.35). The correlation coefficient estimated in urban_sparse and urban_compact is - 0.46 and -0.41 respectively. A perception study was done among 30 people residing in urban area. The way people think about climate change is crucial to developing strategies to address the problem. Among the respondents, majority (80%) have the opinion that the human interventions, predominantly deforestation are the major cause of climate change. On the other hand, 20 % of the respondents are not sure whether human interventions only causes climate change or any natural causes are also there. Chi-square test was done to find the association of respondent’s age and gender with their perception on various aspects of climate change, and no association was found between the respondents age and gender with their perception on climate change. From the study it was understood that the UHI has been developed in the core of Thrissur muncipal corporation belongs to LULC class urban_compact that includes places like East fort, High road and North bus stand. The study also observed the role of urban vegetation in mitigating the urbanization induced climatic modification. However a more focused study considering extra parameter such as air quality , wind speed and wind direction etc will give a better understanding of UMC. In the wake of rapid urbanization UMC study would be helpful in modelling cities for sustainable development.
Open Access
“Response of nano-urea on growth, yield and quality of fodder maize (Zea mays L.)”
(Department of Agronomy Agriculture College, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda, 2024-09-19) Kumar Saurabh; Dr. Arun Kumar;
An experiment was conducted at Agriculture College Research Farm, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda (U.P.) on the topic entitled “Response of nano-urea on growth, yield and quality of fodder maize (Zea mays L.)” during kharif 2023. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design. The total treatments were eight and each treatment replicated thrice. T1- Control ( without N ), T2- RDF ( N:P:K @ 150:60:40 kg/ha ), T3- 75% recommended dose of N + Nano-urea @ 2ml/ litre of water, T4- 50% recommended dose of N + Nano-urea @ 2ml/ litre of water, T5- 75% recommended dose of N + Nano-urea @ 4ml/ litre of water, T6- 50% recommended dose of N + Nano-urea @ 4ml/ litre of water, T7- 75% recommended dose of N + Nano-urea @ 6ml/ litre of water, T8- 50% recommended dose of N + Nano-urea @ 6ml/ litre of water where, full dose dose of phosphorus and potassium and 50% nitrogen were applied as basal and remaining dose of nitrogen was applied in two split doses at 20 and 40 DAS. Foliar application of nano-urea was scheduled at 20 and 40 days after sowing of crop. The soil in which experiment conducted was silty clay, pH value is (8.42), E.C. (0.24 dSm-1), Organic carbon (0.39%), available N (219.5 kg ha-1), P2O5 (15.2 kg ha-1), K2O (322 kg ha-1). Observations on growth and yield parameters, quantitative and qualitative attributes of fodder maize were recorded at different crop growth stages. The results reveals that the 75% recommended dose of nitrogen and 100% recommended dose of phosphorus and potassium along with two foliar sprays of Nano Urea @ 6 ml/L at 20 and 40 days after sowing recorded better performance regarding to growth attributes viz., Plant height (cm), number of leaves (plant-1), LAI, Chlorophyll content and Dry matter weight and yield attributing parameters viz., Green fodder yield (t/ha) and Dry fodder yield (t/ha) were found to be best in comparison to other treatments. Economically, 75% recommended dose of nitrogen and 100% recommended dose of phosphorus and potassium along with two foliar sprays of Nano Urea @ 6ml/L of water at 20 and 40 days after sowing was significantly higher in gross return, net return and B:C ratio; which also recorded higher crop nutrient uptake at the harvest. Based on the experimental results the application of 75% recommended dose of nitrogen and 100% recommended dose of phosphorus and potassium along with two foliar sprays of Nano Urea @ 6ml/L of water at 20 and 40 days after sowing was shown the superiority for producing maximum growth, yield, nutrient uptake and monetary benefits.
Open Access
‘‘Study on insect-pest occurrence and severity incidence of lepidopteron on small millets”
(Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, BUAT, Banda, 2024-08-05) Bhushan Ravi; Dr. Mukesh Kumar Mishra
The present investigations were carried out at research block of Entomology, College of Agriculture, BUAT, Banda during Kharif 2023 for study of arthropod diversity and severity of lepidopteron on small millets viz., finger millet, kodo millet, barnyard millet, foxtail millet and little millet. The results showed that variability in diversity of arthropods among the crops and also among crop growth stages. Among the arthropods observed from different small millets, rice leaf folder, ear head bug, gundhi bug, grasshopper, Zigzag beetles, rove beetles, syrphids, dragonflies, damselflies, lacewings and spiders were prevalent in all the crops. All the arthropods comprised from 9 insect orders viz., coleoptera, odonata, hemiptera, orthoptera, hymenoptera, lepidoptera, diptera, neuroptera and mantodea along with spider order Araneae, off these coleoptera and odonata being the most dominant orders. A high prevalence of predator species viz., zigzag beetles, rove beetles, syrphids, dragonflies, damselflies, lacewings and spiders were observed during the investigation. Rice leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) and stem borer (Sesamia inferens) were observed as severe insect-pests, where rice leaf folder was prevalent in finger millet, kodo millet, barnyard millet and foxtail millet, whereas stem borer was only observed only in finger millet. The occurrence of leaf folder was commenced in 36th SMW in all the millet crops with its initial population of 0.1 larvae plant-1 in finger, kodo and foxtail millets and 0.2 larvae plant-1 in barnyard millet. The population was continued till 46th SMW in finger millet and 44th SMW in barnyard, foxtail and kodo millet with its peak (0.5 larvae plant-1) in 41st SMW in all the millets. The overall per cent leaf infestation among all the millets was ranged from 7.56 to 26.39 per cent with its maximum 21.56, 26.39, 24.97 and 24.10 % in finger millet, barnyard millet, foxtail millet and kodo millet, respectively. Leaf infestation showed highly significant positive correlation with maximum temperature in barnyard millet (r= 0.802) and foxtail millet (r= 0.779) and significant positive correlation with maximum temperature in finger millet (r= 0.634) and kodo millet (r= 0.650). It had significant negative correlation with rainfall in barnyard (r = -0.639), foxtail (r= -0.625) and kodo millet (r= -0.666) and a nonsignificant negative correlation in finger millet. The occurrence of stem borer was observed only in finger millet with its appearance in 35th SMW (1.38 per cent) and peak in 38th SMW (4.80 per cent). It showed a highly significant positive correlation with minimum temperature (r = 0.733), morning relative humidity (r= 0.892) and evening relative humidity (r= 0.902), whereas nonsignificant correlation with maximum temperature and rainfall. The stepwise linear regression equation showed that all the weather parameters jointly influenced 91.5 per cent fluctuation in stem borer infestation in finger millet with R2 value of 0.915.
Open Access
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(BAU, Sabour, 2024-10) BAU

Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

Agriculture University, Kota

Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda

Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Ayodhya

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