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Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur (AP)
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Agriculture University, Kota
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Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda
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Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Ayodhya
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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
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Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Dist. - Nadia, West Bengal PIN - 741 252
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Agriculture University, Jodhpur
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Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat
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Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Agronomic management for enhancing yield and quality of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni)
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture,Vellanikkara, 2023-03-08) Junaidath,P
    Stevia rebaudiana is an alternative sugar crop that is becoming popular in various parts of the world. It belongs to the sunflower family, Asteraceae, and is native to Paraguay (South America); hence called Paraguay’s sweet herb. Being a natural sweetener it is also known as sweet leaf, honey yerba, honey leaf, meeti tulsi, sweet chrysanthemum, and candy leaf. The plant contains steviol glycosides (SVglys), which has importance in the human diet as a low-calorie and high-potency sweetener. In addition to sweetening properties, Stevia rebaudiana also has anti-hyperglycemic, anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, anti-hypertensive, anti-caries, antioxidant, and anti-bacterial properties. Since the fresh herbage is the main economic part of stevia, production of more leaf biomass with higher steviol glycosides is the main criterion for crop performance. The present study entitled “Agronomic management for enhancing yield and quality of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni)” was conducted at the Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, Thrissur during September 2021 to May 2022. The objective of the study was to standardize proper spacing and pinching time for stevia. A field experiment was conducted in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with three replications. The treatments consisted of three spacing levels viz., 15 cm × 10 cm, 20 cm × 10 cm, and 15 cm × 15 cm, and four pinching intervals viz., pinching at 20 days after planting (DAP), pinching at 30 DAP, pinching at flower bud initiation and no pinching (control). Both spacing and pinching significantly influenced growth parameters such as plant height, number of branches and leaves, fresh and dry leaf yield, per plant herbage yield, and total herbage yield. Taller plants were seen with closer spacing (15 cm × 15 cm) throughout the crop growth period. Though the growth parameters were higher at a spacing of 15 cm × 10 cm at early growth stages of stevia (20 DAP), in subsequent stages, these were higher in wider spacing of 15 cm × 15 cm. Closer spacing resulted in the highest total herbage yield at harvest (10925 kg ha-1). Pinching is an important agronomic technique that helps to enhance vegetative growth. In general, yield related characteristics like the number of branches and leaves were found to be higher in pinched plants than in nonpinched plants. Plant height was significantly lower in the pinched plants compared to the unpinched plants. Plant height reduced drastically when pinching was performed during their early vegetative growth. At the flower bud initiation stage, a minimum plant height was seen in the plants where pinching was carried out at 20 DAP compared to pinching done at 30 DAP. One month after planting, 20 DAP-pinched plants had more branches and leaves, while at the beginning of the flower bud, 30 DAP-pinched plants had more. At the time of harvest, plants pinched at the beginning of the floral bud initiation produced the highest overall herbage yield, followed by plants that had received pinching at 30 DAP, no pinching, and pinching at 20 DAP, respectively. The interaction between spacing and pinching was also significant with respect to total herbage yield. Planting stevia at a spacing of 15 cm × 10 cm with pinching at the initiation of floral buds proved to be the best treatment concerning total herbage yield at harvest. Total glycoside content was unaffected by different plant spacings and pinching. However, significant variation was observed for total glycoside yield (kg ha-1) concerning spacing and pinching. It was higher in the stevia planted at a closer spacing of 15 cm × 10 cm, and received pinching at flower bud initiation The study suggests growing stevia at a closer spacing (15 cm × 10 cm) and pinching at the flower bud initiation stage for higher herbage and glycoside yield under Kerala conditions.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Impact of bio-fertilizers on root characters and reproductive physiology of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
    (Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agriculture , Vellayani, 2021-12-17) Sanith Kumar, Reddy S; Manju, R V; KAU
    The study entitled “Impact of bio-fertilizers on root character and reproductive physiology of rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was undertaken with the objective of elucidating the effect of bio-fertilizers on hormonal status, root character and reproductive traits like flowering, pollen characteristics, spikelet fertility and yield in rice. The experiment was conducted as a pot culture experiment at the Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2020-2021. The experiment was laid out in CRD with ten treatments and three replications. The treatments comprised of T1: POP, KAU + Azolla, T2: POP, KAU + AMF, T3: POP, KAU + PGPR Mix I, T4: POP, KAU + PSB, T5: POP, KAU + KSB, T6: T1 + AMF, T7: T1 + PGPR Mix I, T8: T1 + PSB, T9: T1 + KSB and T10: Control. The experimental results revealed that plant height, number of tillers per plant, dry matter production, number of productive tillers, specific leaf area, number of grains per panicle, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, straw yield and harvest index increased by the application of different bio-fertilizers. Among the treatments, incorporation of Azolla and PGPR Mix I along with POP, KAU recommendations (T7) recorded highest values in the cases of plant height (99.83 cm), number of tillers (15.33), straw yield (42.24 g per plant) and dry matter production (84.69 g per plant) compared to control. But the number of productive tillers (12.66), specific leaf area (372.98 cm2 g -1 ), number of grains per panicle (129), 1000 grain weight (24.16 g), grain yield (31.85 g per plant) (36.02%) and harvest index (0.46) were found to be maximum in T6 (POP, KAU + Azolla + AMF) compared to the control. Incorporation of Azolla and AMF along with POP recommendations (T6) significantly reduced the number of days to heading (6 days) as well as number of days to 50% flowering compared to control. A significant increase in physiological and biochemical parameters such as total chlorophyll content, total carbohydrate, protein content and reducing sugar was achieved by the application of different bio-fertilizers. Among the treatments, T6 (POP, KAU + Azolla + AMF) showed significant increase in total chlorophyll content (71.05%), total carbohydrate (73.87%), protein content (35.10%) and reducing sugar (19%) compared to control at booting stage. Hormonal status (IAA and GA contents) and root characters such as root length, root diameter, stele diameter, width of aerenchyma, late metaxylem number, late metaxylem diameter and early metaxylem number were found to significantly improve by the application of different bio-fertilizers. Among the treatments, IAA and GA in leaf tissue at 60 DAS (2.28 and 1.09 µg g-1 ) and 80 DAS (2.39 and 1.15 µg g-1 ) were found to significantly increase in T7 (POP, KAU + Azolla + PGPR Mix I) compared to control. However, T6 (POP, KAU + Azolla + AMF) showed significant improvement in root characters such as root length (31.72 cm), root diameter (1.03 mm), stele diameter (0.45 mm), width of aerenchyma (67.01 mm), late metaxylem number (5.01), late metaxylem diameter (0.052) and early metaxylem number (28.94) compared to the control. Bio-fertilizer application was found to enhance the grain quality significantly by enhancing the levels of total carbohydrate, protein, phosphorus, calcium, iron and zinc and by reducing amylose content. Among the treatments, T6 (POP, KAU + Azolla + AMF) showed significant reduction in amylose content (16%) in grains compared to control. Incorporation of Azolla and AMF along with POP recommendations (T6) showed significant increase in protein content (55.08%) and nutrient status such as phosphorus (58.33%), calcium (61.76%), iron (72.67%) and zinc (66.89%) in grains compared to control whereas carbohydrate content (24.02%) and iron content (74.32%) in grains were found to significantly increase in T7 (POP, KAU + Azolla + PGPR Mix I). In the present investigation, incorporation of Azolla and PGPR along with POP (KAU) recommendations were found to improve hormonal status and dry matter production whereas, incorporation of Azolla and AMF along with POP recommendations were found to improve physio-morphological and biochemical parameters as well as yield and quality parameters in the rice variety Uma. These biofertilizers were also effective in improving the root characteristics in terms of metaxylem number and diameter which will have an impact on water and mineral uptake and translocation. It will also help to improve water-use efficiency and impart stress tolerance through better exploitation of soil water and nutrient reserves. The benefits of biofertilizers can be exploited in soils low in available nutrients. Under drought conditions their association can augment water uptake and transport to the host enhancing stress tolerance. This role of biofertilizers can potentially strengthen plant adaptability to changing environment. Standardization of a recommendation can be undertaken for improving the field performance and quality of rice based on the best results of the current programme.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Physico-Chemical and Marker Based Characterization of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Germplasm for Organoleptic Properties and Cooking Quality
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2024) Nakeeb-Un-Nisa; Ishfaq Abidi
    Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the few crops with a diverse genetic base. Grain milling, appearance, cooking, and other quality attributes are among the many closely related characteristics that make up rice grain quality. Evaluation of germplasm for grain and cooking quality is very important to obtain basic information about the breeding programmes. So, present study was conducted with the objective of cooking quality and physico-chemical characterization of 200 rice germplasm lines representing indica and japonica subspecies of rice and SSR marker based profiling of same rice germplasm lines consisting of pre-released and released varieties and also some local landraces. The data on various descriptive statistics, variability and diversity analysis indicated that all grain and cooking quality descriptors showed remarkable differences in their distribution and amount of variations within them. Correlation analysis showed that significant and positive correlation existed between traits like milling percentage and head rice recovery percentage, kernel elongation ratio and kernel elongation index, kernel length/breadth ratio after cooking and kernel length after cooking, kernel length/breadth ratio before cooking and kernel length before cooking, rough grain length/breadth ratio and rough grain length, kernel length/breadth ratio before cooking and kernel length/breadth ratio after cooking. Also kernel length/breadth ratio before cooking exhibited significant and negative correlation with traits like kernel breadth before cooking and rough grain breadth. Rough grain length/breadth ratio showed substantial negative correlation with rough grain breadth. Similarly, kernel length/breadth ratio after cooking showed significant negative correlation with kernel breadth after cooking. The significant positive relationship between desired attributes is beneficial since it aids in the simultaneous enhancement of both traits. Diversity analysis based on Euclidean dissimilarity matrix grouped 200 rice germplasm into two main clusters on the basis of amylose content, gel consistency, grain type and grain shape traits. The pattern of constellation proved the existence of significant amount of variability. Cluster 1 constituted 136 rice gemplasm lines, forming the largest cluster. Cluster II consisted of 62 rice germplasm lines, while Pusa Basmti-1509 and GS-284 fall outside of both the clusters. Principal component analysis explained that first, second and third principal coordinates account for 35.9, 13.9 and 11 per cent of the variation, respectively. The use of 3 gene based SSR markers for diversity analysis located on chromosomes 6 of rice detected 18 alleles across 200 rice germplasm lines. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 8; with an average of 6.0 alleles per locus. The PIC value of RM190, RM170 and RM253 was 0.776, 0.676 and 0.449, respectively with an average of 0.65. Markers depicting high polymorphism (RM190 and RM170) are suggested for use in molecular characterization of accessions from various sources. RM190 explained about 84.5 % variation of amylose content in the present study. The results of RM190 marker can help us utilize Waxy alleles in marker assisted breeding for grain quality improvement. The results reflected high genetic differentiation existing in this rice germplasm set, and proved the worth of molecular markers as supplementary tool for germplasm characterization. Characterization of germplasm with more number of highly informative markers is also suggested for ensuring uniqueness of each genotype at molecular level.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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